Fracture resistance of teeth submitted to several internal bleaching protocols.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of teeth submitted to several internal bleaching protocols using 35% hydrogen peroxide (35HP), 37% carbamide peroxide (37CP), 15% hydrogen peroxide with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (15HPTiO2) photoactivated by LED-laser or sodium perborate (SP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: After endodontic treatment, fifty bovine extracted teeth were divided into five groups (n = 10): G1-unbleached; G2-35HP; G3-37CP; G4-15HPTiO2 photoactivated by LED-laser and G5-SP. In the G2 and G4, the bleaching protocol was applied in 4 sessions, with 7 days intervals between each session. In the G3 and G5, the materials were kept in the pulp teeth for 21 days, but replaced every 7 days. After 21 days, the teeth were subjected to compressive load at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min, applied at 135° to the long axis of the root using an eletromechanical testing machine, until teeth fracture. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: The 35HP, 37CP, 15HPTiO2 and SP showed similar fracture resistance teeth reduction (p > 0.05). All bleaching treatments reduced the fracture resistance compared to unbleached teeth (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: All bleaching protocols reduced the fracture resistance of endodontically-treated teeth, but there were no differences between each other. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: There are several internal bleaching protocols using hydrogen peroxide in different concentrations and activation methods. This study evaluated its effects on fracture resistance in endodontically-treated teeth.

Bonding effects of cleaning protocols and time-point of acid etching on dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the bonding effects of cleaning protocols on dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer residues using ethanol (E) or xylol (X). The effects of dentin acid etching immediately (I) or 7 days (P) after cleaning were also evaluated. For bonding to dentin, universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal; 3M ESPE) was used. The persistence of sealer residues, hybrid layer formation and microshear bond strength were the performed analysis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty bovine dentin specimens were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10): G1 (E+I); G2 (X+I); G3 (E+P); and G4 (X+P). The persistence of sealer residues was evaluated by SEM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were taken to measure the formed hybrid layer using the Image J program. For microshear bond strength, 4 resin composite cylinders were placed over the dentin after the cleaning protocols. ANOVA followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test were used for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively (α = 5%). Results: G2 and G4 groups showed a lower persistence of residues (p < 0.05) and thicker hybrid layer than the other groups (p < 0.05). No bond strength differences among all groups were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Dentin cleaning using xylol, regardless of the time-point of acid etching, provided lower persistence of residues over the surface and thicker hybrid layer. However, the bond strength of the universal adhesive system in etch-and-rinse strategy was not influenced by the cleaning protocols or time-point of acid etching.

Hybrid layer formation and bond strength to dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer after cleaning protocols.

AIMS: This study evaluated the hybrid layer formation and bond strength of two adhesive systems, Scotchbond Universal (U) or Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose (M), after cleaning protocols using ethanol (E) or xylol (X), to dentin impregnated with an epoxy-resin based endodontic sealer. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study design was an Experimental in vitro study. METHODOLOGY: One hundred bovine dentin specimens were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 10): Computed tomography (CT) (control): Only acid etching + M; E+U; X+U; E+M. After the specimen preparation, images were obtained using confocal laser scanning microscopy to evaluate the hybrid layer formation. For microshear bond strength test, the dentin specimens were included in polyvinyl chloride tubes and four resin composite cylinders were placed on the surface. The analysis was performed 24 h after storage. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: For parametric and nonparametric data, analysis of variance followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn test were, respectively, used at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Regarding hybrid layer formation, all experimental groups were similar to each other (P > 0.05). However, CT showed higher hybrid layer formation than other groups (P < 0.05), except in relation to X+M (P > 0.05). Bond strength was statistically similar among all groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid layer formation in dentin impregnated with epoxy resin-based sealer and submitted to different cleaning protocols was similar to the control group only for X+M. No differences were found among the experimental groups. Regarding the bond strength, no effect was observed for any group.

Effect of the time-point of acid etching on the persistence of sealer residues after using different dental cleaning protocols.

Endodontic sealer residues remaining within the pulp chamber dentin after root canal obturation and cleaning with various solvents may compromise the appearance and the durability of dental restorations. Acid etching is routinely performed prior to application of dentine adhesive systems, but is effect on residual sealer material and the optimal time-point for performing etching, are unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of acid etching on the dentin surface when performed either immediately or 7 days after removal of the endodontic sealer with two solvents, i.e., 95% ethanol or xylol. Forty crowns fragments from bovine incisors were impregnated with sealer and divided into 4 groups (n = 10 each), according to the dentin cleaning protocol and to the acid etching time-point: G1, 95.0% ethanol and immediate acid etching; G2, xylol and immediate acid etching; G3, 95.0% ethanol and acid etching after 7 days; and G4, xylol and acid etching after 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (2000 ×) were obtained from each specimen and the number of open dentinal tubules counted and compared. Another 40 fragments were similarly prepared, and SEM images were obtained (500 ×) to score and compare the persistence of sealer residues on the dentin. G4 showed the most open dentinal tubules and the least epoxy resin-based sealer residues on the dentin surface (p < 0.05). The least epoxy resin-based sealer residues was obtained when acid etching, using 37% phosphoric acid, was performed after 7 days after cleaning the dentin with xylol.

Effect of calcium hydroxide dressing on push-out bond strength of endodontic sealers to root canal dentin.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide dressing on the bond strength of three commercially available endodontic sealers (MTA Fillapex, Sealapex, and AH Plus) to root canal dentin. Sixty slices of extracted human canines were obtained from cervical, middle, and apical root thirds. Root canals were standardized and specimens were filled and divided into six groups (n = 10): G1, MTA Fillapex; G2, Sealapex; and G3, AH Plus, with prior application of calcium hydroxide dressing; and G4, G5 and G6, without prior application of intracanal dressing. After 7 days, specimens were submitted to a push-out test. The data obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 5%). Fracture modes were classified as adhesive, cohesive or mixed. The results of sealer bond strength to root canal dentin varied according to the sealer, root third and prior dressing application. Overall, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced bond strength in all root thirds, but the reduction was significant only for AH Plus, at the cervical (3.25 ± 1.69) and apical (4.43 ± 1.65) thirds (p < 0.05). AH Plus showed the highest bond strength for all root thirds (p < 0.05) compared to the other groups. G1, G2, G4 and G5 showed similar bond strength values for all root thirds (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the calcium hydroxide dressing only had a negative effect on the bond strength of AH Plus, at the cervical and apical thirds. On the other hand, the bond strength values for MTA Fillapex and Sealapex were lower than those for AH Plus and, whereas the mixed failure mode predominated for AH Plus, the adhesive failure mode predominated for MTA Fillapex and Sealapex.

Effects of calcium hydroxide addition on the physical and chemical properties of a calcium silicate-based sealer.

UNLABELLED: Recently, various calcium silicate-based sealers have been introduced for use in root canal filling. The MTA Fillapex is one of these sealers, but some of its physicochemical properties are not in accordance with the ISO requirements. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flowability, pH level and calcium release of pure MTA Fillapex (MTAF) or containing 5% (MTAF5) or 10% (MTAF10) calcium hydroxide (CH), in weight, in comparison with AH Plus sealer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The flowability test was performed according to the ISO 6876:2001 requirements. For the pH level and calcium ion release analyses, the sealers were placed individually (n=10) in plastic tubes and immersed in deionized water. After 24 hours, 7 and 14 days, the water in which each specimen had been immersed was evaluated to determine the pH level changes and calcium released. Flowability, pH level and calcium release data were analyzed statistically by the ANOVA test (α=5%). RESULTS: In relation to flowability: MTAF>AH Plus>MTAF5>MTAF10. In relation to the pH level, for 24 h: MTAF5=MTAF10=MTAF>AH Plus; for 7 and 14 days: MTAF5=MTAF10>MTAF>AH Plus. For the calcium release, for all periods: MTAF>MTAF5=MTAF10>AH Plus. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of 5% CH to the MTA Fillapex (in weight) is an alternative to reduce the high flowability presented by the sealer, without interfering in its alkalization potential.

Effect of the time-point of acid etching on the persistence of sealer residues after using different dental cleaning protocols

Abstract: Endodontic sealer residues remaining within the pulp chamber dentin after root canal obturation and cleaning with various solvents may compromise the appearance and the durability of dental restorations. Acid etching is routinely performed prior to application of dentine adhesive systems, but is effect on residual sealer material and the optimal time-point for performing etching, are unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of acid etching on the dentin surface when performed either immediately or 7 days after removal of the endodontic sealer with two solvents, i.e., 95% ethanol or xylol. Forty crowns fragments from bovine incisors were impregnated with sealer and divided into 4 groups (n = 10 each), according to the dentin cleaning protocol and to the acid etching time-point: G1, 95.0% ethanol and immediate acid etching; G2, xylol and immediate acid etching; G3, 95.0% ethanol and acid etching after 7 days; and G4, xylol and acid etching after 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (2000 ×) were obtained from each specimen and the number of open dentinal tubules counted and compared. Another 40 fragments were similarly prepared, and SEM images were obtained (500 ×) to score and compare the persistence of sealer residues on the dentin. G4 showed the most open dentinal tubules and the least epoxy resin-based sealer residues on the dentin surface (p < 0.05). The least epoxy resin-based sealer residues was obtained when acid etching, using 37% phosphoric acid, was performed after 7 days after cleaning the dentin with xylol.

Effects of calcium hydroxide addition on the physical and chemical properties of a calcium silicate-based sealer

Recently, various calcium silicate-based sealers have been introduced for use in root canal filling. The MTA Fillapex is one of these sealers, but some of its physicochemical properties are not in accordance with the ISO requirements. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flowability, pH level and calcium release of pure MTA Fillapex (MTAF) or containing 5% (MTAF5) or 10% (MTAF10) calcium hydroxide (CH), in weight, in comparison with AH Plus sealer. Material and Methods: The flowability test was performed according to the ISO 6876:2001 requirements. For the pH level and calcium ion release analyses, the sealers were placed individually (n=10) in plastic tubes and immersed in deionized water. After 24 hours, 7 and 14 days, the water in which each specimen had been immersed was evaluated to determine the pH level changes and calcium released. Flowability, pH level and calcium release data were analyzed statistically by the ANOVA test (α=5%). Results: In relation to flowability: MTAF>AH Plus>MTAF5>MTAF10. In relation to the pH level, for 24 h: MTAF5=MTAF10=MTAF>AH Plus; for 7 and 14 days: MTAF5=MTAF10>MTAF>AH Plus. For the calcium release, for all periods: MTAF>MTAF5=MTAF10>AH Plus. Conclusions: The addition of 5% CH to the MTA Fillapex (in weight) is an alternative to reduce the high flowability presented by the sealer, without interfering in its alkalization potential. .

Resistência de união á dentina do canal radicular de cimentos endodônticos, em função da medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio / Bond strength evaluation of endodontic sealers after use of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing

Este estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos, tendo como objetivo comparar, através do teste de push-out, a resistência de união do cimento MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, PR, BR), Sealapex (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) e AH Plus (Dentsply De Trey Gmbh , Konstanz, GE) às paredes do canal radicular de dentes humanos extraídos, após o uso prévio de três tipos de medicação intracanal contendo hidróxido de cálcio: Calen (SS White, São Paulo, SP, BR), Pasta HPG (hidróxido de cálcio, paramonoclorofenol canforado e glicerina) e Ca(OH)2 + água (hidróxido de cálcio + água). Foram utilizados 60 dentes unirradiculares, que tiveram suas coroas seccionadas na junção amelocementária. As raízes foram incluídas em resina epóxi e cortadas transversalmente em fatias de 2 mm dos terços cervical, médio e apical das raízes. Em seguida, utilizando uma fresa tronco-cônica acoplada em micromotor, devidamente adaptado em um delineador, os canais foram preparados, padronizados e submetidos à irrigação com o EDTA a 17%. No primeiro estudo (Capítulo 1), os espécimes foram divididos em seis grupos: G1- MTA Fillapex; G2-Sealapex; G3-AH Plus, após o uso prévio das respectivas medicações com hidróxido de cálcio, por 21 dias. Após este período, os espécimes foram irrigados com NaOCl a 2,5% e EDTA a 17%, sendo então preenchidos com um dos cimentos em estudo, mantendo os corpos de prova por 7 dias, a 37˚C e 95% de umidade. Nos grupos 4, 5 e 6 foram utilizados os mesmos cimentos, sem uso da medicação intracanal, respectivamente. No segundo estudo (Capítulo 2), os espécimes foram distribuídos por grupos e os canais radiculares obturados com: G1- MTA Fillapex e G2-Sealapex. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três sub-grupos, em função da associação da medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio previamente empregada: A - sem medicação; B - Ca(OH)2 + água destilada e C - Ca(OH)2 + glicerina/paramonoclorofenol canforado. Nos estudos dos dois capítulos, após 7 dias da obturação, os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de push-out em máquina de ensaio mecânico. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA e Tukey (α = 5). O tipo de falha foi analisado em estereomicroscópio (S8APO; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) com aumento de 20X, para avaliação do padrão de fratura: adesiva, coesiva ou mista. No primeiro estudo, o AH Plus apresentou maior resistência de união que os demais cimentos, independentemente do terço radicular (P < 0,05) e nos terços cervical e apical, a medicação intracanal interferiu negativamente (P < 0,05). O MTA Fillapex e Sealapex apresentaram resultados similares, independentemente do terço radicular (P > 0,05) e a medicação intracanal não interferiu na adesão. Entre os grupos houve diferente incidência de tipo de fratura. A adesão do AH Plus foi superior a do MTA Fillapex e Sealapex, que não diferiram entre si. O hidróxido de cálcio interferiu negativamente apenas na adesão do AH Plus, nos terços cervical e apical radicular. A fratura mista e adesiva foi mais frequente para o AH Plus e MTA Fillapex, respectivamente. No segundo estudo, a adesão proporcionada pelo MTA Fillapex foi afetada negativamente pelas associações somente no terço cervical (p < 0,05), sendo a fratura adesiva a de maior ocorrência. A resistência de união do Sealapex na dentina sofreu interferência negativa da combinação com água destilada nos terços médio e apical (p < 0,05), ocorrendo maior incidência de fratura adesiva. A associação glicerina/paramonoclorofenol canforado interferiu negativamente apenas no terço apical (p < 0,05), com similares padrões de fratura adesiva e mista. A composição dos resíduos da medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio interfere na resistência de adesão dos cimentos MTA Fillapex e Sealapex, dependendo do terço radicular avaliado

The aim of this study, divided in two chapters, was to evaluate and to compare the push-out bond strength of three root canal sealers to the root canal walls of human extracted teeth: MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, PR, BR), Sealapex (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) and AH Plus (Dentsply De Trey Gmbh, Konstanz, GE), after the previous use with three calcium hydroxide compositions with intracanal medication: Calen (SS White, São Paulo, SP, BR), HPG paste (Calcium hydroxide, Paramonoclorofenol canforado and Glycerin) and Calcium hydroxide with water paste. Sixty unirradicular teeth were sectioned transversally below the cement-enamel junction. The roots were included in epoxy resin and cut transversally, obtained 2 mm-thick cross-section slices of cervical, middle and apical radicular thirds. In sequence, using a conic drill adjusted in a low electric piece adapted in a pararelometer , the canals were prepared, standardized and submitted to irrigation with EDTA to 17%. In the first study (Chapter 1), the specimens were divided into six groups: G1-MTA Fillapex; G2-Sealapex; G3-OH Plus, after the prior use of calcium hydroxide intracanal medication, by 21 days. After, were irrigated with the 2.5% NaOCl and then filled with one of the materials, stored at 37˚C, for 7 days and 95% of relative humidity. In groups 4, 5 and 6 were used the same cement, without intracanal medication, respectively. In the second study (Chapter 2), the specimens weredivided and the canals obturated with: G1- Fillapex MTA and G2-Sealapex. Each group was subdivided into three sub-groups, depending of the calcium hydroxide intracanal medication composition, previously used: A-without medication; B- distilled water and C- Glycerin/camphorate paramonochlorophenol . After 7 days, the specimens were submitted to the push-out test in mechanical testing machine. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 5%). In sequence,the specimems were analyzed in stereomicroscope (S8APO; Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) with increase of 20X, to evaluation of failure modes: adhesive, cohesive or mixed. In the first study, the bond strength of AH Plus presented greater values then the other cements, regardless of the radicular third (P < 0,05), and in cervical and apical thirds intracanal medication interfere negatively (P < 0,05). The MTA Fillapex and Sealapex showed similar results, regardless of the radicular third (P > 0,05) and the intracanal medication did not interfere in the bond strength. Among the groups there was different type of failure modes. The bond strength of AH Plus was higher then MTA Fillapex and Sealapex, that not differed amongst themselves. Calcium hydroxide interfered negatively only in the bond strength of AH Plus, in cervical and apical radicular thirds. Mixed and adhesive fracture was more frequent for AH Plus and MTA Fillapex, respectively. In the second study, the bond strength provided by MTA Fillapex was affected negatively only in the cervical third associations (p < 0,05), being the adhesive fracture the greater occurrence. The bond strength of Sealapex in dentin suffered negative interference of distilled water combination in the middle and apical thirds (p < 0,05), occurring higher incidence of adhesive fracture. Glycerin/camphorate paramonochlorophenol interfered negatively only in the apical third (p < 0,05), with similar adhesive and mixed failure modes. The composition of the calcium hydroxide intracanal medication interferes in the bond strength of MTA Fillapex and Sealapex cements depending on the root third evaluated