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INTRODUCTION: Smile analysis provides data on the positive and negative elements of a patient's smile. We aimed to develop a simple pictorial chart to record relevant parameters of the smile analysis in a single diagram and to investigate the reliability and validity of this chart. METHODS: A panel of 5 orthodontists developed a graphical chart, which was reviewed by 12 orthodontists and 10 orthodontic residents. The chart comprises facial, perioral, and dentogingival zones analyzing 8 continuous and 4 discrete variables. The chart was tested on frontal smiling photographs of 40 young (aged 15-18 years) and 40 old (aged 50-55 years) patients. All measurements were performed twice with an interval of 2 weeks by 2 observers. RESULTS: Pearson's correlation coefficients for observers and age groups varied from 0.860 to 1.000 and between observers from 0.753 to 0.999. Minor significant mean differences were found between the first and second observations, which were not clinically relevant. The kappa scores for the dichotomous variables were in perfect agreement. To test the sensitivity of the smile chart, differences between the two age groups were assessed as differences because aging is expected. In the older age group, philtrum height and visibility of mandibular incisors were significantly larger, whereas the upper lip fullness and buccal corridor visibility were significantly lesser (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed smile chart can record essential smile parameters to aid diagnosis, treatment planning, and research. The chart is simple and easy to use, has face and content validity and good reliability.
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Ortodontistas , Sorriso , Humanos , Idoso , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Lábio , Incisivo , Estética DentáriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital deformities. Primary surgeries at an early age result in scar formation, which may impede the growth of craniofacial structures of the maxilla. Orthodontist's role in the management of individuals with CLP is important and starts from the time of birth. The knowledge of craniofacial structures in individuals with a cleft is essential for treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare craniofacial structures of cleft and noncleft side of individuals with non-syndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (NSUCCLP) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT scans of individuals with NSUCCLP (nâ=â42) were retrieved from the databases of two cleft centers, which followed the same protocols for timing and type of primary surgeries and secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG). DICOM files of CBCT scans were integrated into Dolphin 3D software, and analysis was carried out in multiplanar views. The craniofacial structures of individuals with NSUCCLP were analyzed using fourteen parameters. Measurements were also recorded between the cleft and noncleft sides for comparison. The volume of the maxilla was generated by isolating it from adjacent structures on a 3D reconstructed model. MAWC, MAWPM1, MAWPM2, MAWM1, and MV of the cleft side was less than noncleft side (Pâ<â0.05). MHP @ N Aper is less on the noncleft side (Pâ<â0.05). There is an asymmetry of structures around the dentoalveolar and nasal region; however, asymmetries were not affected at deeper structures of the craniofacial region of individuals with NSUCCLP.
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Fenda Labial , Fissura Palatina , Enxerto de Osso Alveolar , Fenda Labial/diagnóstico por imagem , Fenda Labial/cirurgia , Fissura Palatina/diagnóstico por imagem , Fissura Palatina/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico , Humanos , MaxilaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to develop a photographic setup that would simultaneously capture subjects' smiles from 3 views, both statically and dynamically, and develop a software to crop the produced video clip and slice the frames to study the smile at different stages. METHODS: Facial images were made of 96 subjects, aged 18 to 28 years, in natural head position using a standardized setup of 3 digital single lens reflex cameras, with a reference sticker (10 × 10 mm) on the forehead of each subject. To test the reproducibility of the setup, 1 operator took 3 images of all subjects on the same day and on 3 different days in a subset of 26 subjects. RESULTS: For the same-day observations, correlation coefficients varied between 0.87 and 0.93. For the observations on 3 different days, correlation coefficients were also high. The duplicate measurement error and the mean difference between measurements were small and not significant, pointing to good reliability. CONCLUSIONS: This new technique to capture standardized high-definition video and still images simultaneously from 3 positions is a reliable and practical tool. The technique is easy to learn and implement in the orthodontic office.
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Fotografação/normas , Sorriso , Gravação em Vídeo/normas , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fotografação/instrumentação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Software , Fatores de Tempo , Gravação em Vídeo/instrumentação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the results of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) in the treatment of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using a modified technique in a South Indian population. STUDY DESIGN: The design was a prospective study with blinded measurements. The sample constituted 10 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients who underwent NAM therapy by the same operator. Direct extra and intra oral anthropometric measurements were done using a digital vernier caliper before and after NAM therapy. A photographic evaluation was also done to rate the nasal deformity post NAM therapy. The differences between measurements were statistically analyzed using paired t tests. RESULTS: The extra oral measurements revealed a statistically significant increase in bi-alar width, columellar length and width. The intraoral measurements demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in anterior alveolar cleft width. There was also a significant increase in arch width and greater and lesser segments length. All cases were rated as improved by the surgeons in photographic analysis. CONCLUSION: The study has quantitatively shown that the modified NAM therapy improved nasal asymmetry by columellar lengthening and effectively molded the maxillary alveolar arch.
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Processo Alveolar/patologia , Fenda Labial/terapia , Fissura Palatina/terapia , Nariz/patologia , Aparelhos Ortopédicos , Obturadores Palatinos , Fenda Labial/patologia , Fissura Palatina/patologia , Arco Dental/patologia , Planejamento de Prótese Dentária , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Maxila/patologia , Cartilagens Nasais/patologia , Fotografação , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Micro-implant is a device that is temporarily fixed to bone for the purpose of enhancing orthodontic anchorage either by supporting the teeth of the reactive unit or by obviating the need for the reactive unit altogether, and which is subsequently removed after use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficiency of micro-implants in reinforcing anchorage during the initial retraction of anterior teeth, check the rate of initial retraction for 8 weeks, and assess the stability of micro-implants during this period. Eighteen micro-implants were placed (10 in the maxilla and 8 in the mandible) and immediately loaded with 200-250 g of force using 9-mm closed coil Nitinol springs. The amount of space closure was measured every 2 weeks until the eighth week. Cephalometric measurements were made at the end of the study to evaluate anchor loss, if any. Micro-implant stability was also assessed. The rate of initial retraction in the maxilla at the end of 8 weeks was 1.65 mm/quadrant and 1.51 mm/quadrant in the mandible. The amount of retraction on the left side of the arches was 1.66 mm/quadrant and 1.49 mm/quadrant on the right side. The average initial retraction for both arches per month was 0.78 mm. An anchor loss of 0.1 mm (0.06%) was observed in the maxilla while no mandibular anchor loss was recorded. The rate of initial retraction observed in the maxilla was more than that achieved in the mandible. Initial retraction was also more on the left side of the arches. There was no anchor loss in the mandible. The micro-implant-reinforced anchorage was helpful in minimizing anchor loss and accepted heavy traction forces but did not bring about a faster rate of retraction.
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Implantes Dentários , Procedimentos de Ancoragem Ortodôntica/instrumentação , Desenho de Aparelho Ortodôntico , Fechamento de Espaço Ortodôntico/instrumentação , Adolescente , Ligas/química , Cefalometria/métodos , Ligas Dentárias/química , Arco Dental/patologia , Seguimentos , Humanos , Má Oclusão/terapia , Mandíbula/patologia , Maxila/patologia , Miniaturização , Fios Ortodônticos , Osseointegração/fisiologia , Radiografia Interproximal , Estresse Mecânico , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The aim was to compare the effects of Twin-block & Forsus (FRD) functional appliances in the correction of Angles Class II division 1 malocclusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 25 patients who underwent treatment with twin block for the correction of class II div 1 were compared with 25 patients who underwent treatment with Forsus appliance. These were again compared with the pre follow up and post follow up lateral cephalograms of 25 patients who have not undergone any treatment during this period. All the 3 group patients were compared for skeletal, dental and soft tissue parameters. RESULTS: Cephalometric analysis revealed that both Twin-block & Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) appliances stimulated mandibular growth. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found. Twin-block patients showed statistically very high significant (p < 0.001) increase in mandibular length (6.02 mm) whereas Forsus appliance patients showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in mandibular length (1.6 mm) when compared with control group (0.3 mm). No significant restriction of maxillary growth was found in either of the two experimental groups when compared to control group. Significant increase in lower anterior facial height & posterior facial height was observed in both experimental groups in relation to control group. Significant reduction of overjet and overbite was observed in both experimental groups. Class I molar relationship and improvement in the soft tissue profile were achieved in both treatment groups compared with control group. CONCLUSIONS: Both Twin Block and Forsus were effective in the treatment of Class II Div 1 malocclusion. Class II correction with Twin-block is more due to mandibular skeletal and dentoalveolar changes whereas in Forsus, it is more due to dentoalveolar changes and less skeletal changes.
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Má Oclusão Classe II de Angle/terapia , Aparelhos Ortodônticos Funcionais , Ortodontia Interceptora/instrumentação , Adolescente , Cefalometria , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mandíbula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estatísticas não ParamétricasAssuntos
Parafusos Ósseos , Incisivo/lesões , Procedimentos de Ancoragem Ortodôntica/instrumentação , Desenho de Aparelho Ortodôntico , Extrusão Ortodôntica/instrumentação , Fraturas dos Dentes/terapia , Adolescente , Coroas , Humanos , Masculino , Má Oclusão Classe I de Angle/terapia , Miniaturização , Extrusão Ortodôntica/métodos , Técnica para Retentor Intrarradicular/instrumentação , Coroa do Dente/lesões , Dente não Vital/terapiaRESUMO
Maxillary protraction and expansion is recommended to treat midfacial deficiency in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP), where amount and direction of forces can change displacement and stress. This study assessed the initial displacement and stresses using Facemask and Maxgym forces with and without RME at +20∘, 0∘, and -20∘ angulation using a finite element (FE) model of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCCLP). The Initial displacement and stress were more for protraction with expansion as compared to only protraction. Asymmetric displacement was observed with more on cleft than on noncleft side and more on dental than skeletal structures. Palatal plane rotated less upward, increased arch width and decreased arch length was observed with protraction with expansion.
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Fenda Labial/fisiopatologia , Fenda Labial/terapia , Fissura Palatina/fisiopatologia , Fissura Palatina/terapia , Análise de Elementos Finitos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Técnica de Expansão Palatina , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Módulo de Elasticidade , Aparelhos de Tração Extrabucal , Humanos , Estresse MecânicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Growing patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) exhibit maxillary deficiency due to early surgical intervention. Maxillary protraction with expansion is the recommended treatment modality for deficient maxilla. Facemask is a conventional protraction appliance, and Maxgym is a new protraction appliance. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of Maxgym with Facemask using finite-element analysis. METHODS: A three-dimensional finite-element model consisting of 49,807 nodes and 185,620 tetrahedral-shaped elements was created using computed tomography scan of a patient with unilateral CLP. F1, F2, and F3 represent different protraction forces of facemask, and M1, M2, and M3 represent different protraction forces of Maxgym. E1 represents slow maxillary expansion (SME) force, and E2 represents rapid maxillary expansion (RME) force. Facemask and Maxgym forces were applied parallel to the occlusal plane from the middle of the clinical crown on the buccal side of the first premolars. The forces E1 and E2 were also applied on the middle of the crown height on the lingual side of the first premolars and the first molars to simulate expansion. The amount of displacement for Maxgym and Facemask forces in transverse direction was analyzed designating specific nodes to represent dental and skeletal structures. RESULTS: The dental and skeletal structures were displaced in transverse direction under all loading conditions. Only expansion or protraction force resulted in transverse displacement of nodes. RME produces greater transverse displacement as compared to SME. Maxgym forces produce greater transverse displacement as compared to facemask. Maxgym with RME produces greater transverse displacement as compared to Maxgym with SME, whereas facemask with RME produces greater transverse displacement as compared to facemask with SME. CONCLUSIONS: Maxgym forces produce greater transverse displacement as compared to facemask with or without expansion.
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Fenda Labial , Fissura Palatina , Aparelhos de Tração Extrabucal , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Maxila , Técnica de Expansão PalatinaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Anchorage control is a critical consideration when planning treatment for patients with dental and skeletal malocclusions. To obtain sufficient stability of implants, the thickness of the soft tissue and the cortical-bone in the placement site must be considered; so as to provide an anatomical map in order to assist the clinician in the placement of the implants. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the thickness of soft- and hard-tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To measure soft tissue and cortical-bone thicknesses, 12 maxillary cross-sectional specimens were obtained from the cadavers, which were made at three maxillary mid-palatal suture areas: The interdental area between the first and second premolars (Group 1), the second premolar and the first molar (Group 2), and the first and second molars (Group 3). Sectioned samples along with reference rulers were digitally scanned. Scanned images were calibrated and measurements were made with image-analysis software. We measured the thickness of soft and hard-tissues at five sectional areas parallel to the buccopalatal cementoenamel junction (CEJ) line at 2-mm intervals and also thickness of soft tissue at the six landmarks including the incisive papilla (IP) on the palate. The line perpendicular to the occlusal plane was made and measurement was taken at 4-mm intervals from the closest five points to IP. RESULTS: (1) Group 1:6 mm from CEJ in buccal side and 2 mm from CEJ in palatal side. (2) Group 2:8 mm from CEJ in buccal side and 4 mm from CEJ in palatal side. (3) Group 3:8 mm from CEJ in buccal side and 8 mm from CEJ in palatal side. CONCLUSIONS: The best site for placement of implant is with thinnest soft tissue and thickest hard tissue, which is in the middle from CEJ in buccal side and closest from CEJ in palatal side in Group 1 and faraway from CEJ in buccal side and closest from CEJ in palatal side in Group 2 and faraway from CEJ in buccal side and faraway from CEJ in palatal side in Group 3.
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INTRODUCTION: Orthodontic treatment is based on the principle that if prolonged pressure is applied to the tooth, tooth movement will occur as the bone around the tooth re-models. In this study osteotomy of buccal alveolar plate and undermining of interseptal bone was performed at premolar extraction site and rate of en-masse retraction and canine retraction was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients between the age of 18 and 25 years, requiring retraction of anterior teeth are selected for the study. Osteotomy with undermining of interseptal bone at the extraction site was performed. The procedure was performed on all four quadrants. RESULTS: The average retraction in the maxillary arch was 0.98 mm/quadrant in 3 weeks, i.e., a total retraction of 5.89 mm in a span of 9 weeks. The average retraction in the mandibular arch was 0.96 mm/quadrant in 3 weeks, i.e., a total retraction of 5.75 mm in a span of 9 weeks. CONCLUSION: This method of achieving faster en masse retraction immediately after extraction definitely reduced the initial retraction time. We recommend that such procedure must be carried out with appropriate anchorage conservation methods.
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AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of the power arm in bringing about bodily movement and to determine the ideal length and location of the power arm. METHODS: A geometric model of the maxillary right canine was constructed and subsequently converted to a finite element model. Material property data were represented, boundary conditions were defined, and force was applied. Different situations were simulated in which a power arm of varying vertical lengths were attached at different locations on the tooth--namely, the incisal, middle, and cervical thirds. RESULTS: The amount of bodily movement is maximum when the force is delivered directly at the cervical third. It decreases at the middle third and is least when attached at incisal third. The varying lengths of the power arm for a particular site of attachment does not bring about any change in the movement. CONCLUSION: The attachment of the power arm at the cervical third brought about maximum bodily movement, followed by the middle and incisal thirds. Variations in length of the power arm at different sites of attachment did not bring any change in the outcome. Thus, the point of attachment is critical in bringing about bodily movement.
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Análise de Elementos Finitos , Desenho de Aparelho Ortodôntico , Aparelhos Ortodônticos , Técnicas de Movimentação Dentária/instrumentação , Processo Alveolar/anatomia & histologia , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Simulação por Computador , Dente Canino/anatomia & histologia , Dente Canino/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Ligamento Periodontal/anatomia & histologia , Estresse Mecânico , Propriedades de Superfície , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Colo do Dente/anatomia & histologia , Colo do Dente/diagnóstico por imagem , Coroa do Dente/anatomia & histologia , Coroa do Dente/diagnóstico por imagem , Raiz Dentária/anatomia & histologia , Raiz Dentária/diagnóstico por imagem , Interface Usuário-ComputadorRESUMO
AIM: To describe the work-related musculoskeletal disorders among on-job dental surgeons. OBJECTIVES: To identify the musculoskeletal disorders in terms of perception of pain and stiffness experienced by the dental surgeons due to the rigors of dental work, to determine the prevailing working environment with particular reference to dental work station in relation to musculoskeletal disorders, and to find the association between pain and stiffness experienced by the dental surgeons and the selected socio-demographic variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 30 graduated dental surgeons having a work experience of 1 year or more, post graduates and faculty members of various specialties at Yenepoya Dental College Hospital, Mangalore. The subjects were selected randomly from the hospital and they were given closed-ended questionnaire to find out perception of pain and stiffness experienced in the past 6 months. The observation of the working environment was done by walk-through observational survey. RESULTS: The study showed that 6.6% dental surgeons always experienced shoulder pain, while 83.3% dental surgeons sometimes experienced back pain and 70% sometimes experienced neck pain. Majority of the dental surgeons (73.3%) experienced stiffness in the back and 23.3% experienced severe pain in their neck. It was observed that the number of patients attended per day by the dental surgeons had a significant association (P = 0.024) with the pain they experienced in their hip/thigh region. The frequency of pain experienced by the dental surgeons in the hip/thigh and knee joints also showed a significant association (P = 0.037) with the height of the dental surgeons. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that various socio-demographic variables contributed to the musculoskeletal disorders experienced by the dental surgeons. However, the number of patients attended per day by the dental surgeons vis-à-vis pain experienced in the back, wrist, and hip/thigh was significant.
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A 20-year-old woman presented with a labially displaced mandibular right central incisor with severe attrition. Her maxillary dentition was well-aligned, and she had a straight profile. The respective central incisor was extracted. Subsequently, all teeth were aligned and the extraction space was closed with 2D lingual brackets. The result was esthetically pleasing.
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Incisivo/cirurgia , Má Oclusão/terapia , Fechamento de Espaço Ortodôntico/métodos , Extração Dentária/métodos , Ligas Dentárias/química , Estética Dentária , Feminino , Humanos , Mandíbula/patologia , Níquel/química , Desenho de Aparelho Ortodôntico , Braquetes Ortodônticos , Fechamento de Espaço Ortodôntico/instrumentação , Fios Ortodônticos , Titânio/química , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIM: To develop a new cephalometric measurement to evaluate the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-five pretreatment lateral cephalograms (25 each of Class I, II, and III) were subdivided based on ANB, Wits appraisal, and Beta angle into skeletal Class I, II, and III. The same cephalograms were again classified into skeletal Class I, II, and III based purely on Beta angle. The new measurement is based on the landmarks S, M (midpoint of the anterior maxilla), and G (center at the bottom of the symphysis), which form the YEN angle measured at M. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation for the YEN angle were calculated in all three skeletal groups. After using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Newman Keuls test, receiver-operating characteristic curves were obtained for the YEN angle in both types of classifications. The results showed that a patient with a YEN angle from 117 to 123 degrees could be considered to have a Class I skeletal relationship. CONCLUSIONS: The YEN angle was developed to assess more reliably the sagittal relationship between both jaws. Subjects with a YEN angle between 117 and 123 degrees have a skeletal Class I pattern. With an angle less than 117 degrees, patients are considered to have a skeletal Class II relationship, and with an angle greater than 123 degrees, patients have a skeletal Class III.