COVID-19 deaths in dental occupations and other healthcare occupations among U.S. decedents in 2020.

BACKGROUND: Early studies during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested dental occupations were among the highest risk for exposure to SARs-CoV-2 because of multiple factors increasing exposure, including close proximity to unmasked patients and performance of aerosol-generating procedures. However, to date, few studies have investigated COVID-19 deaths in United States dental occupations, and compared COVID-19 deaths among healthcare occupations. METHODS: We analyzed 2020 mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System. Multivariable logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death in relation to occupation in working-age decedents (≤65 years), after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19. RESULTS: Dental occupations did not have significantly higher risk for COVID-19 death when compared to all other occupations combined. Among healthcare occupations with frequent, direct patient- or client interactions, LPNs and LVNs, and speech and language pathologists had significantly elevated adjusted ORs for COVID-19 death when compared to dentists, dental hygienists, or dental assistants. Similarly, nurse practitioners had significantly higher ORs for COVID-19 mortality than dentists or dental hygienists, and approached significance when compared to dental assistants. Conversely, massage therapists and other health diagnosing and treating practitioners had significantly lower adjusted ORs for COVID-19 death compared with dental occupations. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights potential differences in work-related transmission of SARs-CoV-2 and subsequent COVID-19 deaths in healthcare occupations, and furthers a previously limited understanding of COVID-19 deaths in healthcare occupations in 2020, before COVID-19 vaccine availability. Our results indicate that dental occupations were not among the highest, nor lowest risk, healthcare occupations for COVID-19 deaths in 2020, despite their known risks of direct exposure.

Efficacy of dental evacuation systems for aerosol exposure mitigation in dental clinic settings.

Dental personnel are ranked among the highest risk occupations for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 due to their close proximity to the patient's mouth and many aerosol generating procedures encountered in dental practice. One method to reduce aerosols in dental settings is the use of intraoral evacuation systems. Intraoral evacuation systems are placed directly into a patient's mouth and maintain a dry field during procedures by capturing liquid and aerosols. Although multiple intraoral dental evacuation systems are commercially available, the efficacy of these systems is not well understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of four dental evacuation systems at mitigating aerosol exposures during simulated ultrasonic scaling and crown preparation procedures. We conducted real-time respirable (PM4) and thoracic (PM10) aerosol sampling during ultrasonic scaling and crown preparation procedures while using four commercially available evacuation systems: a high-volume evacuator (HVE) and three alternative intraoral systems (A, B, C). Four trials were conducted for each system. Respirable and thoracic mass concentrations were measured during procedures at three locations including (1) near the breathing zone (BZ) of the dentist, (2) edge of the dental operatory room approximately 0.9 m away from the mannequin mouth, and (3) hallway supply cabinet located approximately 1.5 m away from the mannequin mouth. Respirable and thoracic mass concentrations measured during each procedure were compared with background concentrations measured in each respective location. Use of System A or HVE reduced thoracic (System A) and respirable (HVE) mass concentrations near the dentist's BZ to median background concentrations most often during the ultrasonic scaling procedure. During the crown preparation, use of System B or HVE reduced thoracic (System B) and respirable (HVE or System B) near the dentist's BZ to median background concentrations most often. Although some differences in efficacy were noted during each procedure and aerosol size fraction, the difference in median mass concentrations among evacuation systems was minimal, ranging from 0.01 to 1.48 µg/m3 across both procedures and aerosol size fractions.

No benefit of an adjunctive phototherapy protocol in treatment of periodontitis: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of a commercially available adjunctive phototherapy protocol ("Perio-1") in treatment of periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an examiner-blind, randomized, controlled, split-mouth, multicentre study, 60 periodontitis patients received root surface debridement (RSD) in sextants either alone (control sextants) or with the adjunctive phototherapy protocol (test sextants). Re-evaluation was performed at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in mean (± standard deviation) clinical attachment level (CAL) change from baseline to week 24 were observed between test (-1.00 ± 1.16 mm) and control sextants (-0.87 ± 0.79 mm) at sites with probing pocket depths (PPDs) ≥5 mm ("deep sites") at baseline (p = .212). Comparisons between test and control sextants for all other parameters (CAL change at all sites, PPD change at deep sites/all sites, bleeding on probing, plaque scores), and for all change intervals, failed to identify any statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The phototherapy protocol did not provide any additional clinical benefits over those achieved by RSD alone. (German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00011229).

Effects of a toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan in the maintenance phase of peri-implantitis treatment: 2-Year randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan in volunteers that have been treated for peri-implantitis and were enrolled in a maintenance program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Subjects presenting at least one implant with peri-implantitis were selected. They received anti-infective surgical therapy, and sixty days post-surgery (baseline) were randomized into two groups, brushing twice/day for 2 years (a) with a toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan+2.0% PVM/MA copolymer (GantrezTM )+1,450 ppm fluoride (test) or (b) with a toothpaste containing 1,450 ppm fluoride (control). They received clinical and microbiological monitoring at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, and professional maintenance every 3 months. RESULTS: A total of 102 subjects were enrolled (test: 48; control: 54). The control group showed loss of clinical attachment (CA) around treated implants over the course of the study (p < 0.05), while the test group was stable for this parameter. The difference between groups (0.55 mm) for CA change between baseline and 24 months (primary outcome variable) was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Red complex pathogens were only reduced in the test group at 24 months. The implants with no history of peri-implantitis in the test group had a significant reduction in the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing and in mean probing depth, throughout the study (p < 0.05). This improvement was not observed in the control group. CONCLUSION: A toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan was more effective than a toothpaste without triclosan in maintaining a healthy peri-implant environment around treated implants and implants with no history of peri-implantitis during a 2-year maintenance program (ClinicalTrials.govNCT03191721).

Control of dentin/root sensitivity during non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment.

AIM: To determine the efficacy of a desensitizing regimen compared to a control in preventing the occurrence and/or alleviating dentin/root sensitivity (DRS) following non-surgical (NSPT) and surgical periodontal treatment (SPT). METHODS: Seventy-four chronic-periodontitis patients (CPP) were randomized into a test group (n = 38) using an in-office prophylaxis paste and a toothpaste at home both containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate (Pro-Argin(™) Technology) or into a control group (n = 36) receiving a fluoride-free prophylaxis paste and a fluoride toothpaste. The examiner applied the assigned paste onto selected teeth for 3 s following NSPT and for 60 s before flap closure. Patients brushed with the assigned toothpaste twice daily throughout the study. DRS to air stimulus was assessed by the Schiff scale (0-3) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS: 0-100 mm) six times over 17 weeks. RESULTS: In the test group, VAS scores significantly decreased at 8, 11 and 17 weeks from baseline (p ≤ 0.003) and Schiff scores at 8 and 11 weeks from baseline (p ≤ 0.014). The control group exhibited significant increases in VAS and Schiff during the study period (p ≤ 0.006). Marked inter-group differences were noted at all time points (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of desensitizing products (8% arginine and calcium carbonate) in-office and at-home prevented DRS development and maintained this effect for 17 weeks following NSPT and SPT.

Effects of triclosan on host response and microbial biomarkers during experimental gingivitis.

AIM: This exploratory randomized, controlled clinical trial sought to evaluate anti-inflammatory and -microbial effects of triclosan during experimental gingivitis as assessed by host response biomarkers and biofilm microbial pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty participants were randomized to triclosan or control dentifrice groups who ceased homecare for 21 days in an experimental gingivitis (EG) protocol. Plaque and gingival indices and saliva, plaque, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were assessed/collected at days 0, 14, 21 and 35. Levels and proportions of 40 bacterial species from plaque samples were determined using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Ten biomarkers associated with inflammation, matrix degradation, and host protection were measured from GCF and saliva and analysed using a multiplex array. Participants were stratified as "high" or "low" responders based on gingival index and GCF biomarkers and bacterial biofilm were combined to generate receiver operating characteristic curves and predict gingivitis susceptibility. RESULTS: No differences in mean PI and GI values were observed between groups and non-significant trends of reduction of host response biomarkers with triclosan treatment. Triclosan significantly reduced levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis during induction of gingivitis. CONCLUSIONS: Triclosan reduced microbial levels during gingivitis development (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01799226).

Randomized controlled trial comparing a powered toothbrush with distinct multi-directional cleaning action to a manual flat trim toothbrush.

PURPOSE: To compare the plaque and gingivitis efficacy of a power toothbrush with distinct multi-directional cleaning action (Colgate® ProClinical® A1500 Power Toothbrush) against a manual flat-trim toothbrush (Oral-B Indicator). METHODS: This randomized control trial was a single-center, examiner-blind, parallel-group, design and assessed plaque removal after a single brushing, as well as plaque removal and gingivitis reduction after 4 weeks and 12 weeks of brushing. Qualifying subjects used their assigned toothbrush to brush their teeth under supervision after which they were evaluated for plaque (post-brushing). Over the next 12 weeks, subjects brushed unsupervised at home with their assigned toothbrush. After 4 weeks and 12 weeks, subjects returned to the center for plaque and gingivitis examinations. RESULTS: 80 subjects were screened for eligibility and randomized into the study. 79 subjects completed the study. Both toothbrushes provided statistically significant reductions in all plaque index scores at all time points in comparison to the pre-brushing scores. After 4 weeks and 12 weeks, statistically significant reductions in gingivitis and gingivitis severity scores were observed for subjects using the power toothbrush, whereas statistically significant increases in gingivitis and gingivitis severity were observed for subjects using the manual toothbrush. In conclusion, relative to the manual toothbrush, the power toothbrush provided statistically significantly (P < 0.05) greater removal of plaque: whole-mouth (131%), gumline (97.4%), and interproximal (220%), as well as reductions in gingivitis (400%), and gingivitis severity (320%) after 12 weeks of use. Compared to the manual flat-trim toothbrush, the power toothbrush with distinct multi-directional cleaning action demonstrates statistically and clinically significantly greater levels of plaque removal and gingivitis reduction at all time points.

Dental hygienists' evaluation of the usability research study of the Colgate ProClinical A1500 electric toothbrush.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the user experiences among patients of a new electric toothbrush vs. a manual toothbrush. METHODS: Five dental hygienists were selected to review videotapes demonstrating patient use of their manual toothbrush and the Colgate ProClinical A1500 electric toothbrush. A total of 14 users were videotaped during the three-week duration of this observational study. The dental hygienists were asked to review four assigned user videotapes and then complete a four-page questionnaire sheet for each of them. Each patient participant was reviewed by at least two dental hygienists. RESULTS: The results provide an understanding that there may be differences in the length of time that patients brush their teeth with their manual toothbrush vs. this electric toothbrush. The users of the electric toothbrush appeared to brush in a more concentrated and focused tooth brushing pattern vs. the manual brush. The users did become accustomed to using this electric toothbrush over time and felt an improvement in cleaning efficacy with the product. The observations from the five dental hygienists were consistent with the results of a previously published usability study. CONCLUSION: The Colgate ProClinical A1500 electric toothbrush, relative to a manual toothbrush, provided an improved brushing experience for the fourteen users whose brushing techniques were evaluated by five dental hygienists who reviewed their videotapes from the usability study.

Efficacy of two different toothbrush heads on a sonic power toothbrush compared to a manual toothbrush on established gingivitis and plaque.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a power toothbrush with distinct multi-directional cleaning action using two different heads (Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush with either a triple clean head or a sensitive head) as compared to a manual flat-trim toothbrush (Oral B Indicator toothbrush) on supragingival plaque and established gingivitis. METHODS: This examiner-blind, randomized, controlled, three-treatment, parallel-group clinical research study assessed plaque removal via the comparison of pre- to post-brushing after a single use and again after four weeks of use, using the Rustogi Modified Navy Plaque Index. This study also assessed gingivitis at four weeks using the Löe-Silness Gingival Index. Qualifying adult male and female subjects from the central New Jersey, USA area reported to the study site after refraining from any oral hygiene procedures for 24 hours, and from eating, drinking, and smoking for four hours. Following an examination for plaque and gingivitis, they were randomized into three balanced groups. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for two minutes under supervision with their assigned toothbrush and a commercially available toothpaste (Colgate Cavity Protection toothpaste), after which they were again evaluated for plaque. Subjects were dismissed from the study site with the toothpaste and their assigned toothbrush to use at home twice daily for the next four weeks. They reported to the study site after four weeks of product use, at which time they were evaluated for plaque and gingivitis. RESULTS: One hundred twenty (120) enrolled subjects complied with the protocol and completed the clinical study. The results of the study indicated that all three test products provided statistically significant reductions in pre-brushing to post-brushing plaque scores for whole mouth and interproximal sites after a single use. For gingival margin plaque sites, only the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush, with either the triple clean head or the sensitive head, provided statistically significant reductions in pre- to post-brushing plaque scores. After four weeks of product use, all three test products provided statistically significant reductions in baseline to four-week whole mouth and interproximal site plaque scores, but only the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush, with either the triple clean head or the sensitive head, provided a statistically significant reduction in plaque scores at gingival margin sites. All three test products provided statistically significant reductions in gingival and gingivitis severity index scores after four weeks of product use. Relative to the manual toothbrush group, after a single tooth brushing the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush, with either the triple clean head or sensitive head, provided statistically significantly greater reductions in whole mouth plaque index scores (51.9% and 59.3%, respectively), in gingival margin plaque index scores (700% and 650%, respectively), and interproximal plaque index scores (64.2% and 60.4%, respectively). Relative to the manual toothbrush group, after four weeks of use the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush, with either the triple clean head or sensitive head, provided statistically significantly greater reductions in whole mouth plaque index scores (78.6%, and 82.1%, respectively), in gingival margin plaque index scores (3700% and 3400%, respectively), and interproximal plaque index scores (50.8% and 52.5%, respectively). Relative to the manual toothbrush group, after four weeks of use the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush, with either the triple clean head or sensitive head, provided statistically significantly greater reductions in gingival index scores of 900% and 833%, respectively, and in gingivitis severity index scores of 466.7% and 600%, respectively. All statistically significant reductions were at the p ≤ 0.05 level. There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush with triple clean head and the scores of the Colgate ProClinical C200 toothbrush with sensitive head at any comparison time point. CONCLUSION: The Colgate ProClinicaI C200 toothbrush, with either a triple clean head or a sensitive head, provides statistically significant and clinically relevant levels of efficacy in the removal of supragingival dental plaque in the whole mouth, at the gingival margin, and interproximally after a single tooth brushing and after four weeks of use, as well as a statistically significantly greater level of efficacy in the reduction of gingivitis and gingival bleeding when compared to a manual flat-trim toothbrush.

Clinical evaluation of an in-office desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate for relief of dentin hypersensitivity prior to dental prophylaxis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a professional prophylaxis paste containing 8% arginine-calcium carbonate in the reduction of dentin hypersensitivity used as a pre-procedural application compared to a commercially-available prophylaxis paste. METHODS: This study was conducted at Jersey Shore University Medical Center in Neptune, New Jersey, USA. A mixed population of adult males and females between the ages of 18-70 were included in the study. Baseline air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale) were mandatory for inclusion in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either: (1) Control paste, Nupro non-fluoridated pumice based prophylaxis paste (Dentsply Professional) or (2) Test paste, a desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate (Colgate-Palmolive Company). Either the Control or Test paste was applied to subjects prior to their receiving a routine dental prophylaxis. After completion of the dental cleaning procedure, a final post-cleaning air blast examination was performed on each subject following identical methods as at the baseline exam. Paired t-tests and ANCOVA were used. RESULTS: 66 subjects were enrolled in the study. Following the post-cleaning air blast hypersensitivity examination, there was a significant decrease of 83.94% in the hypersensitivity of subjects using the Test paste. The group using the Control paste showed a 13.43% desensitization. There was a statistically significant difference of 79.65% between the two groups. Subjects in the age groups 41-50, 51-60, and 61-70 years of age showed the most reduction in dentin hypersensitivity.

Efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing arginine and calcium carbonate on dentin surface pore structure and dentin morphology.

PURPOSE: To investigate the laboratory changes in dentin tubule occlusion morphology during short term use of desensitizing products as evaluated by electron microscopy and an image analysis. METHODS: Freshly extracted human third molar teeth were collected at random and 40 dentin discs were prepared. These dentin samples were then divided in to four groups (n=10). The test treatment consisted of undiluted Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and calcium carbonate that was applied on the dentin surface under a brushing cycle of 200 strokes, 2 times/day, for 10 days and then soaked in the filtrated human saliva. The two other test products were a commercial toothpaste, Sensodyne Original, containing 10% strontium chloride and a professional re-mineralizing treatment paste (GC Tooth Mousse). The negative control group was soaked in human saliva that had been sterilized by filtration. The occluding ability of the dentin tubules, using the dentin disc model, was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degree of occlusion of the dentin tubules was quantified using an image analyzer and the results were analyzed by ANOVA and a Tukey's test. RESULTS: All test products created a smear layer on the dentin surface that significantly reduced the diameter of dentin tubules after treatment. Compared to the dentin tubule area on disks treated with the negative control (72.02 +/- 7.23 microm2), disks treated with Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, Sensodyne Original, and GC Mousse had dentin tubule areas of 2.10 +/- 0.42 microm2, 10.11 +/- 2.83 microm2, and 30.40 +/- 4.04 microm2 respectively. These differences were statistically significant.

Laboratory evaluation of extrinsic stain removal by a specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this laboratory study was to evaluate extrinsic stain removal from teeth by a specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies, using the Triple Clean and the Sensitive refill brush heads, in comparison to a manual flat-trim toothbrush. METHODS: Twelve (12) artificially stained bovine teeth were tested with each product. The percentage of stain removed by each product was calculated by taking the ratio of the amount of stain removed by brushing for 800 strokes to the total amount of stain removed by subsequent application of a dental prophylaxis. The stain was quantified by measuring the light reflected by the stained teeth with a spectrophotometer. Data were reported as L*, lightness of the stain, and as W*, a whiteness index comprising the lightness, hue, and chroma of reflected light. Statistical analyses were performed separately for the AL* and AW* scores. Comparisons of the toothbrushes with respect to baseline-adjusted deltaL* and deltaW* scores were performed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Post-ANCOVA pair-wise comparisons of the study toothbrushes were performed using Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. All statistical tests of hypotheses were two-sided, and employed a minimum level of significance of 0.05. RESULTS: The percentage of stain removed by the sonic powered toothbrush, using either the Triple Clean brush head or the Sensitive brush head under laboratory test conditions, is superior (p < 0.05) to the percentage of stain removed by the manual flat-trim toothbrush when analyzed for both the deltaL* and deltaW* scores. The mean percentage of stain removed was 62.10 for the power toothbrush with the Triple Clean brush head, 49.01 for the power toothbrush with the Sensitive brush head, and 30.56 for the manual flat-trim toothbrush when calculated using deltaL* scores. The mean percentage of stain removed was 59.89 for the power toothbrush with the Triple Clean brush head, 46.83 for the power toothbrush with the Sensitive brush head, and 29.25 for the manual flat-trim toothbrush when calculated using deltaW* scores. CONCLUSIONS: This new specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies effectively removes extrinsic stains from the surface of teeth under laboratory test conditions with both the Triple Clean and the Sensitive brush heads. The effectiveness of stain removal with either brush head is significantly greater than the effectiveness of stain removal of a manual flat-trim toothbrush under these conditions.

Comparative efficacy of a specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies to two commercially available power toothbrushes on established plaque and gingivitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy on plaque and established gingivitis of a new specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies as compared to two commercially available power toothbrushes. METHODS: This examiner-blind, three-treatment, parallel clinical study assessed plaque reduction via the comparison of pre- to postbrushing after a single use, and following four weeks' use measured by the Rustogi Modification of the Modified Navy Plaque Index. This study also assessed gingivitis using the Löe and Silness Gingival Index after four weeks' use. Qualifying adult male and female subjects from the northern New Jersey area reported to the study site after refraining from all oral hygiene procedures for 24 hours, and from eating, drinking, or smoking for four hours. Following an examination for gingivitis and plaque (pre-brushing), they were randomized into three balanced groups, each group using one of the three study toothbrushes in the order specified by a predetermined randomization plan. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for two minutes under supervision with their assigned toothbrush according to the manufacturers' instructions and a commercially available toothpaste (Colgate Cavity Protection), after which they were once again evaluated for plaque (post-brushing). Subjects were then dismissed from the study site with the toothpaste and their assigned toothbrush to use at home twice daily for the next four weeks. They again reported to the study site at which time they were evaluated for plaque and gingivitis. RESULTS: One-hundred eighty-four subjects complied with the protocol and completed the clinical study. Relative to the two commercially available toothbrushes, the new specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies provided statistically significantly (p < 0.05) greater reductions in whole mouth plaque index scores (21.9 and 25.8%, respectively), gingival margin plaque index scores (14.5% and 18.9%, respectively), interproximal plaque index scores (160.0% and 136.4%, respectively), facial plaque index scores (17.9% for both), lingual plaque index scores (29.2% for both), and interproximal lingual plaque index scores (200.0% and 350.0%, respectively) after a single tooth brushing. Relative to the two commercially available toothbrushes, the new sonic powered toothbrush also provided statistically significantly (p < 0.05) greater reductions in whole mouth plaque index scores (47.4% and 40.0%, respectively), gingival margin plaque index scores (46.2% and 40.7%, respectively), interproximal plaque index scores (650% and 1400%, respectively), facial plaque index scores (47.6% and 40.9%, respectively), lingual plaque index scores (47.1% and 31.6%, respectively), and interproximal lingual plaque index scores (350.0% and 500.0%, respectively) after four weeks. There was no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference between the two commercially available toothbrushes for any plaque index score comparison. Relative to one of the commercially available toothbrushes, the new sonic powered toothbrush provided statistically significant reductions (p < 0.05) in gingival index scores (25.0%) and gingivitis severity scores (33.3%) after four weeks of product use. There were no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences in gingivitis or gingivitis severity index scores between the new sonic powered toothbrush and the other commercially available toothbrush. CONCLUSION: A new specially engineered sonic powered toothbrush with unique sensing and control technologies provides significantly greater levels of efficacy on the removal of dental plaque after a single tooth brushing and after four weeks' use when compared to two commercially available power toothbrushes. The new sonic powered toothbrush also provides significantly greater levels of efficacy on the reduction of gingivitis and gingival bleeding when compared to one of the commercially available power toothbrushes.

Longitudinal assessment of a Dental and Medical Student Service program in Appalachia: Successes and lessons learned.

OBJECTIVES: Recruiting/retaining healthcare professionals within rural and underserved communities in the United States remains a challenge. The West Virginia University Institute for Community and Rural Health implemented a service scholarship program in 2011 to address a lack of dental and primary care. METHODS: Dental and medical students commit to practice 12-months full time following graduation in a Health Profession Shortage Area (HPSA) or Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) in West Virginia for each $25,000 received. RESULTS: Since inception of the program, 20 of 23 (87 percent) dental recipients had completed their service commitment, 17 (85 percent) are still practicing in WV, and 3 (13 percent) are fulfilling their commitment. Four of 20 medical recipients have repaid (2) or fulfilled (2) program commitments and 16 are completing commitments or deferred during training. Retention rate is 82 percent for both dental and medical professionals following program completion. CONCLUSIONS: Service scholarships effectively engage students to provide care in rural/underserved areas and remain there after program completion.

Comparative investigation of a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer/sodium fluoride and specially-designed silica and a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base for the control of established supra-gingival plaque and gingivitis: a 6-month clinical study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride, and specially-designed silica in controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis. METHODS: Qualifying adult male and female subjects from the West Palm Beach, Florida area were randomly assigned into one of two treatment groups: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride, and specially-designed silica (Test Dentifrice); and (2) a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Negative Control Dentifrice). All subjects received an oral soft and hard tissue examination, baseline plaque and gingivitis were assessed, and subjects were dispensed their assigned dentifrice product along with a soft-bristled adult toothbrush for home use. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth for 1 minute, twice daily (morning and evening), using only the dentifrice provided. Examinations for plaque and gingivitis, and oral soft and hard tissue assessments were repeated after 3 and 6 months of product use. RESULTS: 115 subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the 6-month examination. After 6 months of product use, subjects assigned to the Test Dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Plaque Index, Plaque Severity Index, Gingival Index, and Gingivitis Severity Index scores; and subjects assigned to the Negative Control Dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Gingival Index scores only. Relative to the Negative Control Dentifrice group, the Test Dentifrice group exhibited an 18.8% reduction in Plaque Index; a 50% reduction in Plaque Severity Index; a 19.6% reduction in Gingival Index; and a 60% reduction in Gingivitis Severity Index after 6 months, all of which were statistically significant.

Assessment of hypersensitivity reduction of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF and specially-designed silica as compared to a dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc lactate and to a dentifrice containing 0.243% NaF on dentin hypersensitivity reduction: an 8-week study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the 8-week dentin hypersensitivity efficacy of three toothpastes: (1) a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride and specially-designed silica (Test Dentifrice 1); (2) a commercially-available dentifrice containing 0.454% stannous fluoride in a silica base with sodium hexametaphosphate and zinc lactate (Test Dentifrice 2); and (3) a commercially-available non-sensitive dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Negative Control Dentifrice). METHODS: For this 8-week randomized controlled clinical study, qualifying subjects had to have at least two hypersensitive teeth with a tactile hypersensitivity score (Yeaple Probe) between 10 and 50 grams of force, and air blast hypersensitivity score of 2 or 3 (Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale). Subjects brushed twice daily for 1 minute, using the assigned toothpaste and toothbrush. Dentin hypersensitivity assessments, as well as examinations of oral hard and soft tissues, were conducted at the baseline examination and after 4 and 8 weeks of brushing. RESULTS: 118 subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the 8-week study. At baseline, the mean tactile sensitivity scores for toothpastes (1), (2) and (3) were 13.6, 14.1 and 13.1; at 4 weeks 28.75, 20.13, and 20.00; and after 8 weeks 33.1, 24.0 and 20.5, respectively. The mean air blast scores for toothpastes (1), (2), and (3) at baseline were 2.5, 2.5, and 2.4; at 4 weeks 1.25, 1.50 and 1.85; and after 8 weeks 0.99, 1.36 and 1.5, respectively. At all time points after the baseline examination, for both tactile and air blast sensitivity scores, the differences between Test Dentifrice 1 and the Negative Control Dentifrice were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The differences between Test Dentifrice 1 and Test Dentifrice 2 were statistically significant (P < 0.05) at 4 and 8 weeks after baseline examination for tactile sensitivity scores and at 8 weeks after baseline examination for air blast sensitivity scores.

A comparative investigation to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an alcohol-free CPC-containing mouthwash as compared to a control mouthwash in controlling dental plaque and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study on adults in San Jose, Costa Rica.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of an antiplaque alcohol-free mouthwash containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF), as compared to a control mouthwash containing only 0.05% NaF, in controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis after three and six months of product use. METHODS: This was a single-center, parallel-group, two-cell, double-blind, randomized clinical study. Prospective adult male and female subjects from San Jose, Costa Rica reported to the clinical facility having refrained from all oral hygiene procedures for 12 hours, and from eating, drinking, or smoking for four hours prior to their visit. Qualifying subjects who presented with Gingival Index scores (Löe and Silness Index) of at least 1.0 and Plaque Index scores (Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Index) of at least 1.5 were allowed to participate in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups according to their baseline gingival and plaque scores. In the first treatment group (Test), subjects used an alcohol-free mouthwash containing 0.075% CPC and 0.05% NaF, whereas in the second treatment group (Control), subjects used a mouthwash containing only 0.05% NaF. Gingivitis and plaque assessments, and examinations of oral hard and soft tissues were conducted after three months and six months of product use. RESULTS: One-hundred and ten (110) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the six-month study. After six months of product use, the Test Mouthwash group exhibited statistically significant reductions from baseline with respect to Gingival (33.5%), Gingival Interproximal (34.5%), Gingival Severity (63.2%), Plaque (33.6%), Plaque Interproximal (30.0%), and Plaque Severity (73.6%) Index scores. After six months of product use, the Control Mouthwash group exhibited statistically significant increases from baseline with respect to Gingival (6.9%), Plaque Interproximal (7.2%), and Plaque Severity (32.7%) Index scores. Furthermore, after six months of product use, the Control Mouthwash group exhibited reductions from baseline with respect to Plaque (6.1%), Gingival Interproximal (3.6%), and Gingival Severity (1.1%) Index scores which were not statistically significant. After three months of product use, the Test Mouthwash group exhibited statistically significant reductions in Gingival (25.0%), Gingival Interproximal (22.3%), Gingival Severity (38.9%), Plaque (26.1%), Plaque Interproximal (22.4%), and Plaque Severity (75.0%) Index scores as compared to the Control Mouthwash group. After six months of product use, the Test Mouthwash group exhibited statistically significant reductions in Gingival (38.1%), Gingival Interproximal (37.1%), Gingival Severity (63.6%), Plaque (36.5%), Plaque Interproximal (33.2%), and Plaque Severity (78.5%) Index scores as compared to the Control Mouthwash group. CONCLUSION: The results of this double-blind clinical study support that 1) an alcohol-free mouthwash containing a combination of 0.075% CPC and 0.05% NaF produces statistically significant reductions in dental plaque and gingivitis after three and six months compared to baseline, and 2) the alcohol-free CPC mouthwash provides a statistically significantly greater level of efficacy in controlling established dental plaque and gingivitis after three and six months of product use as compared to the Control Mouthwash containing only NaF.

Triclosan inhibition of acute and chronic inflammatory gene pathways.

AIM: We sought to determine whether triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenylether), an extensively used anti-plaque agent with broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity, with reported anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1 (IL-1)beta, could also more broadly suppress multiple inflammatory gene pathways responsible for the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As an exploratory study, the effects of triclosan on the inflammatory gene expression profile were assessed ex vivo using peripheral whole blood samples from eight periodontally healthy donors. Ten-millilitres whole blood aliquots were incubated 2 h with 0.3 microg/ml Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without 0.5 microg/ml triclosan. Affymetrix microarray gene expression profiles from isolated leucocytes and pathway-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction arrays were used to investigate changes in expression of target cytokines and cell signalling molecules. RESULTS: Ex vivo human whole blood assays indicated that triclosan significantly down-regulated the LPS-stimulated expression of Toll-like receptor signalling molecules and other multiple inflammatory molecules including IL-1 and IL-6 and the dampening of signals that activate the T-helper type 1 acquired immune response via suppression of CD70 with concomitant up-regulation of growth factors related to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2 and BMP6 synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-inflammatory effects were found in this exploratory survey, including suppression of microbial-pathogen recognition pathway molecules and the suppression of acute and chronic mediators of inflammation.

Dentin hypersensitivity reduction of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride: an 8-week clinical study on Chinese adults.

PURPOSE: To present the results of an 8-week dentin hypersensitivity clinical study in which the efficacy of a new Pro-Argin formula toothpaste, with gentle whitening benefits, containing 8.0% arginine, a high cleaning calcium carbonate system, and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) was compared to that of a commercial Pro-Argin formula toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP and a negative control toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and 1450 ppm fluoride as MFP. METHODS: An 8-week clinical study, with 121 subjects, was conducted in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, using a double-blind, stratified, three-treatment design. Tactile and air blast sensitivity assessments were used to compare the efficacy of the three products. RESULTS: This clinical study demonstrated that the new Pro-Argin formula toothpaste provided a significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity when used over a period of 8 weeks. The study also showed that the new toothpaste provided significantly greater reductions (P < 0.05) in dentin hypersensitivity in response to tactile (64.4%, 71.1%, and 61.0%) and air blast (40.7%, 58.8%, and 74.4%) stimuli than the negative control toothpaste containing 1450 ppm fluoride after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of product use, respectively. The results for the new toothpaste did not differ significantly from those of the positive control toothpaste at all time points in the study.