Antibacterial Efficacy of Mouthwash Prepared from Pomegranate, Grape Seed and Guava Extracts against Oral Streptococci: An in Vivo Study.

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate, Grape seed and Guava extracts have much been reviewed in Ayurveda and has been proven to have antibacterial action Aim: The objective of the study is to investigate and compare the mouthwash prepared from pomegranate, grape seed and guava extracts on salivary streptococci levels at the end of 48 hr and 7 days, of twice a day usage. STUDY DESIGN: 40 school going children aged 8-10 yrs, randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=10 for experimental group) were asked to rinse with a) Mouthwash prepared from Pomegranate extract, 15 ml twice a day b) Mouthwash prepared from Grape seed extract, 15 ml twice a day, c) Mouthwash prepared from guava extract, 15 ml twice a day, d) Control- Distil water, twice a day. The oral streptococci colony forming units/ml (CFU/ml) was assessed by inoculating the salivary samples on blood agar media at the end of 48 hrs, and 7 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: the aqueous extracts of the chosen herbal plants showed an acceptable antibacterial efficacy against oral streptococci.

Specimen Shape and Elution Time Affect the Mineralization and Differentiation Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells to Biodentine.

The liquid extract method is commonly used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of materials. Although ISO has recommended guidelines for test methods, variations in elution period, and shape of samples can influence the biological outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of material form and elution period of Biodentine on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs)' proliferation and mineralization. Biodentine (0.2 g) discs or powder were immersed in culture media (10 mL) for 1, 3 or 7 days (D1, D3 and D7). The eluents were filtered and used to treat DPSC. The calcium release profile and pH were determined. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTS for 3 days, and mineralization and differentiation were assessed by alizarin red S staining (Ca2+/ng of DNA) and qRT-PCR (MEPE, DSPP, DMP-1, RUNX2, COL-I and OCN) for 14 days. Statistical analysis was performed with a one or two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test (pH, calcium release and proliferation) or Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05). pH and calcium ion release of powdered eluents were significantly higher than disc eluents. Powdered eluent promoted extensive cell death, while the disc form was cytocompatible. All disc eluents significantly increased the gene expression and mineralization after 14 days compared to the untreated control. D7 induced less mineralization and differentiation compared to D1 and D3. Thus, the materials' form and elution time are critical aspects to be considered when evaluating the bioactivity of materials, since this binomial can affect positively and negatively the biological outcomes.

Clinical Features and Prognosis of Facial Palsy and Hearing Loss in Patients With Ramsay Hunt Syndrome.

Ramsay Hunt syndrome, a late manifestation of varicella-zoster virus infection, occurs when the virus reactivates, infects, and produces an inflammatory reaction in the seventh cranial nerve geniculate ganglion. The detection is made clinically on the basis of the following three features: facial nerve palsy, the presence of characteristic herpetic vesicles around the mouth, and pain in the ear. However, it is often diagnosed quite late and sometimes even missed, increasing the chances of complications that have long-term effects. The two significant complications following the development of Ramsay Hunt syndrome are facial nerve palsy and hearing impairment. Ramsay Hunt syndrome is among the principal causes of facial nerve palsy, implicated in around 2-10% of all cases. While hearing loss though prevalent, is a less common complication than facial palsy. This review aimed to analyze the clinical presentation and prognostic features of the complications of Ramsay Hunt syndrome mentioned above, that is, hearing loss and facial nerve palsy. It was seen that while the association of Ramsay Hunt syndrome with facial nerve palsy has been studied quite extensively, the literature on hearing loss as a sequela is quite lacking. The course and outcome of facial nerve palsy is determined by the early clinical picture, while the otological symptoms rely on the extent of nerve involvement. Early diagnosis and treatment go a long way in preventing these complications and increasing the chances of complete recovery. Treatment options most commonly studied included antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, steroids, and anti-inflammatory agents.

Treatment Predicament for Pediatric Dentist: Gender-wise Comparative Correlation of Biological and Chronological Age in 8-15-year-old Children.

Introduction: The chronological age (CA) of a patient does not always correspond to the events of growth surge; therefore treatment strategies need good knowledge of biological markers. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between the skeletal age (SA), dental age (DA), and CA along with the stages of calcification of teeth and the cervical vertebral maturity (CVM) stages in Indian subjects. Materials and methods: A sample of 100 pairs preexisting radiographs, both orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram, of the individuals in the age-group of 8-15 years were procured and were analyzed for the level of dental and skeletal maturity using Demirjian scale and cervical vertebral maturity index, respectively. Results: A high correlation coefficient (r) was found to be 0.839 (p = 0) between chronological and dental age (DA), 0.833 (p = 0) between chronological and skeletal age (SA), and 0.730 (p = 0) between skeletal and DA. Conclusion: The current research showed that the overall correlation between all three ages was found to be high. It was found that the SA assessed by the CVM stages had a high correlation with the CA. Clinical significance: Within the limits of the present study, there exists a high degree of correlation between biological ages and chronological age, but still it is imperative for a correct assessment of biological age of individual patients for quality treatment outcomes. How to cite this article: Gandhi K, Malhotra R, Datta G, et al. Treatment Predicament for Pediatric Dentist: Gender-wise Comparative Correlation of Biological and Chronological Age in 8-15-year-old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):569-574.

Graphene nanocoating provides superb long-lasting corrosion protection to titanium alloy.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of metallic species around failed implants raises concerns about the stability of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). Graphene nanocoating on titanium alloy (GN) has promising anti-corrosion properties, but its long-term protective potential and structural stability remains unknown. The objective was to determine GN's anti-corrosion potential and stability over time. METHODS: GN and uncoated titanium alloy (Control) were challenged with a highly acidic fluorinated corrosive medium (pH 2.0) for up to 240 days. The samples were periodically tested using potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (elemental release). The integrity of samples was determined using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analyses were performed with one-sample t-test, paired t-test and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test with a pre-set significance level of 5%. RESULTS: There was negligible corrosion and elemental loss on GN. After 240 days of corrosion challenge, the corrosion rate and roughness increased by two and twelve times for the Control whereas remained unchanged for GN. The nanocoating presented remarkably high structural integrity and coverage area (>98%) at all time points tested. SIGNIFICANCE: Graphene nanocoating protects titanium alloy from corrosion and dissolution over a long period while maintaining high structural integrity. This coating has promising potential for persistent protection of titanium and potentially other metallic alloys against corrosion.

Phlebotomy for obtaining platelet-rich fibrin autograft in children for pediatric dental procedures: Parental views, understanding, and acceptance.

BACKGROUND: The negative perception of parents toward invasive dental procedures has always created a barrier in delivering successful treatment to pediatric patients. Surprisingly, little is known about the perspective of parents and the impact of demographic and psychological factors guiding their decision. AIM: To evaluate the acceptability of phlebotomy for obtaining platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) to be used in pediatric endodontic procedures among parents of children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study design was used for the survey. The design involved interviewing the parents of children aged 3 to 14 years, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were indicated for regenerative pulp therapy using PRF. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The sample included one hundred and fifty shortlisted parents who were made to answer questionnaires on sociodemographic data and psychological variables. A single pediatric dentist educated the parents individually on the procedure, risks, and benefits of PRF, following which parental consent and views were recorded in the developed performa. RESULTS: Consent of 63.3% was recorded at the end of the study. Parenting pattern and parental dental anxiety were found to have significant correlation with the treatment acceptance. CONCLUSION: It is the responsibility of the pediatric dentist to communicate the treatment strategies in a manner that is acceptable to the parents for which a thorough knowledge about parental factors is necessary. This study helps in identifying such factors and highlights the importance of demonstration aids in parental education and motivation.

Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5-15-year-old School-going Children in Urban Population of Ghaziabad.

Dental caries is a rapidly emerging oral health problem amid the children with differing prevalence rate in different states of India. The data available from Ghaziabad city regarding dental caries are scarce; therefore, the study was conducted in 5-15-year school-going children in urban population of Ghaziabad. PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children of 5-15-year age groups in urban population of Ghaziabad and to assess and intercorrelate its relationship with the form, frequency and total sugar exposure, socioeconomic status (SES) of family, and fluoride in drinking water. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 3,000 school-going children aged 5-15 years (divided into three age groups of 5-6, 7-12, and 13-15 years) studying in the government and private schools in the urban area of Ghaziabad city. A specifically designed pro forma was used for recording the personal data; sociodemographic profile; World Health Organization oral health assessment form for dental caries; 24-hour dietary recall to record the form, frequency, and total number of sugar exposure; and SES of the family (Kuppuswamy scale) of children. The concentration of fluoride in collected samples of drinking water was measured by the visual spectrophotometric method test. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The overall caries prevalence in 5-15-year age group was found to be 54.6%. There was a statistical significant difference found when the age-group comparison (p = 0.001), gender-wise comparison (p = 0.001), SES comparison (p = 0.002), the physical form of sugar intake (p = 0.038), frequency of sugar consumption at/between meals (p = 0.001), and total number of sugar exposure during last 24 hours (p = 0.001) were evaluated with caries prevalence. The mean water fluoride level in the surveyed area was found to be 0.48 ppm and was found to be nonsignificantly (p = 0.248) associated with caries prevalence. CONCLUSION: The risk factors, such as age, gender, physical form of sugar, frequency of sugar consumption at and between meal and total number of sugar exposure during the last 24 hours, and SES of parents, were found to be associated with the prevalence of dental caries in school-going children of 5-15-year age group. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kumar D, Gandhi K, Maywad S, et al. Prevalence and Correlation of Dental Caries with its Specific Risk Factors in 5-15-year-old School-going Children in Urban Population of Ghaziabad. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(1):72-78.

A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Electronic Apex Locator, Digital Radiography, and Conventional Radiographic Method for Root Canal Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study.

AIM: Pulpectomy in the primary tooth has unique challenges due to morphological variations in root pattern and physiological root resorption. The electronic apex locator (EAL) is one of the recent methods to determine the estimation of working length without much radiation exposure to the patient as well as the operator. The present study was undertaken for evaluating and comparing the efficacy of EAL, conventional radiography, digital radiography, and actual visual method for the estimation of in the root canal working length (RCL) in extracted primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety extracted, single-rooted primary teeth were selected. Working length estimation was done with an EAL, conventional, and digital radiographic method, and compared it with an actual visual method. RESULTS: Accuracy of EAL was observed to be 99.7% followed by digital radiograph (98.1%) and conventional radiograph (96.1%). Both EAL and digital radiographic methods showed a high correlation as compared to conventional. The comparative efficacy of an EAL with a visual method was found to be statistically non-significant (p > 0.005). CONCLUSION: Root canal working length determined through the electronic method was found to be an accurate and effective tool in single-rooted primary teeth and can be indicated for clinical implementation in endodontic treatment of primary teeth. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sahni A, Kapoor R, Gandhi K, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Electronic Apex Locator, Digital Radiography, and Conventional Radiographic Method for Root Canal Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):523-528.

Translucency, hardness and strength parameters of PMMA resin containing graphene-like material for CAD/CAM restorations.

CAD/CAM restorations can be produced from several ceramic and hybrid materials. The moderate mechanical properties of PMMA based resin have hindered its use for permanent restorations. Recently, a graphene reinforced PMMA namely G-CAM has been introduced for permanent CAD/CAM restorations. Although graphene family materials have been successfully used as a reinforcement phase in a variety of polymers, the properties and mechanical behavior of PMMA resin containing graphene-like materials remain unknown. Herein, we have evaluated the translucency, hardness and strength parameters (flexural strength, Weibull modulus and characteristic strength) of G-CAM A1 (GA1) and G-CAM B2 (GB2) and benchmarked it against a unmodified PMMA resin (PM), two polymer/ceramic hybrid materials [Vita Enamic (VE) and Lava Ultimate (LU)] and one ceramic (e.max, EX) for CAD/CAM restorations. The trends for the translucency parameter were similar for all materials at all thickness tested. The hardness for GA1, GB2 and PM were significantly lower than VE, LU and EX. The biaxial flexural strengths of GA1, GB2, PM and VE were approximately 150 MPa but significantly lower than LU and EX (201 and 313 MPa). All materials presented Weibull modulus higher than 10, except EX (m = 8) The stresses required to fracture 5% and 63.2% of specimens (σ5% and σ0) were similar for GA1, GB2, PM and VE but significantly lower than LU and EX. Overall, the PMMA modified by graphene-like materials presented properties comparable with unmodified PM and VE.

Comparative evaluation of instrumentation timing and cleaning efficacy in extracted primary molars using manual and NiTi rotary technique - Invitro study.

AIM: To compare the timing of instrumentation and cleaning efficacy between manual K files and NiTi rotary files in extracted primary molars. STUDY DESIGN: in-vitro study was conducted in 90 root canals of extracted primary molars which were subdivided in three groups viz. Control (No instrumentation), Manual (K files), Rotary (ProFiles) with 30 canals in each group. Mesiobuccal (MB) and Mesiolingual (ML) canals of mandibular molars, and MB and Distobuccal (DB) canals of maxillary molars were included in the test group whereas Distal canals in mandibular molars and Palatal canals in maxillary molars were included in the control group. METHOD: Teeth were mounted and canals were injected with India ink to stain the canal walls. Canal preparation was done as per the group. After instrumentation, teeth were demounted, decalcified and cleared to make them transparent for scoring according to the extent of removal of India ink. Timing of instrumentation and cleaning efficacy of canals in coronal, middle and apical thirds were assessed in each sample. RESULTS: Mean timing of instrumentation in rotary group was 3.54 ±â€¯1.14 min and 4.32 ±â€¯1.04 min in manual group. Mean cleaning efficacy scores in manual and rotary groups were 2.03 and 1.66 in coronal third, 1.08 and 1.18 in middle third and 0.67 and 1.08 in apical third respectively. Inter-group comparisons showed no statistically significant difference in cleaning efficacy among test groups in all thirds of root canals. CONCLUSION: NiTi rotary technique has comparable cleaning efficacy, with significantly less timing of instrumentation compared to manual K-files.

Assessment of the effect of parental presence in dental operatory on the behavior of children aged 4-7 years.

BACKGROUND: Child presents a unique challenge to accept a dental treatment, and such a challenge gets modified by the presence or the absence of a parent in the operatory. Many dentists have reportedly and controversially used parental separation anxiety as a tool to control behavior of an uncooperative child and also to deliver quality dental treatment in young children. But is the parental separation beneficial for dentist to gain child cooperation? AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The objective is to evaluate the influence of parental presence or absence in the operating room on child's behavior during dental procedure on children of 4 years and above. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 30 children of 4-7 years of age group, 16 (4-6 years) preschoolers, and 14 (6-7 years) early schoolers. Two consecutive restorative procedures were carried out. On a first visit, parents were present and on a second visit, separation of parents was done. Behavior rating was done by commonly used Frankel's Behavior Rating Scale. RESULTS: Chi-square test was performed for the statistical analysis. There was no significant difference found in the child's behavior by the presence or absence of parents in the perception of dental treatment in the dental operatory. In contrast to that there was a significant increase in cooperative behavior of some children due to other factors influencing the behavior of the child with a Chi-square value = 35.296, P < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Parents can be excluded from the dental operatory to eliminate many behavior-related problems during the course of treatment.

A Comparative Study to evaluate Parent's Ability to assess Dental Fear in their 6- to 10-year-old Children using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale.

AIM: Parental presence often provides unique challenge in dental operatory and is directly related to the quality dental treatment. The present study was done to investigate parent's ability to assess dental anxiety of their 6- to 10-year-old child and to determine how parent's and children's fear assessments correlate with each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prior to dental treatment, 94 child-parent combinations were included to complete Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire, and Frankl score was assigned to children during treatment by operator. RESULTS: Mean dental anxiety score reported by the children was 27.74, whereas by their parents was 39.64. There was a poor consistency of parents to predict their child dental fear (p < 0.05). Parents reported higher dental fear for their children. CONCLUSION: Parents assessment of their child's fear may vary in accordance to factors, including their own dental fear. Such input may prevent dentists from establishing an accurate association with the child's patient.How to cite this article: Malhotra R, Gandhi K, Kumar D, Ahuja S, Kapoor R, Sahni A. A Comparative Study to evaluate Parent's Ability to assess Dental Fear in their 6- to 10-year-old Children using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):205-209.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Child Formula Dentifrices at different Concentrations: An in vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate and compare antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available child's dental formulas in reduced concentrations containing different forms of fluoride against Streptococcus mutans activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The selected dentifrices were prepared in dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16 using sterile pyrogen-free distilled water. Various dilutions of the selected toothpaste slurries were incubated in the agar plate containing pure strains of S. mutans, and antimicrobial activity of each was assessed by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition (in mm). Agar well plate diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination were the methods used in this study. The inhibitory circle of each dentifrice was measured and MIC was achieved by considering the value of diameter of the circle. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that even at a lower concentration of fluoride, inhibition halos were obtained for all the formulations at different dilutions. CONCLUSION: The kid's formulations having lower fluoride concentration show antimicrobial activity even after dilutions. Thus, commercially, the fluoride concentrations can be further lowered down in the dentifrices, thereby reducing the risk associated with fluoride. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Malhotra R, Singla S, Shashikiran ND. Comparison ofAntimicrobial Activity of Child Formula Dentifrices at different Concentrations: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):131-135.

An erupted compound odontoma.

Odontomas are familiar entities but their eruption into the oral cavity is an extraordinary occurrence, which may be associated with pain, infection, malocclusion, etc. Not many cases of erupted odontomas have been reported in the literature. This paper puts forth a case of erupting odontoma in an attempt to add to the list of reported cases of this unique pathology.