Salvage of Ear Framework Exposure in Total Auricular Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: One of the most common complications of total auricular reconstruction is delayed wound healing, which results in skin necrosis and exposure of the ear framework. Various options exist for salvage of the exposed ear framework. METHODS: From January 2009 to May 2014, 149 patients underwent total auricular reconstruction using an autogenous cartilage framework or porous polyethylene framework (Medpor; Stryker, USA). An autogenous cartilage framework was used in 48 patients, and a Medpor framework was used in 101 cases. Three cases of framework exposure (3/48, 6.3%) were observed among the patients treated with an autogenous cartilage framework. In contrast, framework exposure took place in 11 patients who were treated with a Medpor framework (11/101, 10.9%). Depending on the method of total ear reconstruction and the location of exposure, the authors used local skin flaps, temporoparietal fascia flaps, deep temporal fascia (DTF) flaps, or mastoid fascia (MF) flaps with skin grafting. RESULTS: Among the 11 patients who experienced framework exposure after being treated with a Medpor framework, a DTF flap with skin grafting was used in 6 patients and an MF flap with skin grafting in 6 patients; 1 patient was treated with both a DTF flap and an MF flap. All 3 cases of cartilage framework exposure were salvaged using a temporoparietal fascia flap with skin grafting, and a local skin flap was used in 1 case. In all 3 cases, the exposed framework was completely covered with the flap, and the reconstructed ears showed well-defined convolutions. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage of framework exposure remains a challenging issue in total auricular reconstruction. However, appropriate wound management using various flaps allows the reconstructed ear to be safely preserved.

Influence of Implant transmucosal design on early peri-implant tissue responses in beagle dogs.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to evaluate the influences of concave, machined and concave-roughened profiles of transmucosal implant designs on early peri-implant tissue responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implants were used and classified by transmucosal profile and surface type as straight-machined implants (SM), concave-machined implants (CM), or concave-roughened implants (CR). A total of 30 implants (10 per each type) with matching transmucosal profiles were placed directly on alveolar crests in randomized order in the edentulous mandibular ridges of three beagle dogs. Healing abutments were connected 4 weeks after implant placement, and prostheses were connected 8 weeks after implant placement and functionally loaded. All animals were sacrificed at 16 weeks. Peri-apical radiographs were obtained and measured to evaluate peri-implant marginal bone levels. Histological specimens were prepared to measure bone resorption, connective tissue contact, epithelial tissue height, biological width, and length of implant-abutment junction to the apical portion of junctional epithelium. RESULTS: Radiographic and histometric analysis showed that least bone resorption occurred around CM implants and greatest bone resorption around SM implants (P < 0.05). Histometric analysis showed that highest connective tissue attachment and shortest biological width had formed around CM implants. CONCLUSION: Concave-machined profiled implants with a transmucosal design may induce less bone resorption and better connective tissue attachment around implants than the straight-machined profiled implants during the early healing phase.

Prediction of sustained virologic response based on week 4 and week 12 response in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 patients treated with peginterferon and ribavirin: assessment in a favorable IL28B allele-prevalent area.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate rapid virologic response (RVR) rate after peginterferon (PegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) dual combination therapy in Korean hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 patients whose IL28B polymorphism is generally favorable. This study also assessed the value of RVR in predicting sustained virologic response (SVR). METHODS: Treatment-naïve HCV genotype 1 patients who underwent initial treatment with either PegIFN-α-2a or α-2b and RBV were retrospectively evaluated. From 148 patients, 115 met inclusion criteria for the final analysis. RESULTS: Overall RVR rate was 47.8% and SVR rate was 67.8% (78/115). Positive RVR had the highest positive predictive value (PPV) for achieving SVR, whereas it had the lowest negative predictive value (NPV). Undetectable HCV RNA at treatment week 12, namely complete early virologic response (cEVR), had high PPV as well as high NPV. Factors predisposing SVR were absence of liver cirrhosis and achievement of RVR or cEVR. CONCLUSION: This study showed RVR rate close to 50% in HCV genotype 1 patients treated with dual combination therapy in the region where favorable IL28B polymorphism is reported to be as high as 90%. Even for the patients who failed to achieve RVR, positive cEVR demonstrated a fair chance of achieving SVR.

Association of internal exposure of cadmium and lead with periodontal disease: a study of the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

AIMS: This study was performed to examine the association of the internal exposure of cadmium and lead with periodontitis in a representative sample of adults, who were involved in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One thousand nine hundred and sixty-six subjects over the age of 19 who participated in KNHANES were examined. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) exposure were grouped into three categories: low (<25th percentile), middle (25th-75th percentile) and high (≥75th percentile). The periodontal status was assessed by the Community Periodontal Index. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to get the adjusted odds ratio (OR), and subgroup analysis was also performed. All analyses considered a complex sampling design. RESULTS: The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed associations of Cd with periodontitis. Subjects with a high Cd had a 1.57 (95% CI: 1.03-2.38) times higher OR for periodontitis than those with a low Cd. In the subgroup analysis, the association of Pb and Cd with periodontitis was different according to the strata of gender and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: High Cd could be associated with periodontitis in females and current smokers, and middle Pb showed associations in females and non-smokers among a representative sample of adults in Korea.

A new skin flap method for total auricular reconstruction: extended scalp skin flap in continuity with postauricular skin flap and isolated conchal flap: four skin flaps and temporoparietal fascia flap.

A sufficient skin envelope of good quality as well as definite auricular framework is a prerequisite for a successful auricular reconstruction. Various surgical techniques, such as recruitment of mastoid skin, skin graft, tissue expansion, and so on, have been used to get the necessary skin for covering of the auricular framework. However, debates about the drawbacks of these techniques have continued. In this article, I report on a new skin flap method for total auricular reconstruction, which is an extended scalp skin flap in continuity with postauricular skin flap and isolated conchal flap. Between January 2009 and March 2010, a total of 20 patients underwent an auricular reconstruction using a Medpor framework (Porex Surgical, Inc, Newnan, GA) and the new skin flap method. Follow-up time range was 4 to 17 months. The reconstructed ear showed no definite true hair growth except for some fine hair, which can be ignored. More favorable results such as a good color matched skin, well-formed ear convolution, no other donor site scars can now be achieved using this new method.

[Durability of a sustained virologic response in combination therapy with interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C].

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: The ultimate goal of antiviral therapy using interferon/pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin in chronic C-viral hepatitis is to achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR). Several studies have shown that the reappearance rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum after the achievement of an SVR is less than 1%; the durability of an SVR in Korean patients is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the durability of the virologic response in chronic hepatitis C patients with an SVR to antiviral therapy. METHODS: A total of 156 patients who were treated successfully with interferon/peginterferon and ribavirin were evaluated retrospectively. Patients received either subcutaneous conventional interferon alpha 3x10(6) units three times a week or subcutaneous pegylated interferon (alpha-2a: 180 microgram, alpha-2b: 80-100 microgram) once a week in combination with ribavirin at 600-1,200 mg daily (depending on body weight). Patients with HCV genotype 1 were treated for 48 weeks, whereas those with non-genotype 1 were treated for 24 weeks. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients underwent treatment with conventional interferon and ribavirin, whereas 74 patients were treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. An SVR was achieved in 73 patients (73/156, 46.8%). HCV RNA reappeared in eight patients (8/73, 11.0%; detected by qualitative PCR), including one patient with persistent viremia (1/73, 1.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Reappearance of HCV RNA after earlier achievement of an SVR might appear more frequently than previously reported. Close follow-up of these patients is recommended and the implication of temporary viremia should be determined in the future.

Nitinol spring rod dynamic stabilization system and Nitinol memory loops in surgical treatment for lumbar disc disorders: short-term follow up.

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to analyze the usefulness of the BioFlex, a Nitinol spring rod dynamic stabilization system, and the Nitinol shape memory loop (KIMPF-DI Fixing System) as a posterior dynamic stabilization system in surgery for low-back pain. METHODS: The 103 patients who underwent treatment with the BioFlex system were divided into two groups: Group 1, dynamic stabilization with or without posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF); and Group 2, rigid fixation (PLIF + BioFlex system only). A total of 66 segments were treated with only the BioFlex system; in these the preoperative range of motion (ROM) was 10.0 +/- 4.3 degrees , which changed to 4.1 +/- 1.9 degrees after surgery. Adjacent-segment ROM changed from 8.4 +/- 3.4 degrees to 10.7 +/- 3.2 degrees in Group 1 and from 6.5 +/- 3.2 degrees to 10.5 +/- 4.6 degrees in Group 2 postoperatively. A total of 110 segments received both BioFlex and PLIF, with a fusion rate of 90.0%. The visual analog scale score for back pain improved from 7.3 +/- 3.1 to 1.4 +/- 1.8 in Group 1 and from 7.4 +/- 2.4 to 2.1 +/- 2.3 in Group 2. The Oswestry Disability Index improved from 35.2 +/- 6.4 to 12.1 +/- 4.5 in Group 1 and from 37.8 +/- 5.7 to 13.6 +/- 4.2 in Group 2. (The ROM and assessment scores expressed are the mean +/- standard deviation.) The 194 patients in whom Nitinol memory loops were implanted were analyzed based on the preoperative and 1-year postoperative ROM of each lumbar segment. The change of ROM in looped segments treated with PLIF was significantly reduced, but the change of ROM in looped segments without PLIF was not significant. The change of ROM at the segment adjacent to the loop was not significant, and the change of kyphosis reflected a slight recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The Nitinol BioFlex dynamic stabilization system can achieve stabilization and simultaneously allow physiological movement, which can in turn decrease the degeneration of adjacent segments. When used with PLIF, the fusion rate can be expected to increase. The flexible Nitinol shape memory loop, a posterior dynamic stabilization device, is an adequate tension band that displays strength similar to the posterior ligamentous structures. In combination with PLIF at the main lesion, the BioFlex system or the Nitinol memory loop can provide posterior dynamic stabilization to the transitional upper or lower segments, enhance the fusion rate, reduce the adjacent segment degeneration, and provide dynamic stabilization of the spine.

Association between Cockroach-specific Immunoglobulin E and periodontitis in Korean male adults Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tooth supporting tissues (periodontium) and associated with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. However, there has been no nation-wide population based epidemiologic study regarding any association between periodontitis and serum IgE. Among the 8,958 participants in the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1), 1,731 adults aged 19 to 64 who had measured serum IgE were included in the analysis. Dentists examined the periodontal status of the participants. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the odds ratio of periodontitis in association with total IgE and specific IgE to cockroach and house dust mite. In males, total IgE showed a positive correlation with the presence of periodontitis. The participants in the highest tertile of cockroach specific IgE (T3, >31.6 kU/L) had a significantly increased risk of periodontitis (OR = 2.108; 95% CI, 1.233-3.606). In females, the inverse association occurred between total IgE and periodontitis (OR = 0.409; 95% CI, 0.200-0.839). The present study firstly demonstrated the association between periodontitis and serum IgE, using the Korean nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional health examination and survey. This study suggested a positive correlation between periodontitis and cockroach-specific IgE in Korean male adults.

Two-stage, acetic acid-aqueous ammonia, fractionation of empty fruit bunches for increased lignocellulosic biomass utilization.

Fractionation of EFB was conducted in two consecutive steps using a batch reaction system: hemicellulose hydrolysis using acetic acid (AA; 3.0-7.0 wt.%) at 170-190°C for 10-20 min in the first stage, and lignin solubilization using ammonium hydroxide (5-20 wt.%) at 140-220°C for 5-25 min in the second stage. The two-stage process effectively fractionated empty fruit bunches (EFB) in terms of hemicellulose hydrolysis (53.6%) and lignin removal (59.5%). After the two-stage treatment, the fractionated solid contained 65.3% glucan. Among three investigated process parameters, reaction temperature and ammonia concentration had greater impact on the delignification reaction in the second stage than reaction time. The two-stage fractionation processing improved the enzymatic digestibility to 72.9% with 15 FPU of cellulase/g of glucan supplemented with 70 pNPG of ß-glycosidase (Novozyme 188)/g-glucan, which was significantly enhanced from the equivalent digestibility of 28.3% for untreated EFB and 45.7% for AAH-fractionated solid.

Prevalence and risk factors of periodontitis among adults with or without diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study examined prevalence and risk factors of periodontitis in representative samples of Korean adults, with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Data from the 2012 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were analyzed. A total of 4,477 adults (≥ 30 years old) were selected from 8,057 individuals who completed a nutrition survey, a self-reported general health behavior questionnaire, an oral examination, an oral hygiene behaviors survey, and laboratory tests. DM was defined as a fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, or self-reported diagnosed diabetes, or current use of oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin. The community periodontal index was used to assess periodontitis status and comparisons between the periodontitis and the non-periodontitis group, were performed, according to the presence of DM. Risk factors for periodontitis in adults with DM and without DM were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of periodontitis was significantly higher in adults with DM (43.7%) than in those without DM (25%, p < 0.001). In adults without DM, risk factors for periodontitis were older age, male, urban habitation, waist circumference, smoking, oral pain, and less frequent tooth brushing. Significant risk factors for periodontitis in adults with DM were the smoking, oral pain, and not-using an oral hygiene product. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with DM have an increased risk of periodontitis than those without DM. Current smoking and oral pain increase this risk. Using an oral hygiene product can reduce risk of periodontal disease in adults with DM.

Preparation of plastic and biopolymer multilayer films by plasma source ion implantation.

The plasma source ion implantation (PSII) technique was used to improve the adhesion between linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and biopolymer. LLDPE was treated with the PSII using O(2) or CF(4) gas to modify its surface. After modification, chitosan or corn zein was used for coating on LLDPE. Wettability of the LLDPE surface was evaluated with a contact angle meter by the sessile drop method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the LLDPE surface. Before and after treatment, in the case of LLDPE treated with O(2) PSII, oxygen-containing functional groups were formed on the implanted surface. In the CF(4) PSII treated LLDPE, it was observed that the fluorine concentration on the surface of LLDPE remarkably increased and hydrophobic groups were formed by chemical reaction. Bilayer films coated with chitosan or corn zein showed 10 times lower oxygen permeability. Tensile strength of multilayer films was decreased a little compared with that of LLDPE. The plastic and biopolymer multilayer films have potential for food packaging application because of their O(2) gas barrier property and easy recyclability of the multilayer film.

Fractionation and delignification of empty fruit bunches with low reaction severity for high sugar recovery.

Fractionation and delignification of empty fruit bunches (EFB) was conducted in a series of two steps under low reaction severity with the aim of minimizing the neutralization of hydrolyzates. In EFB underwent acid fractionation, the glucan content was increased to 62.4%, at which point 86.9% of the hemicellulosic sugar and 20.5% of the lignin were extracted from the raw EFB. Xylose-rich hydrolyzate, indicating a high selectivity of 17.7 could be separated. Through the consecutive delignification of acid-fractionated EFB using sodium hydroxide, solid residue with a high glucan content (70.4%) and low hemicellulosic sugar content (3.7%) could be obtained, which indicated that 95.9% of the hemicellulosic sugar and 67.5% of the lignin were extracted based on raw EFB. The final pretreated solid residue was converted to glucose through enzyme hydrolysis, which resulted in an enzymatic digestibility of 76.9% was achieved.

A physical organogel electrolyte: characterized by in situ thermo-irreversible gelation and single-ion-predominent conduction.

Electrolytes are characterized by their ionic conductivity (σ(i)). It is desirable that overall σ(i) results from the dominant contribution of the ions of interest (e.g. Li(+) in lithium ion batteries or LIB). However, high values of cationic transference number (t+) achieved by solid or gel electrolytes have resulted in low σ(i) leading to inferior cell performances. Here we present an organogel polymer electrolyte characterized by a high liquid-electrolyte-level σ(i) (~10(1) mS cm(-1)) with high t+ of Li(+) (>0.8) for LIB. A conventional liquid electrolyte in presence of a cyano resin was physically and irreversibly gelated at 60°C without any initiators and crosslinkers, showing the behavior of lower critical solution temperature. During gelation, σ(i) of the electrolyte followed a typical Arrhenius-type temperature dependency, even if its viscosity increased dramatically with temperature. Based on the Li(+)-driven ion conduction, LIB using the organogel electrolyte delivered significantly enhanced cyclability and thermal stability.

Effect of span length on the fit of zirconia framework fabricated using CAD/CAM system.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the span length on the fit of zirconia framework fabricated using CAD/CAM system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Abutments for single, 4-unit and 6-unit fixed partial prostheses were fabricated. Ten zirconia frameworks were fabricated for each group. The marginal and internal gap were presented by means of replica technique and measured by measuring microscope (AXIO®, Carl Zeiss, Rochester, NY) and software (I-solution®, IMT i-solution Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada). The results were statistically analyzed by multivariate analysis test and Dunnett T3 test for post hoc test (α=.05). RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences at 2, 4, 7, 8 points (mesio-distal section) and b, d, e, f, g (labio-lingual section). In some marginal reference points of 6-unit group (P<.05), the marginal gap were larger than 120 µm. CONCLUSION: Span length of zirconia core may have an influence on marginal and internal fit. Within the limitation of this study, the increase of span length of zirconia framework of 6 or more-unit fixed partial denture may decrease the marginal and internal fit.

A 5-year retrospective clinical study of the Dentium implants.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate cumulative survival rate (CSR) of Implantium implants followed for 5 years and association between risk factors and the CSR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of two hundred forty-nine Implantium Implants System (Dentium, Seoul, Korea) placed in ninety-five patients from 2004 to 2009 were investigated with several identified risk factors (sex, systemic disease, smoking, alchohol, reason of tooth loss, length, arch (maxilla or mandible), replace tooth type (incisor, canine, premolar or molar) Kennedy classification, prosthodontic type, prosthodontic design, opposite dentition, abutment type, occlusal material, occlusal unit, splint to tooth, cantilever, other surgery). Clinical examination (mobility, percussion, screw loosening, discomfort, etc.) and radiographic examination data were collected from patient records including all problems during follow-up period according to protocols described earlier. Life table analysis was undertaken to examine the CSR. Cox regression method was conducted to assess the association between potential risk factors and overall CSR. RESULTS: Five of 249 implants were failed. Four of these were lost before loading. The 5-year implant cumulative survival rate was 97.37%. Cox regression analysis demonstrated a significant predictive association between overall CSR and systemic disease, smoking, reason of tooth loss, arch, Kennedy classification and prosthodontic design (P<.05). The screw related complication was rare. Two abutment screw fractures were found. Another complications of prosthetic components were porcelain fracture, resin facing fracture and denture fracture (n=19). CONCLUSION: The 5-year CSR of Implantium implants was 97.37%. Implant survival may be dependent upon systemic disease, smoking reason of tooth loss, arch, Kennedy classification and prosthodontic design (P<.05). The presence of systemic diseases and combination of other surgical procedures may be associated with increased implant failure.

Temperature change in pig rib bone during implant site preparation by low-speed drilling.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature change during low-speed drilling using infrared thermography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pig ribs were used to provide cortical bone of a similar quality to human mandible. Heat production by three implant drill systems (two conventional drilling systems and one low-speed drilling system) was evaluated by measuring the bone temperature using infrared thermography. Each system had two different bur sizes. The drill systems used were twist drill (2.0 mm/2.5 mm), which establishes the direction of the implant, and finally a 3.0 mm-pilot drill. Thermal images were recorded using the IRI1001 system (Infrared Integrated Systems Ltd.). Baseline temperature was 31±1ºC. Measurements were repeated 10 times, and a static load of 10 kg was applied while drilling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Statistical analysis was conducted with two-way ANOVA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Mean values (n=10 drill sequences) for maximum recorded temperature (Max TºC), change in temperature (ΔTºC) from baseline were as follows. The changes in temperature (ΔTºC) were 1.57ºC and 2.46ºC for the lowest and the highest values, respectively. Drilling at 50 rpm without irrigation did not produce overheating. There was no significant difference in heat production between the 3 implant drill systems (p>0.05). No implant drill system produced heat exceeding 47ºC, which is the critical temperature for bone necrosis during low-speed drilling. Low-speed drilling without irrigation could be used during implant site preparation.

Influence of dentin porcelain thickness on layered all-ceramic restoration color.

OBJECTIVES: Final aesthetic performance of all-ceramic restorations is influenced by the thickness ratio of core and porcelain ceramics. This study aimed to identify and quantify the effect of increased dentin porcelain thickness on the color and color coordinates of all-ceramic specimens. METHODS: Lava and IPS e.max Press all-ceramic systems were investigated. A1, A2 and A3.5 shades of layered specimens were made with 2-mm ceramic cores and 0-2mm bevelled dentin porcelain. Color was measured at 0.05mm dentin porcelain thickness intervals with a spectroradiometer. The effect of ceramic brand, shade and dentin porcelain thickness on color change was analyzed by 3-way ANOVA. RESULTS: Color changes of layered ceramics varied by ceramic brand, shade and dentin porcelain thickness. For most ceramics, CIE a* and b* values gradually increased as the thickness of the dentin porcelain increased. Conversely, such increases in dentin porcelain thickness were correlated with decreasing CIE L* values. When compared with the IPS e.max Press ceramics, Lava ceramics showed smaller color changes in response to increases in dentin porcelain thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The final appearance of ceramic restorations can be manipulated by varying the dentin porcelain thickness; however, the color of the layered ceramics varied by ceramic brand, shade and dentin porcelain thickness.

Temperature change in pig rib bone during implant site preparation by low-speed drilling

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature change during low-speed drilling using infrared thermography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pig ribs were used to provide cortical bone of a similar quality to human mandible. Heat production by three implant drill systems (two conventional drilling systems and one low-speed drilling system) was evaluated by measuring the bone temperature using infrared thermography. Each system had two different bur sizes. The drill systems used were twist drill (2.0 mm/2.5 mm), which establishes the direction of the implant, and finally a 3.0 mm-pilot drill. Thermal images were recorded using the IRI1001 system (Infrared Integrated Systems Ltd.). Baseline temperature was 31±1ºC. Measurements were repeated 10 times, and a static load of 10 kg was applied while drilling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Statistical analysis was conducted with two-way ANOVA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Mean values (n=10 drill sequences) for maximum recorded temperature (Max TºC), change in temperature (ΔTºC) from baseline were as follows. The changes in temperature (ΔTºC) were 1.57ºC and 2.46ºC for the lowest and the highest values, respectively. Drilling at 50 rpm without irrigation did not produce overheating. There was no significant difference in heat production between the 3 implant drill systems (p>0.05). No implant drill system produced heat exceeding 47ºC, which is the critical temperature for bone necrosis during low-speed drilling. Low-speed drilling without irrigation could be used during implant site preparation.

Comparative resin kinetics using in situ fluorescence measurements.

The aminolysis of a novel activated ester resin was utilized for kinetic study via continuous in situ fluorescence measurements. A variety of resin compositions (polystyrene, JandaJel, ArgoPore, TentaGel, NovaGel, and PEGA) and solvents (dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dichlorethane, and toluene) were tested to compare their effects on the reaction rate. A linear relationship between the reaction rate and (solvent polarity x swelling of resin) was elucidated for the aminolysis reaction.