Strategies to Achieve a Ferrocene-Based Polymer with Reversible Redox Activity for Chiral Electroanalysis of Nonelectroactive Amino Acids.

In the past, various chiral isomers accompanied by electroactive units have been distinguished using electrochemical techniques, which can produce electrochemical signals by themselves. However, it is still difficult to use an electrochemical technique to detect nonelectroactive samples. To address this bottleneck, an electroactive chiral polymer (S,S)-p-CVB-Fc that contains one redox-active ferrocene unit was designed and synthesized in this study. The electroactive polymer can give electrochemical signals as an alternative to the tested chiral samples, regardless of whether the isomers have electroactive units. Then, it was fixed on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical chiral sensor. When nonelectroactive amino acids including proline, threonine, and alanine were examined by the sensor, clear discrimination in the response of peak current could be observed toward l- and d-isomers at pH 6.5. The peak current ratios (IL/ID) for proline and alanine were 1.47 and 1.48, respectively. In contrast, for threonine, the d-isomer exhibited a higher peak current than the l -isomer with a ratio of 2.59. In summary, the results ensure that the current work can enlarge the testing scope of chiral samples in the field of chiral electroanalysis using an electroactive sensor.

Pilot-scale study of forward osmosis for treating desulfurization wastewater.

Forward osmosis (FO) treatment of desulfurization wastewater shows great potential in laboratory scale tests. To explore the adaptability of the forward osmosis system in the practical treatment of desulfurization wastewater, we carried out a pilot test on desulfurization wastewater treated by the traditional method under the conditions of adding soda ash (SA) and adding FO scale inhibitor (FOSI). The results showed that the FO system could concentrate desulfurization wastewater with an average TDS of 15,816-32,820 mg/L in the influent water to an average TDS of more than 120,000 mg/L, which was concentrated 3.8-7.8 times. The removal rates of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl- were more than 99% and the system could operate stably for a long time. Under the condition of adding SA and FOSI, the system recovery rate was 85.38% and 73.02%, respectively. The operating cost was 25 RMB/ton and 21.77 RMB/ton, respectively. The results showed that the application of forward osmosis in desulfurization wastewater treatment was technically feasible and economically effective.

Membrane fouling control by Ca2+ during coagulation-ultrafiltration process for algal-rich water treatment.

Seasonal algal bloom, a water supply issue worldwide, can be efficiently solved by membrane technology. However, membranes typically suffer from serious fouling, which hinders the wide application of this technology. In this study, the feasibility of adding Ca2+ to control membrane fouling in coagulation-membrane treatment of algal-rich water was investigated. According to the results obtained, the normalized membrane flux decreased by a lower extent upon increasing the concentration of Ca2+ from 0 to 10 mmol/L. Simultaneously, the floc particle size increased significantly with the concentration of Ca2+, which leads to a lower hydraulic resistance. The coagulation performance is also enhanced with the concentration of Ca2+, inducing a slight osmotic pressure-induced resistance. The formation of Ca2+ coagulation flocs resulted in a looser, thin, and permeable cake layer on the membrane surface. This cake layer rejected organic pollutants and could be easily removed by physical and chemical cleaning treatments, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy images. The hydraulic irreversible membrane resistance was significantly reduced upon addition of Ca2+. All these findings suggest that the addition of Ca2+ may provide a simple-operation, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technology for controlling membrane fouling during coagulation-membrane process for algal-rich water treatment.

Numerical and experimental investigation for cleaning process of submerged outside-in hollow fiber membrane.

Membrane fouling has limited extensive applications for hollow fiber membranes in water treatment. Backwashing and air scouring can effectively solve this problem in the submerged outside-in hollow fiber membrane system. In this study, variation of the fouling layer on the membrane surface during backwashing and the impact of shear stress caused by air scouring on fouling removal were investigated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The backwashing and air scouring process were simulated using CFD and the results were verified by experimental studies. The results of experimental studies are in accordance with the simulation results. During the backwashing process, the velocity profile inside the reactor was presented, and visualization of the particle movement to illustrate the dynamic peeling process of the fouling layer on the membrane surface was also shown. The formation of uneven cleaning reveals that the upper region of the fibers has an excellent cleaning effect during backwashing. After that, the supporting role of air scouring was investigated in the study. It is concluded that the lower part and the middle region of the fibers suffer greater shear stress by analyzing the velocity contours and vectors, and the analysis results indicated that air scouring can further remove membrane fouling.

The impact of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) on ultrafiltration efficiency in flocculation-ultrafiltration process.

With the purpose of improving the ultrafiltration (UF) efficiency, anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) has been used as a coagulant aid in the flocculation-UF process. In this study, the impact of APAM on UF efficiency has been investigated with regard to membrane fouling, membrane cleaning and effluent quality. The results indicated that the optimal dosage of APAM had positive impacts on membrane fouling control, membrane cleaning and effluent quality. According to the flux decline curve, scanning electron microscopy and contact angle characterization, the optimal dosage of APAM was determined to be 0.1 mg/L coupled with 2 mg/L (as Al3+) poly-aluminium chloride. Under this optimal condition, membrane fouling can be mitigated because of the formation of a porous and hydrophilic fouling layer. APAM in the fouling layer can improve the chemical cleaning efficiency of 0.5% NaOH due to the disintegration of the fouling layer when APAM is dissolved under strong alkaline conditions. Furthermore, with the addition of APAM in the flocculation-UF process, more active adsorption sites can be formed in the flocs as well as the membrane fouling layer, thus more antipyrine molecules in the raw water can be adsorbed and removed in the flocculation-UF process.

Abnormal widening of the mandibular canal -A characteristic and valuable imaging phenomenon.

Abnormal widening of the mandibular canal (MC) is rarely observed on radiography. Nonetheless, as most of the current research on abnormal mandibular widening is limited to case reports and MCs have relatively deep and hidden positions, there are challenges in diagnosing and formulating treatment plans for patients with abnormal MC widening. To provide ideas for the differential diagnosis and treatment choices of the characteristic clinical sign, this study included patients with abnormal widening of the MC between July 2014 and October 2023. The patient's medical records were reviewed, general information, disease details and radiographic features (panoramic reconstructive computed tomography) of MC widening were collected. Patients were followed up to assess treatment outcomes. In conclusion, the abnormal widening of the MC often implies a pathological state of the mandible. And different morphologies of the widened MC are helpful for differential diagnosis of protential mandibular disease.

Seroepidemiology of human enterovirus71 and coxsackievirusA16 among children in Guangdong province, China.

BACKGROUND: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common pediatric illness. Mainly induced by the Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A 16 infections, the frequently occurred HFMD outbreaks have become a serious public health problem in Southeast Asia. Currently,only a few studies have investigated the human immunity to HFMD in China. In this study, we conducted a cohort study in Guangdong province, China. METHODS: Stored serum samples from children less than 10 years old were analyzed. The levels of EV71 and CA16 specific antibodies before, during and shortly after the 2008 large outbreak of HFMD were evaluated by the microneutralization test. The geometric mean titer (GMT) was calculated and compared. Statistical significance was taken as P < 0.05. RESULTS: The seroprevalence data showed a continuous circulation of EV71 and CA16 in Guangdong province China in 2007-2009. The low positive rate in 2009 correlated well with the unprecedented outbreak of HFMD in 2010. Age related increase of seroprevalence was identified in 1-3 years old children for EV71 and in 1-5 years old children for CA16 in Guangdong province. High GMT of EV71 and CA16 antibody titers were also found for these age groups. CONCLUSIONS: All of the above findings indicated common infections for these age groups. And they should clearly be at the top of the priority in periodical seroprevalence survey and future vaccination campaign.

Preparation of chitosan/citral forward osmosis membrane via Schiff base reaction with enhanced anti-bacterial properties.

In this study, hydrogels generated by the Schiff base reaction between citral and chitosan (CS) were used for the first time to improve the anti-bacterial property of forward osmosis (FO) membranes. The composite membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Water contact angle (WCA), Zeta potential and confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM). In the FO filtration experiment, the membrane performance of TFC-1 with 1 M sodium chloride solution as the draw solution and deionized water as the feed solution was the best, with the water flux of 25.54 ± 0.7 L m-2 h-1 and the reverse salt flux of 4.7 ± 0.4 g m-2 h-1. Although the hydrogel coating produced a certain hydraulic resistance, the flux of the modified membrane was only reduced by about 8%, compared with the unmodified membrane. However, the anti-bacterial property (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and anti-fouling properties (bovine serum protein and lysozyme protein) of the modified membranes were improved, showing good antibacterial properties (99%) and flux recovery rate (over 90%). The modified method has the advantages of easy access to raw materials, simple operation and no risk of secondary pollution, which can effectively reduce the cost of chemical cleaning and extend the service life of the membrane. The modification of membrane by chitosan-based hydrogel is a promising option in the field of membrane anti-bacteria.

High performance forward osmosis membrane with ultrathin hydrophobic nanofibrous interlayer.

The novel thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane with electrospinning nanofibers as support layer can alleviate internal concentration polarization (ICP). While the macropores of the nanofiber support layer cause defects in the polyamide (PA) layer. Therefore, hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fine nanofibers were used as an interlayer to modulate the process of interfacial polymerization (IP) in this study. The results showed that the introduction of the interlayer improved the hydrophobicity of the support layer for achieving uniform, thin and defect-free selective polyamide (PA) layer. The water flux of TFC-PVDF was 58.26 LMH in the FO mode of 2 M NaCl, which was two times higher than that of the unmodified FO membrane. Lower reverse salt flux (4.91 gMH) and structural parameter (179.43 µm) alleviated the ICP. In addition, TFC-PVDF membrane showed good anti-fouling performance for SA (flux recovery ratio of 93.97%) due to high hydrophilicity, low zeta potential and low roughness. This study provides an easy and promising method to prepare defect-free PA selective layer on the macropores nanofiber support layer. The novel FO membrane shows high desalination performance and anti-fouling properties.

Case report of pyogenic meningitis after tooth extraction in an elderly diabetic patient.

INTRODUCTION: Among elderly diabetic patients with comorbid conditions, the clinical characteristics of suppurative meningitis may not be typical, which is easy to cause misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we described the case of a 65-year-old elderly diabetic male who developed purulent meningitis after tooth extraction. The patient developed repeated infections (fever, headache and other symptoms) and was diagnosed with pyogenic meningitis by combining clinical manifestations and cerebrospinal fluid testing. The patient was treated with intracranial pressure reduction, nutritional support and anti-infection drugs, and recovered and was discharged after 15 days. CONCLUSIONS: The atypical clinical presentation and insidious onset of the disease in this patient could easily lead to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. We emphasize that we should be vigilant with purulent meningitis and active treatment and prevention should be implemented in this subgroup of patients. During treatment, active anti-infection and nutritional support should be provided on the basis of blood glucose control.

A novel conductive carbon-based forward osmosis membrane for dye wastewater treatment.

Forward osmosis (FO) membrane fouling is one of the main reasons that hinder the further application of FO technology in the treatment of dye wastewater. To alleviate membrane fouling, a conductive coal carbon-based substrate and polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) interlayer composite FO membrane (CPFO) was prepared by interfacial polymerization (IP). CPFO-10 membrane prepared by depositing 10 mL of PDA NPs solution exhibited an optimum performance with water flux of 7.56 L/(m2h) for FO mode and 10.75 L/(m2h) for pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode, respectively. For rhodamine B and chrome black T dye wastewater treatment, the water flux losses were reduced by 21.6%, and 14.5% under the voltages of +1.5 V, and -1.5 V, respectively, compared with no voltage applied after the device was operated for 8 h. The applied voltage had little effect on the fouling mitigation performance of the CPFO membrane for neutral charged cresol red. After the device was operated for 4 cycles, the rejection rates of dyes wastewater treated by the CPFO membranes with applied voltage were close to 100%. The flux decline rate and flux recovery rate of CPFO membrane for rhodamine B and chrome black T wastewater treatment under application of +1.5 V and -1.5 V voltage after 4 cycles were 11.6%, 99.2%, and 16.7%, 98.9%, respectively. Therefore, the voltage-applied CPFO membrane still maintained good rejection and antifouling performance in long-term operation. This study provides a new insight into the preparation of conductive FO membranes for dye wastewater treatment and membrane fouling control.

Strategies to synthesize a chiral helical polymer accompanying with two stereogenic centers for chiral electroanalysis.

In most cases, the recognition efficiency of chiral electroanalysis relies on the chiral carbon center, whereas its medium is just used to transfer the electron. Differently, in this study, an ionic helical polymer with right- or left-handed configuration was prepared via an acid-base interaction between the ionic polymer and enantiopure 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine. The structure and absolute handedness of the helical polymers were well characterized by the circular dichroism spectrum, gel permeation chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The pyridinium moiety of the helical polymer contributes to the electron transfer when it was directly modified on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode as an electrochemical enantioselector for chiral electroanalysis. Results indicated that different configurations of amino acids can be recognized in the responses of different electric signals, namely peak current or peak potential. The peak current ratio between L- and d-isomer can be up to 7.5 and 23.2 for tryptophan and tyrosine, respectively. Most importantly, the reversal of the electric signal can be observed toward L- and d-isomer under the different testing conditions such as pH and metal ion content, because of two stereogenic centers (the chiral inducer and the stereogenic axis) in the helical polymer. Overall, we believe that the present study offers a great promise for the synthesis and application of the ionic helical polymers accompanying with multiple stereogenic centers.

Forward osmosis treatment of algal-rich water: Characteristics and mechanism of membrane fouling.

Membrane fouling is an inevitable problem in forward osmosis (FO) treatment of algal-rich water (ARW). Natural ARW has a complex composition. Therefore, the coexisting components (Ca2+, natural organic humic acid [HA], and inorganic particulate kaolinite) in the influence of ARW on FO membrane fouling were studied. The analysis of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory and the confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the addition of coexisting components increased the attraction between pollutants and membranes, as well as among pollutants to varying degrees, and promoted the development of membrane fouling. Furthermore, Ca2+ and HA aggravated irreversible membrane fouling. All coexisting components changed the distribution and thickness of the fouling layer, and the addition of Ca2+ increased the content of extracellular organic matter (proteins and polysaccharides). The present results enhance the understanding of the mechanism through which natural ingredients affect microalgal membrane fouling and provide a basis for membrane fouling control to treat ARW.

Improvement mechanism of water resistance and volume stability of magnesium oxychloride cement: A comparison study on the influences of various gypsum.

The development of magnesium oxychloride cement can effectively utilize the waste of potash industry and reduce its harm to the environment. Although magnesium oxychloride cement paste (MOCP) has excellent performance in dry environment, its performance is greatly deteriorated in water or humid environment, which severely limits its practical application. In order to improve the water resistance of MOCP, MOCP was modified by various gypsum in this study, and the intrinsic mechanism was explored. Results showed that replacing MgO with gypsum delayed the setting time of MOCP and effectively improved its volume stability. Although the incorporation of gypsum reduced the 14-d air-cured compressive strength of MOCP, waste gypsum was able to significantly improve the water resistance of MOCP compared to natural gypsum. When 80% flue gas desulfurization gypsum and phosphogypsum (weight of magnesium oxide) were incorporated into MOCP, the 14-d air-cured compressive strength of MOCP was only decreased by 14.49% and 15.94% compared with the control group, but its 28-d water immersion strength retention coefficient (SRC) could still reach 61.02% and 46.55%, respectively. However, for the control group and MOCP with 80% natural gypsum, the 28-d SRC were only 28.99% and 8.41%. The incorporation of high-volume waste gypsum to MOCP not only reduced the relative content of MgO, but also improved the stability of the 5-phase in water, which was beneficial to improve the water resistance of MOCP. In addition, high-volume waste gypsum-modified MOCP had lower cost and carbon emissions, and exhibited superior water resistance and sustainability compared to existing MOCP compositions.

A novel janus membrane modified by MXene for enhanced anti-fouling and anti-wetting in direct contact membrane distillation.

Membrane fouling and wetting limit the applications of membrane distillation (MD) for wastewater treatment, especially when treating the wastewater with a high concentration of low surface tension substances such as oil and surfactants. In this paper, virgin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was modified by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance anti-wetting ability. Then a thin polydopamine (PDA) layer was coated as a reaction platform for further modification. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was cross-linked with PDA to form a uniform and stable layer, through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction to immobilize hydrophilic MXene, which formed a Janus MXene-PVDF membrane. The MXene layer was the key for superoleophobicity and high liquid entry pressure (LEP) of membrane, capable of mitigating membrane fouling and wetting when dealing with low surface tension wastewater (LSTW). From the experiments results, pristine PVDF membrane showed severe fouling and wetting with flux decline and salt leakage during treatment of LSTW (surfactants containing water, oil-in-water emulsion and sodium dodecyl sulfate stabilized oil-in-water emulsion). However, under the same conditions, the Janus MXene-PVDF membrane exhibited remarkably stable flux (9.3 kg m-2h-1, 9.1 kg m-2h-1, 10.2 kg m-2h-1) and salt rejection (almost 99.9%) after 15 h operation. Excellent fouling and wetting resistance of MXene-PVDF membrane was mainly attributed to its superhydrophilic and superoleophobic top surface (in-air water contact angle: 30.2°, under-water oil contact angle: 169.9°) and hydrophobic substrate (in-air water contact angle: 130.8°), together with high LEP value (91.1 Kpa). This study provides a viable route to fabricated a Janus membrane with outstanding fouling and wetting resistance for LSTW, oily wastewater and it has great potential for sewage treatment in the future.

A novel gravity sedimentation - Forward osmosis hybrid technology for microalgal dewatering.

A novel gravity sedimentation - forward osmosis (G-FO) hybrid reactor was built up for separating and concentrating the biomass from the algal-rich water (microalgal dewatering). The extracellular organic matter (EOM) from Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) was divided into dissolved EOM (dEOM) and bound EOM (bEOM). Water flux, flux recovery rate and moisture content (MC) were investigated. Through sedimentation rate, zeta potential and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity to analyze the experimental results. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the different morphologies of accumulated algae cells and EOM on the surface of the membrane. The results showed that cell + bEOM solution had the fastest sedimentation rate and fewest negative charge, so the pollutants accumulated more easily on the membrane surface, resulting in the highest flux decline. Its algal cake layer was the densest from the view of SEM. Cell + bEOM + dEOM solution had the lowest flux decline and the cake layer was the loosest. Cell + bEOM solution had the most severe irreversible fouling and the lowest flux recovery rate (FRR). The membrane fouling of cell solution was lower than that of cell + bEOM + dEOM solution, and the FRR of cell solution was almost 100%. According to the nonionic macro-porous resin fraction results of EOM, cell + bEOM + dEOM solution contained more hydrophilic components, resulting in the lowest MC. On the contrary, cell + bEOM solution showed the highest MC, which contained more hydrophobic components. Effects of bEOM and dEOM on microalgae dewatering performance of a novel gravity sedimentation - forward osmosis (G-FO) hybrid system were investigated, which provided a theoretical basis for large-scale application of FO technology for microalgae dewatering.

Preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride composite ultrafiltration membrane for micro-polluted surface water treatment.

Blending modification of graphene oxide (GO) and deposition of silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) on the membrane surface by suction filtration was used to prepare polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (denoted as PGA membranes). The effect of this strategy on the morphology and performance of the pure PVDF membrane was investigated. Owing to an increased hydrophilicity and the formation of a more open pore, the pollution resistance and permeability of the PGA membrane were improved. The pure water flux of the PGA-3 membrane (254 LMH) was increased to more than 2-fold compared to that of the neat PVDF membrane (126 LMH). In addition, the results of antifouling experiments showed that the flux recovery rate, flux decay rate, and antibacterial performance of the PGA-3 membrane was superior to those of the other membranes synthesized in this study. Finally, after conducting multi-cycle filtration experiments with lake water, the flux and recovery rate of the PGA-3 membrane was observed to be the highest, and the water quality of the lake water filtered by the PGA-3 membrane was the best. Thus, the above results indicate that this membrane modification strategy is extraordinarily effective in improving the antifouling properties and permeability of the PVDF UF membranes in practical applications.

Effects of pollutants in alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding oilfield wastewater on membrane fouling in direct contact membrane distillation by response surface methodology.

The characteristic pollutants in alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding oilfield wastewater are complex [e.g., NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), petroleum, and polyacrylamide (PAM)]; thus, membrane distillation (MD) applied to treat this wastewater will be fouled and wetted easily. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of pollutant interactions in ASP flooding oilfield wastewater on membrane fouling. The response model showed quantitative relationships between the membrane flux and the pollutant concentrations. The analysis of variance (p-value of the model < 0.0001, p-value of lack of fit > 0.05, R2 = 0.9750 and R2adj = 0.9500) showed that the regression equation fit the empirical data well. The results also indicated that the interactions of pollutants (NaCl and SDS; petroleum and PAM) had significant influence on the flux decline in the simulated ASP flooding oilfield wastewater. The characterization of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the MD membrane was fouled by simulated ASP flooding oilfield wastewater to a certain degree. Moreover, the membrane flux was restored to 86.9% after hydraulic cleaning.

Layer-by-layer assembly of bio-inspired borate/graphene oxide membranes for dye removal.

Dye wastewater is harmful to the ecological environment because of its potential biological toxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. We fabricated a layered graphene oxide (GO) membrane through layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly. We used borate to crosslink with GO on a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-coated hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (hPAN) support. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, Raman spectra, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of a crosslinking reaction. The dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA) results indicated that the introduction of borate can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the membrane. The Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and proportional limit of borate that was assembled twice as the outermost layer were increased by 110.81%, 62.37%, and 53.72%, respectively, as compared to those of a single-layered GO membrane. Moreover, the pure water fluxes of the layered GO membrane did not obviously decrease with an increase in the number of layers. The flux of the membrane with an outermost layer of borate was greater than that of the previous GO layer. The salt and dye rejection of the membranes was augmented with an increase in the number of layers. For the GO membrane assembled three times, rejection to methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), NaCl, MgCl2, and MgSO4 reached 74.02%, 88.56%, 14.55%, 27.50%, and 41.95%, respectively. The use of borate as an inorganic crosslinker can avoid the environmental pollution caused by organic agents, and improve the mechanical properties as well as the filter capability of the layered GO membrane. Therefore, this study presents a novel method of membrane preparation for dye removal.

Graphene oxide-polyethylene glycol incorporated PVDF nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane with enhanced hydrophilicity, permeability, and antifouling performance.

The novel highly hydrophilic composite additive, graphene oxide-polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG, further abbreviated as P-GO), was synthesized from GO and PEG by the esterification reaction. Then, P-GO was blended into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) casting solution as an additive, and the effects of P-GO on the performance of the PVDF ultrafiltration (UF) membrane were researched. When amount of added P-GO was 0.5 wt%, the flux of the resultant modified membrane (denoted as P/0.5P-GO) reached as high as 93 L m-2·h-1, that is twice than that of the pure PVDF membrane (45 L m-2·h-1). Furthermore, water contact angle results confirmed significantly improved hydrophilicity of the P/0.5P-GO membrane. Results of antifouling tests revealed that the P/0.5P-GO membrane showed the lowest total resistance and irreversible resistance among all the membranes prepared in this study, and after physical cleaning, its flux recovery ratio was the highest-78%. These results demonstrated improved antifouling performance of the P/0.5P-GO membrane. Therefore, it can be concluded that P-GO as an additive material for the PVDF membrane has satisfactory performance in improving the membrane hydrophilicity, permeability, and antifouling performance in practical applications.