Pneumoparotid due to spirometry.

Pneumoparotid has been described in patients who generate increased intraoral pressures when playing wind instruments, while coughing, and when undergoing dental work. Some patients have intentionally created pneumoparotid to avoid duties at school or in the military, or to gain attention. We describe a patient who developed pneumoparotid during pulmonary function testing. The diagnosis of pneumoparotid depends on a suggestive clinical situation and glandular swelling with or without crepitus. Observation of aerated saliva per Stensen's duct or air in the parotid duct and/or gland by any imaging study is diagnostic if infection with a gas-forming organism can be reasonably excluded. No specific treatment is required, other than the avoidance of predisposing activities.

Acute peripheral nerve recording characteristics of polymer-based longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes.

We examined the recording characteristics of two different types of polymer-based longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (LIFEs) in peripheral nerve: single-stranded (s-polyLIFEs) and multistranded (m-polyLIFEs). Recordings were also made from Pt-Ir wire-based electrodes (PtIrLIFEs) as a control. The electrodes were implanted in either tibial or medial gastrocnemius branches of the rabbit sciatic nerve, and in the sciatic nerve of rats. Recorded neural activity induced by manually elicited afferent neural activity showed that both polyLIFE versions performed comparably to PtIrLIFEs.

Occlusion for the Class II jaw relations patient.

Each patient with a small mandible presents an occlusal pattern that differs from most of the criteria established for a class I occlusion. The components of a class II occlusion are unlike other occlusions. The anterior teeth do not provide the protection and guidance normally provided by horizontal and vertical overlap. The posterior teeth bear the full force of occlusion. Protrusive movement is the dominant and the most used movement. The posterior teeth must function from centric relation forward to an anterior separation. Most of the posterior teeth exhibit balancing contacts. This occlusion is a type of bilateral balanced occlusion. Greater interocclusal clearance must be provided and tested for adequacy of space during speech and function. A class II occlusion is a most exacting occlusion. The controlling factors are the posterior determinants of occlusion.

Effects of comparative jaw size on mandibular movement and occlusion.

Comparative jaw size should be investigated as fifth factor and determinant of occlusion. It has a direct effect on each component of occlusion. The loss of function of the anterior teeth generates profound changes in used to show stable tooth-to-tooth relationships. These stable occlusion have been observed often and are functioning well in individual mouths. Guidance is a major factor in occlusion and when lost by nonfunction of the anterior teeth must be replaced to provide comfort and stabilization. Alternates to canine and anterior guidance are found in group function and bilateral balanced occlusions. Research is necessary to understand the full effect of comparative jaw size on occlusion and mandibular movement. Research will also provide answers to many perplexing questions.

Alternate occlusal schemes.

Comparative jaw size and the loss of function of the anterior determinants dictates establishing alternate types of occlusion. The chewing envelope and protrusive disocclusion are generally established by functioning anterior teeth. Dramatic changes in tooth morphology are dictated when the anterior teeth do not function. Bilateral balanced occlusion establishes guidance and support. When the mandible is much larger than the maxillae, a well-designed reverse occlusion will properly distribute the forces through the long axis of the teeth and provide a stable occlusal base. Bilateral balance and reverse occlusions are the recommended physiologic occlusions to use when a mandible disparity exists. Accurate reproduction of the posterior determinants is necessary. The arbitrary removal of balancing contacts can introduce imbalance, pain, lack of guidance, and serious compromise of an otherwise sound occlusion.

Occlusion for the Class III jaw relations patient.

The class III jaw relations patient possesses challenging changes in occlusal patterns. The interocclusal distance, envelope of motion, chewing stroke, tooth-to-tooth relations, and the determinants of occlusion vary from the criteria established for the class I or class II occlusions. The lack of anterior guidance and the added width and length of the mandible have a significant effect on occlusal morphology. Several stable forms of occlusal relationships can be found at one time in the same dentition. The occlusal morphology is dictated by the condylar movements and mandibular size. The balancing cusps must provide the proprioceptive guidance for the chewing cycle. One half to 1 mm, rest interocclusal distance is adequate to allow the teeth to separate in speech and function.

Hemodynamic measurements in a sheep model with a hollow fiber artificial kidney containing modified cellulose.

HFAK-RC caused pronounced leukopenia, increase in TXB2 levels in plasma and hemodynamic pressure changes as a reflection of complement activation during EC in sheep. In contrast no increase in TXB2 levels and no changes in hemodynamics are observed with HFAK-MC. The leukopenia and granulocytopenia in the latter is much less pronounced and probably reflects the phenomenon "frustrated phagocytosis".

Successful long-term use of a miniaturized plasmapheresis circuit in rabbits.

Dual lumen silicon rubber right atrial catheters were implanted into the jugular of 8 rabbits and tunneled subcutaneously to exit sites between the ears. Using a miniaturized tubing-pump system, blood flow rates of 25 ml/min could be achieved for up to 3 1/2 hours without sign of hemolysis in an extracorporeal blood circuit. Seven catheters functioned an average of 75 +/- SE 19 days (range 24-117). One catheter remains functional after 176 days. Infection and thrombosis were the main reasons for failure. 20 plasmaphoresis experiments were carried out in four heparinized rabbits (blood flow rates 15 ml/min, plasmaflux 1.5-2.0 ml/min) using polypropylene minifilters (average pore size, 0.55 micron) with the plasma recirculated back into the animal. No hemolysis was detectable throughout the 4 hr experiment. Plasma proteins with a MW of 69 X 10(3) to 3 X 10(6) (Albumin, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, CPK, fibrinogen, LDL) showed a sieving coefficient close to 1.0. The good filtration performance and the absence of side effects make this system a possible use for plasmaphoresis in neonates.