Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Hemostatic Applications: A Review of Recent Advances.

Hemorrhage is a detrimental event present in traumatic injury, surgery, and disorders of bleeding that can become life-threatening if not properly managed. Moreover, uncontrolled bleeding can complicate surgical interventions, altering the outcome of surgical procedures. Therefore, to reduce the risk of complications and decrease the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with hemorrhage, it is necessary to use an effective hemostatic agent that ensures the immediate control of bleeding. In recent years, there have been increasingly rapid advances in developing a novel generation of biomaterials with hemostatic properties. Nowadays, a wide array of topical hemostatic agents is available, including chitosan-based biomaterials that have shown outstanding properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, hemostatic, and analgesic activity in addition to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and wound-healing effects. This review provides an analysis of chitosan-based hemostatic biomaterials and discusses the progress made in their performance, mechanism of action, efficacy, cost, and safety in recent years.

Inhibitory Effect of 2R,3R-Dihydromyricetin on Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus.

The adherence and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus on food contact surfaces are a major concern for the food industry. Development of antibiofilm agents from polyphenols has drawn much attention due to their potent activity. The present study explored the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of 2R,3R-dihydromyricetin (DMY) against S. aureus ATCC 29213. It was found that DMY exerted excellent antibacterial and bactericidal properties against S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. Crystal violet staining and 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt reduction assay demonstrated that DMY significantly reduced the biofilm biomass of S. aureus and decreased the metabolic activity of biofilm cells. Micrographs of light microscope and scanning electron microscope confirmed that DMY inhibited the biofilm formation and caused a disintegration of the complex biofilm architecture. Moreover, DMY was highly efficient in reducing the number of sessile S. aureus cells adhered to stainless steel. These results suggested that DMY could have potential application to control S. aureus contamination in a food processing environment.