In Silico Study of Novel Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes of Polycaprolactone and Its Correlation with Skin Regeneration.

Three novel biomaterials obtained via inclusion complexes of ß-cyclodextrin, 6-deoxi-6-amino-ß-cyclodextrin and epithelial growth factor grafted to 6-deoxi-6-amino-ß-cyclodextrin with polycaprolactone. Furthermore, some physicochemical, toxicological and absorption properties were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The electronic, geometrical and spectroscopical calculated properties agree with the properties obtained via experimental methods, explaining the behaviors observed in each case. The interaction energy was obtained, and its values were -60.6, -20.9 and -17.1 kcal/mol for ß-cyclodextrin/polycaprolactone followed by the 6-amino-ß-cyclodextrin-polycaprolactone complex and finally the complex of epithelial growth factor anchored to 6-deoxy-6-amino-ß-cyclodextrin/polycaprolactone. Additionally, the dipolar moments were calculated, achieving values of 3.2688, 5.9249 and 5.0998 Debye, respectively, and in addition the experimental wettability behavior of the studied materials has also been explained. It is important to note that the toxicological predictions suggested no mutagenic, tumorigenic or reproductive effects; moreover, an anti-inflammatory effect has been shown. Finally, the improvement in the cicatricial effect of the novel materials has been conveniently explained by comparing the poly-caprolactone data obtained in the experimental assessments.

Stem cells from human dental pulp and apical papilla: Morphological and synchrotron radiation analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dental Mesenchymal stem cells has prompted great for cell-based therapeutics. But no one knows for sure what the true potential of these cells, since most of the studies were done in isolation, using as source, different donors or different cell processing conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An enriched population of cells positive for CD146, STRO-1, and CD90 was isolated of third molars teeth indicated for extraction of patient with of 16 years old. Analysis of cell kinetics, and subcellular tests were performed to assess the presence of minor and trace elements by using synchrotron radiation x-ray fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: In the cell kinetics assays, the enriched populations showed generally slower growth as compared to those that were non-enriched. In comparison between the pulp and papilla populations, the derived pulp grew more rapidly than that derived from the papilla. The CD90 + cells exhibited a smaller pulp area compared to other populations, but the papilla of these cells exhibited a larger area. The CD90 + cells exhibited higher amounts of P, S, Cl, K, and Ca, while the Cu and Zn exhibited more than CD146-. STRO1 - exhibited K and Cu. For both the pulp and the papilla, multipotent stem cells positive for all three markers were present. CONCLUSIONS: Although they have been obtained from the same tooth and donor, as well as were grown, the populations derived from these two tissues have different growth morphology and kinetics. The biochemical differences show different metabolic patterns, reflecting in part the growth differences. Key words:Synchrotron radiation, dental stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, chemical composition.

Salivary levels of nickel, chromium, iron, and copper in patients treated with metal or esthetic fixed orthodontic appliances: A retrospective cohort study.

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to measure the salivary levels of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) released from metal and esthetic fixed orthodontic appliances. Ninety patients were divided into three groups (n=30): control (those who had never undergone orthodontic treatment), metal appliance (stainless steel brackets and bands, and nitinol archwires) and esthetic appliance (polycarbonate brackets and tubes, and rhodium-coated nitinol archwires). Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment had used their appliances for periods between one and six months. Ni, Cr, Fe and Cu salivary concentrations were measured by the Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence technique. Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni-Dunn test showed that Ni (p=0.027) and Cr (p=0.040) concentrations were significantly higher for patients undergoing metallic orthodontic treatment than for the esthetic group. No significant difference regarding Ni and Cr (p=0.447) concentrations were observed between the metal and the control groups (p=0.464 and p=0.447, respectively) or between the esthetic and the control groups (p=0.698 and p=0.912, respectively). Ni and Cr concentrations were significantly influenced by the type of appliance used. Fe and Cu concentrations were not affected by the type or use of orthodontic appliances.

Osteomielitis crónica agudizada del maxilar. Presentación de un caso pediátrico / Acute chronic osteomyelitis of the maxilla. Presentation of pediatric case / Osteomielite crônica aguda da maxila. Apresentação de um caso pediátrico

RESUMEN Se presentó el caso de una paciente femenina de 9 años con historia de traumatismo a nivel de incisivos centrales superiores, por lo cual recibió tratamiento para apicoformación con hidróxido de calcio durante un periodo prolongado, que luego de realizarle la obturación de los conductos radiculares presentó un cuadro de inflamación aguda en labio superior y vestíbulo bucal. El tratamiento incluyó terapia antimicrobiana, desbridamiento quirúrgico amplio bajo anestesia general, apicectomía de ambos incisivos, obturación a visión directa de los conductos y sellado apical de los dientes con gutapercha. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue el de osteomielitis crónica agudizada del maxilar. Año y medio después se observó ausencia clínica de signos inflamatorios y adecuada cicatrización del tejido óseo. Se concluyó que, aunque los reportes de osteomielitis crónica del hueso maxilar son escasos, debe estar presente dentro del diagnóstico diferencial cuando se evalúan pacientes en edad pediátrica con historia de traumatismo dentoalveolar y procesos inflamatorios en la región maxilofacial.

ABSTRACT A nine-year old female patient presented with a history of trauma to the upper central incisors. She received treatment for apicoforming with calcium hydroxide for a prolonged period, who after root canal obturation presented acute inflammation of the upper lip and buccal vestibule. Treatment included antimicrobial therapy, extensive surgical debridement under general anesthesia, apicoectomy of both incisors, and direct visual obturation of the canals and apical sealing of the teeth with gutta-percha. The anatomopathologic diagnosis was acute chronic osteomyelitis of the maxilla. One and a half years later, clinical absence of inflammatory signs and adequate healing of the bone tissue were observed. It was concluded that, although reports concerning chronic osteomyelitis of the maxillary bone are rare events, this type of infection should be always present at the time of the differential diagnosis for evaluating pediatric patients with a history of dentoalveolar trauma and inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region.

RESUMO Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente feminina de 9 anos de idade com histórico de trauma nos incisivos centrais superiores, para a qual ela recebeu tratamento para apicoformação com hidróxido de cálcio por um período prolongado, que após a obturação do canal radicular apresentou inflamação aguda do lábio superior e vestíbulo vestibular. O tratamento incluiu terapia antimicrobiana, desbridamento cirúrgico extensivo sob anestesia geral, apicoectomia de ambos os incisivos, obturação visual direta dos canais e vedação apical dos dentes com guta-percha. O diagnóstico patológico foi uma osteomielite crônica aguda da maxila. Um ano e meio depois, houve uma ausência clínica de sinais inflamatórios e uma cicatrização adequada do tecido ósseo. Concluiu-se que, embora os relatos de osteomielite crônica do osso maxilar sejam escassos, ela deveria estar presente no diagnóstico diferencial ao avaliar pacientes pediátricos com histórico de trauma dentoalveolar e processos inflamatórios na região maxilofacial.

Synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-fluorescence: Protocol to study mesenchymal stem cells.

The micro-X-ray fluorescence by synchrotron radiation (µ-XRF) is a method to determine the composition of tissues without destroying the samples. However, this technique has never been used for the analysis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). This study compared different protocols for fixing, storing, preserving, and establishing the correct numbers of dental derived MSC submitted to µ-XRF analysis. Stem cells were obtained from human dental tissue. After cell expansion, and MACS isolation, the samples were fixed and the following quantities of cells 1 × 10(4) to 1 × 10(7) were divided in two groups: G1: fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde diluted in phosphate-buffered saline solution, and G2: fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde diluted in MilliQ water. The G1 cells showed precipitation of chemical components from the solution resulting in the formation of salt crystals while G2 cells were clear and almost transparent in the sample holder. With regards to cells concentration, the best results occurred when four droplets of 1 × 10(7) cells were analyzed. This work shows that to identify and study the distribution of trace elements in MSC by µ-XRF, the best protocol is fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde diluted with MilliQ water at 4°C and a concentration of four incremental droplets of 1 × 10(7) cells.

Desinfección de las impresiones dentales, soluciones desinfectantes y métodos de desinfección. Revisión de literatura / Disinfection of dental impressions, disinfectant solutions and disinfection methods. Literature review

La toma de impresiones en Odontología es un procedimiento frecuentemente realizado y su contaminación por microorganismos presentes en la flora bucal exige que sea some-tida a un procedimiento de desinfección después de ser retirada de boca, para reducir al máximo los riesgos de infección cruzada tanto en la clínica como en el laboratorio. Las impresiones pueden ser fuente de transmisión de infecciones entre el odontólogo y el laboratorio debido al contacto con saliva y sangre del paciente, que luego infectan de forma cruzada los moldes de yeso. Se han descrito varios métodos de desinfección de impresiones en la literatura que tienen sus propias ventajas, desventajas y efectos sobre el material de impresión. Con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento y el comportamiento de los trabajadores de la salud dental con respecto a la desinfección de impresiones, en la presen-te revisión se sintetizan las técnicas de desinfección actuales así como sus efectos sobre la estabilidad dimensional y reproducción de detalles de los materiales de impresión. El uso de un desinfectante de nivel medio es recomendado por la Asociación Dental Americana, siendo los agentes químicos más accesibles que los agentes físicos por su fácil aplicación y menor costo. El desinfectante más recomendado es el hipoclorito de sodio al 5,25%, debido a sus mínimas interacciones, su bajo precio y, aunque la solución es poco estable, su renovación es fácil y económica.

Impression taking in dentistry is a frequent performed procedure and its contamination by microorganisms present in the oral flora requires that it be subjected to a disinfection procedure after being removed from the mouth, to minimize the risks of cross infection both in the clinic as in the laboratory. Impressions can be a source of infections trans-mission between the dentist and the laboratory due to the contact with saliva and blood of the patient, which then cross-infect the plaster casts. Several methods of impressions disinfection had been described in the literature that has their own advantages, disad-vantages and effects on the impression material. In order to improve the knowledge and behavior of dental health workers regarding the disinfection of impressions, the present review summarizes current disinfection techniques as well as their effects on dimensional stability and reproduction of details of impression materials: The use of a mid-level dis-infectant is recommended by the American Dental Association, chemical agents being more accessible than physical agents because of their easy application and lower cost. The most recommended disinfectant is 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, due to the minimal interactions with impression materials, although the solution is not very stable, it is economical and easy to obtain.

PEGylated cationic nanoemulsions can efficiently bind and transfect pIDUA in a mucopolysaccharidosis type I murine model.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is an autosomal disease caused by alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency. This study proposed the use of cationic nanoemulsions as non-viral vectors for a plasmid (pIDUA) containing the gene that codes for alpha-L-iduronidase. Nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides (MCT)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP)/1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG) were prepared by high pressure homogenization. Formulations were prepared by the adsorption or encapsulation of preformed pIDUA-DOTAP complexes into the oil core of nanoemulsions at different charge ratios. pIDUA complexed was protected from enzymatic degradation by DNase I. The physicochemical characteristics of complexes in protein-containing medium were mainly influenced by the presence of DSPE-PEG. Bragg reflections corresponding to a lamellar organization were identified for blank formulations by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction, which could not be detected after pIDUA complexation. The intravenous injection of these formulations in MPS I knockout mice led to a significant increase in IDUA activity (fluorescence assay) and expression (RT-qPCR) in different organs, especially the lungs and liver. These findings were more significant for formulations prepared at higher charge ratios (+4/-), suggesting a correlation between charge ratio and transfection efficiency. The present preclinical results demonstrated that these nanocomplexes represent a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of MPS I.

Higiene de las prótesis removibles en pacientes atendidos en la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo, Ecuador 2019 / Hygiene for removable dental prostheses in patients assisted at San Gregorio de Portoviejo University, Ecuador 2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la prótesis dental removible es un tratamiento rehabilitador que devuelve las funciones al sistema estomatognático; para su éxito se necesita responsabilidad y compromiso entre el profesional y el paciente sobre la higiene y modo de uso. Objetivo: determinar el estado higiénico de la prótesis removible acrílica en los pacientes atendidos en las clínicas odontológicas de la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo en el periodo marzo-agosto de 2019. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando un cuestionario y una ficha de observación validados. Todos los sujetos de la investigación firmaron el consentimiento informado antes de responder el cuestionario y ser examinados. Se aplicó la estadística descriptiva, frecuencia y porcentaje. Resultados: fueron evaluados 100 paciente, con predominio del sexo femenino (74 %), y la edad de 50 años o más (54 %). Los resultados muestran que el 53 % de los pacientes usan prótesis confeccionadas por cinco o más años, y que el 94 % no ha asistido a controles subsiguientes. El método mecánico (86 %) es el más utilizado para higienizar las prótesis, y en el 65 % de las prótesis se observó acumulación de placa bacteriana y restos de alimento. La mayoría de los pacientes (78 %) usa la prótesis dental durante todo el día (24 horas) y, cerca de la mitad, tiene signos clínicos de estomatitis subprotésica (46 %). Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes no cumplen con las normas de higiene y uso de las prótesis removibles por lo cual se necesita un cambio en su educación y seguimiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the removable dental prostheses is a rehabilitation treatment that returns the functions to the stomatognathic system; for its successful action it is necessary responsibility and commitment between the professional and the patient on hygiene and mode of use. Objective: to determine the hygienic condition of the removable acrylic prostheses in patients attended in the dental clinics at San Gregorio de Portoviejo University in the period March - August 2019. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a validated questionnaire and observation worksheet. All participants in the research provided handwritten signature informed consent form before answering the questionnaire and being examined. Descriptive statistics, frequency and percentage were applied. Results: a total of 100 patients were evaluated, with higher prevalence in females (74%), and 50 years of age or more (54%). The results show that 53% of the patients use prostheses made for five or more years, and 94% have not attended subsequent checks. The mechanical method (86%) is the most used to sanitize the prostheses, and in 65% of the prostheses was observed accumulation of bacterial plaque and food debris. Most patients (78%) wear their prostheses throughout the day (24 hours) and about half have clinical signs of subprosthetic stomatitis (46%). Conclusions: Most patients do not comply with the rules of hygiene and use of removable prostheses so a change is needed in their education and monitoring.

Caracterización de la estomatitis subprotésica en portadores de prótesis removible en clínicas de la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo, Ecuador / Characterization of subprosthetic stomatitis in patients with removable prosthesis. San Gregorio de Portoviejo University

RESUMEN Introducción: La estomatitis subprotésica es un proceso inflamatorio de la mucosa bucal que se encuentra cubierta por una prótesis removible, de causa multifactorial y alta prevalencia. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estomatitis subprotésica en pacientes portadores de prótesis removible atendidos en las clínicas odontológicas de la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo en el período marzo-noviembre de 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con los criterios de inclusión siguientes: mayores de 18 años, ambos sexos, buen estado de salud general, no practicar hábitos tóxicos, usar prótesis removible, total o parcial, confeccionada de acrílico o metales. Todos los sujetos de la investigación firmaron el consentimiento informado antes de realizarles la historia clínica de odontología del Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador de donde se extrajeron los datos sociodemográficos, signos clínicos y características de la prótesis. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 100 pacientes. El 45 %, presentaba signos clínicos de estomatitis subprotésica; predominó el sexo femenino con el 33 % y el grupo de edad de 40 a 59 años con un 26 %. La mayoría de las prótesis no se ajustan ni adaptan de manera correcta, y tienen un mal estado físico, en el 80, 82,2 y el 91 %, respectivamente. El 84,4 % de los pacientes utilizaba prótesis parcial removible, confeccionadas con acrílico, por un periodo de 1 a 6 años en el 60 % de los casos. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de estomatitis subprotésica se asocia con el mal estado físico, desajuste e inadecuada adaptación de las prótesis removibles, lo que indica la necesidad de la institución para el establecimiento de estrategias docentes hacia la comunidad para su prevención y diagnóstico temprano.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Subprosthetic stomatitis is an inflammatory process of the mucosa in the oral cavity covered by a removable prosthesis, with a multifactorial cause and high prevalence. Objective: To characterize subprosthetic stomatitis in patients with removable prosthesis treated at the dental clinics of San Gregorio University in Portoviejo in the period March-November 2019. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, with the following inclusion criteria: patients over 18 years old, both sexes, good general health, no toxic habits, use of removable prosthesis, total or partial, made of acrylic or metals. All the patients involved in the research signed their consent, information given to them before taking their dental records taken by the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, from which socio-demographic data, clinical signs and characteristics of the prosthesis were extracted. Results: 100 patients were evaluated. Forty-five per cent showed clinical signs of subprosthetic stomatitis; the female sex (33%) predominated and the age group 40-59 years with (26%). Most of the prosthesis did not fit or adapt correctly and were in poor physical condition in 80%, 82.2% and 91% respectively. 84.4% of the patients used removable partial prosthesis, made of acrylic, for a period of 1 to 6 years, (60%) of the cases. Conclusions: The diagnosis of subprosthetic stomatitis is associated with poor physical condition, maladjustment and inadequate adaptation of removable prostheses, which indicates the need for the institution to establish educational strategies towards the community for prevention and early diagnosis.

Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos: 75 años de creación / Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of San Marcos: 75 years of its creation

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Etapas históricas del proceso de formación en la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral en provincia Guantánamo / Etapas históricas do processo de formação na especialidade de estomatologia geral abrangente na província de Guantánamo / Historical stages of the training process in the specialty of General Comprehensive Stomatology in Guantanamo province

Introducción: a lo largo de su historia la formación de estomatólogos en Cuba transita por diferentes planes de estudios pero no hay dudas que los cambios más radicales se generan a partir del triunfo de la Revolución Cubana, cuando se produce una democratización del acceso a la carrera, el desarrollo de la educación de posgrado, sobre todo de la especialización y el tránsito gradual de la concepción del proceso salud enfermedad. Objetivo: exponer la consolidación del proceso de formación en la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral en provincia Guantánamo. Desarrollo: se realizó un análisis histórico del proceso formativo de la Especialidad de Estomatología General Integral en Guantánamo considerando la relevancia que tiene esa especialidad en el sistema de atención estomatológica en Cuba. Se tienen en cuenta los siguientes indicadores: modelo formativo, forma de ingreso al proceso formativo, escenario de formación y modelo de atención estomatológica. Se establecieron los hitos históricos que permitieron delimitar tres etapas del proceso formativo en la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral, las regularidades históricas y descripción de cada etapa y, finalmente, se planteó la tendencia histórica que prevaleció en el proceso. Conclusiones: al analizar de manera integral las etapas del proceso de formación en la especialidad de EGI se estableció como tendencia histórica: el proceso de formación en la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral ha transitado desde un modelo biologicista y curativo, de una práctica asistencial fragmentada, y un ingreso selectivo de los estomatólogos, hacia un modelo biopsicosocial, basado en la promoción de salud y la prevención de enfermedades, pero ha mantenido en sus planes de estudio el enfoque tradicional con los objetivos como categorías rectoras(AU)

Introduction: throughout its history, the training of stomatologists in Cuba has been going through different study plans, but there is no doubt that the most radical changes are generated after the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, when there is a democratization of access to careers, the development of postgraduate education, especially the specialization and the gradual transition of the conception of the health disease process. Objective: to present the consolidation of the training process in the specialty of General Comprehensive Stomatology in Guantanamo province. Development: a historical analysis of the training process of the Specialty of General Comprehensive Stomatology in Guantánamo was carried out considering the relevance of this specialty in the dental care system in Cuba. The following indicators are taken into account: training model, form of entry into the training process, training scenario and stomatological care model. In the article the historical milestones were established that allowed to delimit three stages of the formative process in the specialty of Integral General Dentistry, the historical regularities and description of each stage and, finally, the historical tendency that prevailed in the process was raised. Conclusions: by comprehensively analyzing the stages of the training process in the specialty of EGI was established as a historical trend: the training process in the specialty of General Comprehensive Stomatology has gone from a biologicist and curative model, a fragmented care practice, and a selective entrance of the stomatologists, towards a biopsychosocial model, based on health promotion and disease prevention, but it has maintained in its study plans the traditional approach with the objectives as governing categories(AU)

Introdução: Ao longo de sua história a formação de odontologia em Cuba passa por currículos diferentes, mas não há dúvida de que as mudanças mais radicais são gerados a partir do triunfo da Revolução Cubana, quando um acesso democratização ocorre para a corrida , o desenvolvimento do ensino de pós-graduação, especialmente a especialização e a transição gradual da concepção do processo de doença em saúde. Objetivo: apresentar a consolidação do processo de formação na especialidade de Estomatologia Geral Geral na província de Guantánamo. Desenvolvimento: uma análise histórica do processo de formação da especialidade de estomatologia geral abrangente em Guantánamo foi realizada considerando a relevância desta especialidade no sistema de atendimento odontológico em Cuba. Os seguintes indicadores são levados em consideração: modelo de treinamento, forma de entrada no processo de treinamento, cenário de treinamento e modelo de atendimento estomatológico. No artigo, os marcos históricos que ajudaram a determinar três etapas do processo educativo na especialidade de Estomatologia Integral Geral resolvido, regularidades históricas e descrição de cada fase e, finalmente, a tendência histórica que prevaleceu no processo foi levantada. Conclusões: para analisar de forma abrangente os estágios de formação na especialidade de EGI foi estabelecida como uma tendência histórica: o processo de formação na especialidade de Integral Odontologia geral passou de biologicista e modelo curativo da prática do cuidado fragmentado, e uma entrada seletiva dos estomatologistas, em direção a um modelo biopsicossocial, baseado na promoção da saúde e na prevenção de doenças, mas manteve em seus planos de estudo a abordagem tradicional com os objetivos como categorias reguladoras(AU)

Dolor crónico del maxilar. presentación de un caso / Chronic pain of the maxilla. presentation of a case

Se presentó el caso de una paciente de 31 años de edad atendida en el Departamento de Patología bucal de la Universidad de San Gregorio de Portoviejo, Ecuador, con historia de dolor de más de dos años de duración en el maxilar derecho luego de una extracción dentaria. Se abordaron aspectos de la semiotecnia diagnóstica y el tratamiento. Se realizó una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica sobre el tema(AU)

It was presented a case of 31-year-old female patient admitted at the Department of Oral Pathology at the University of San Gregorio of Portoviejo, Ecuador, with a history of pain of more than two years in the right maxilla after a tooth extraction. Aspects of diagnostic, semiotic and treatment are exposed. An updated review of the scientific literature on the subject is made(AU)

Spectrochemical analysis of dental calculus by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence.

This work presents elemental composition studies of human dental calculus by X-ray fluorescence analysis using synchrotron radiation. The intrinsic characteristics of synchrotron light allow for a quantitative analysis of major, minor, and trace elements of very small samples in a single measurement. At present, several theories of calculus formation exist, but none of them can describe completely all the complicated mechanisms involved in the mineralization processes. For this reason, and taking into account that experimental data are long overdue, several calculi with certain degrees of formation were collected from adult patients for analysis. The ratio of calcium/phosphorus was used as an indicator of the major crystalline structure and the state of formation of the calculus. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between the concentrations of certain elements and the type of calculus (supra- or sub-gingival). In addition, the possible correlation between the elements was analyzed.