Effect of Observer's Sex and Chin Prominences on the Perception of the Lower Lip-Chin Prominence Angle.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify the preferred range of lower lip-chin prominence angles in the Korean population and evaluate the effect of the individual lower lip-chin prominence angle on perceptions of esthetic chin profile.Chin prominence silhouettes were used to assess the lower lip-chin prominence preference. The observers randomly categorized each image as (1) normal, (2) slightly abnormal but not requiring surgical correction, and (3) abnormal and requiring surgery. Individual lower-chin prominence angles of all observers were analyzed using standardized clinical photographs.The normal range of lower lip-chin prominence angle is 0° to 25°; socially acceptable range is 0° to -10°, 25° to 40°; range needing surgery is -10° to -30° and 40° to 45°. Women are more tolerant to chin protrusion. A protrusive chin is more acceptable in observers with retrusive chin profile.Skeletal Class II profile is more acceptable than skeletal Class III in the Korean population. The individual lower-chin prominence angle could affect perception of desired surgery. These findings indicate that patient-specific treatment planning is important in achieving satisfaction in chin surgery.

Salivary glutamate is elevated in individuals with chronic migraine.

Background Glutamate has been implicated in migraine pathogenesis, and is elevated in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva in migraineurs. However, no comparison of glutamate levels among chronic migraine, episodic migraine and controls has been reported. The aim is to compare salivary glutamate levels of individuals with chronic migraine with those of individuals with episodic migraine and healthy controls. Methods We investigated salivary glutamate level of 46 women with chronic migraine, 50 women with episodic migraine, and 19 healthy controls via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results The salivary glutamate level of the chronic migraine group (median and interquartile range, 20.47 [15.27-30.15] pmol/mg total protein) was significantly higher than those of the episodic migraine (16.17 [12.81-20.15] pmol/mg total protein, p = 0.008) and control (12.18 [9.40-16.24] pmol/mg total protein, p = 0.001) groups. The salivary glutamate level of the episodic migraine group was marginally elevated from that of the control group (post hoc p = 0.016). Thresholds of 16.58 and 17.94 pmol/mg total protein optimize the sensitivity and specificity to differentiate chronic migraine participants from healthy controls and episodic migraine participants, respectively. Conclusions Salivary glutamate level was elevated in chronic migraine participants. These data suggest that salivary glutamate level could be an indicator of CM.

Areca nut exposure increases secretion of tumor-promoting cytokines in gingival fibroblasts that trigger DNA damage in oral keratinocytes.

Molecular crosstalk between cancer cells and fibroblasts has been an emerging hot issue in understanding carcinogenesis. As oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an inflammatory fibrotic disease that can potentially transform into squamous cell carcinoma, OSF has been considered to be an appropriate model for studying the role of fibroblasts during early stage carcinogenesis. In this sense, this study aims at investigating whether areca nut (AN)-exposed fibroblasts cause DNA damage of epithelial cells. For this study, immortalized hNOF (hTERT-hNOF) was used. We found that the levels of GRO-α, IL-6 and IL-8 increased in AN-exposed fibroblasts. Cytokine secretion was reduced by antioxidants in AN-exposed fibroblasts. Increase in DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and 8-oxoG FITC-conjugate was observed in immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOK) after the treatment of cytokines or a conditioned medium derived from AN-exposed fibroblasts. Cytokine expression and DNA damage were also detected in OSF tissues. The DNA damage was reduced by neutralizing cytokines or antioxidant treatment. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage response, triggered by cytokines, were abolished when NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 and 4 were silenced in IHOK, indicating that cytokine-triggered DNA damage was caused by ROS generation through NOX1 and NOX4. Taken together, this study provided strong evidence that blocking ROS generation might be a rewarding approach for cancer prevention and intervention in OSF.

Long-Term Outcomes of Biodegradable Versus Second-Generation Durable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stent Implantations for Myocardial Infarction.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare outcomes between biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stent (BP-DES) and second-generation durable polymer drug-eluting stent (DP-DES) implantations for acute myocardial infarction (MI) using a nationwide dataset. BACKGROUND: Data regarding outcomes of BP-DES versus second-generation DP-DES are inconclusive. METHODS: Among 13,104 patients with acute MI in a nationwide registry who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (November 2011 to December 2015), BP-DES and second-generation DP-DES were implanted in 2,261 (21.7%) and 8,182 patients (78.3%), respectively. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (all-cause death, recurrent MI, or any revascularization) were compared in multivariable Cox regression, propensity score (PS) matched, and underwent PS-adjusted analyses. RESULTS: MACE occurred in 1,492 (14.3%) patients during a median 723-day follow-up. MACE were less frequent with BP-DES implantation than with second-generation DP-DES implantation (entire cohort hazard ratio [HR]: 0.845; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.740 to 0.965; PS-matched HR: 0.669; 95% CI: 0.550 to 0.814). Risk of all-cause death (entire cohort HR: 0.831; 95% CI: 0.692 to 0.997; PS-matched HR: 0.752; 95% CI: 0.495 to 0.931), cardiac death (entire cohort HR: 0.685; 95% CI: 0.542 to 0.865; PS-matched HR: 0.613; 95% CI: 0.463 to 0.872), recurrent MI (entire cohort HR: 0.662; 95% CI: 0.466 to 0.941; PS-matched HR: 0.611; 95% CI: 0.427 to 0.898), and heart failure readmission (entire cohort HR: 0.625; 95% CI: 0.447 to 0.875; PS-matched HR: 0.584; 95% CI: 0.385 to 0.887) was less with BP-DES implantation. There were no significant group differences in the incidences of any revascularization, stroke, and definite or probable stent thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute MI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, BP-DES implantation is associated with improved outcomes compared with second-generation DP-DES implantation.