Submerged nanofiltration without pre-treatment for direct advanced drinking water treatment.

Membrane fouling is a major challenge toward achieving direct nanofiltration (NF) treatment of surface water. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the novel submerged flat-sheet NF membrane module to achieve low fouling propensity and high separation performance during the direct filtration of surface water. Laboratory-scale NF tests showed that the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increased only by 10 kPa over 24 d during the direct treatment of river and dam water. The NF system showed high (>80%) and stable rejection of color and organics, as well as low and variable conductivity rejection (28-47%). The rejection of negatively charged trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) was >50%, while that of uncharged or positively charged TOrCs was <50%. Another NF test that was conducted at a drinking water treatment plant showed negligible membrane fouling with a TMP increase of 3 kPa over 35 d. Separation performance of the NF system remained high: total organic carbon (TOC) removal was >70%, which was greater than the conventional rapid sand filtration system with powdered activated carbon and intermediate chlorine doses (TOC removal = 20-60%). Overall, this study demonstrated high water quality and stable system operation of the submerged flat-sheet NF system during direct treatment of surface water.

Assessment of online bacterial particle counts for monitoring the performance of reverse osmosis membrane process in potable reuse.

Safety of potable reuse can be enhanced by improved water quality monitoring techniques for assessing water treatment processes. This study evaluated the efficacy of online bacterial counting for continuous monitoring of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes to remove bacteria using real-time bacteriological commercial counters and an on-site pilot-scale RO system. Prior to on-site assessments, the online bacterial counting was verified by comparing the measurement of fluorescent particles in water with flow cytometry. During a seven day pilot test of RO treatment at a water reclamation plant, online bacterial counts in RO permeate were monitored below 15 counts/mL; whereas the bacterial counts in RO feed water were approximately 2500 to 10,000 counts/mL. Removal rates of bacterial counts ranged from 2.6 to 3.1-log (average = 2.9-log) by continuously monitoring bacterial removal. This is greater than a 2-log reduction frequently determined using other water quality surrogates (i.e., electrical conductivity). Overall, the continuous monitoring of bacteria in RO feed and permeate can be implemented without the addition of chemicals to provide near real-time bacterial counts to measure their reduction after RO treatment. This can be developed for continuous performance monitoring of the RO process, providing greater assurance of microbial water quality after RO treatment.