Systemic Antibiotics and Chlorhexidine Associated with Periodontal Therapy: Microbiological Effect on Intraoral Surfaces and Saliva.

The effect of systemic antibiotics on the microbial profile of extracrevicular sites after periodontal treatment is currently the subject of research. This study evaluated the microbiological effects on different oral cavity sites of scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with antimicrobial chemical control in the treatment of periodontitis. Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to receive SRP alone or combined with metronidazole (MTZ) + amoxicillin (AMX) for 14 days, with or without chlorhexidine mouth rinse (CHX) for 60 days. Microbiological samples were evaluated by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization until 180 days post therapy. The adjunctive use of antibiotics plus CHX significantly reduced the mean proportions of red complex species from subgingival biofilm and saliva (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the analysis of all intraoral niches showed a significantly lower mean proportion of the red complex species in the same group. In conclusion, the concomitant use of antimicrobial chemical control (systemic and local) demonstrated a beneficial effect on the composition of the oral microbiota.

Metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1-year double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of the adjunctive use of metronidazole (MTZ) or MTZ + amoxicillin (AMX) in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis (ChP). A secondary aim was to examine a possible added effect of chlorhexidine to these therapies. METHODS: One hundred and eighteen subjects received scaling and root planing (SRP) only or with MTZ [400 mg/thrice a day (TID)] or MTZ+AMX (500 mg/TID) for 14 days. Half of the subjects in each group rinsed with 0.12% chlorhexidine twice a day (BID) for 2 months. Subjects were clinically monitored at baseline, 3, 6 and 12-months post-therapy. RESULTS: The two antibiotic groups showed lower mean number of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm and fewer subjects exhibiting ≥9 of these sites at 1-year post-treatment. Logistic regression analysis showed that antibiotics were the only significant predictors of subjects presenting ≤4 sites with PD ≥5 mm at 1 year (MTZ+AMX: OR, 13.33; 95%CI, 3.75-47.39/p = 0.0000; MTZ: OR, 7.26; 95%CI, 2.26-23.30/p = 0.0004). The frequency of adverse events did not differ between the two antibiotic treatments (p > 0.05). The chlorhexidine subgroups showed a trend (p > 0.05) to present fewer residual sites ≥5 mm compared with the placebo subgroups at 1 year. CONCLUSION: Treatment of generalized ChP is significantly improved by the adjunctive use of MTZ+AMX and MTZ.

Clinical and microbiological benefits of metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of the adjunctive use of metronidazole (MTZ) or MTZ+amoxicillin (AMX) in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis (ChP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one subjects (n=17/group) were randomly assigned to receive scaling and root planing (SRP) only or combined with MTZ (400 mg t.i.d.) or MTZ+AMX (500 mg t.i.d.) for 14 days. Clinical and microbiological examinations were performed at baseline and 3 months post-SRP. Nine plaque samples/subject were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. RESULTS: Subjects receiving MTZ+AMX exhibited a greater mean gain of clinical attachment, reduction in probing depth (PD) in intermediate and deep sites and a lower percentage of sites with PD5 mm at 3 months, in comparison with those treated with SRP only (p<0.05). The major benefit from the adjunctive use of MTZ was a greater reduction in PD in deep sites. SRP+MTZ+AMX was the only treatment that significantly reduced the levels and proportions of all red complex pathogens and elicited a significantly greater beneficial change in the microbial profile in comparison with SRP only. CONCLUSION: The adjunctive use of MTZ+AMX offers short-term clinical and microbiological benefits, over SRP alone, in the treatment of non-smokers subjects with generalized ChP. The added benefits of MTZ were less evident.

Contagem e prevalência de microrganismos patogênicos e benéficos em indivíduos tabagistas com doença periodontal crônica / Counts and prevalence of pathogenic and benefic microorganisms in smokers with chronic periodontal disease

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a contagem e a prevalência dos microrganismos do complexo vermelho (Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis e Tannerella forsythia) e do complexo azul (Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces israelli e Actinomyces naeslundii) na microbiota subgengival em indivíduos tabagistas e não-tabagistas com doença periodontal crônica. Foram selecionados 50 voluntários com periodontite crônica (25 tabagistas – T e 25 não-tabagistas – NT). Os indivíduos foram submetidos a exame clínico periodontal e microbiológico. Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram profundidade de sondagem, nível clínico de inserção, placa supragengival visível, sangramento gengival, sangramento à sondagem e supuração. De cada indivíduo foram coletadas entre 6 e 12 amostras de biofilme subgengival, avaliadas para seis espécies bacterianas por meio da técnica Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. Os resultados clínicos foram semelhantes entre os grupos (T e NT). A exceção foi o percentual de sítios com sangramento gengival, sendo que o grupo T apresentou uma média inferior (9,54 ± 15,31) comparada ao grupo NT (39,44 ± 25,13 – p < 0,001). A única diferença microbiológica foi a contagem de A. gerencseriae diminuída no grupo de tabagistas (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, os perfis clínico-microbiológicos de indivíduos tabagistas e não-tabagistas com periodontite crônica podem ser considerados semelhantes.

The aim of the present study was to compare the levels and the prevalence of bacterial red complex (Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia) and blue complex (Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces israelli and Actinomyces naeslundii) in the subgingival microbiota of smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Fifty subjects wiyh chronic periodontitis were enrolled (25 smokers - S and 25 non smokers - NS). Subjects received clinical and microbiological examination. The clinical parameters evaluated were probing depth, clinical attachment level, visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, bleeding on probing and suppuration. Six to twelve subgingival biofilm samples were collected per subject, and evaluated for six bacterial species using the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. The clinical results were similar between the groups (S and NS). The exception was the percent of sites with gingival bleeding. The S group showed a lower mean (9.54 ± 15.31) compared with the NS group (39.44 ± 25.13 - p <0.001). The only microbiological difference was the reduced level of A. gerencseriae in smoking group (p < 0,05). In conclusion, the clinical- microbiological profiles of non-smoking and smoking subjects with chronic periodontitis were similar.