Polymerization Efficacy Affects the Long-term Mini-interfacial Fracture Toughness.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of the type and concentration of photo-initiator on the long-term bonding efficacy to dentin in terms of mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bonding efficacy of the one-step self-etch (SE) adhesive Clearfil S3 Bond Plus and four derivative experimental adhesives (Leuven University Bond [LUB]), which were similar in composition except for the (co)photo-initiators (all prepared by Kuraray Noritake), containing 2.0 wt% camphorquinone (CQ) and 2.0 wt% EDMAB (LUB-CQ/amine_high), 0.35 wt% CQ and 0.35 wt% EDMAB (LUB-CQ/amine_low ), 2.0 wt% TPO (LUB-TPO_high), and 0.35 wt% TPO (LUB-TPO_low), was measured using a mini-iFT approach after being aged for 6 months and 1 year by water storage at 37°C (control: 1 week mini-iFT). The mini-iFT specimens were loaded until failure in a 4-point bending device to determine the interfacial fracture toughness (KIc). All fractured specimens were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The mini-iFT of Clearfil S3 Bond Plus and the adhesives with high photo-initiator concentrations was not significantly different at 6 months, although it dropped significantly at 1 year. For each storage period, the mini-iFT of the adhesives with high photo-initiator concentrations was not significantly different from that of the commercial adhesive, in contrast to the significantly lower mini-iFT measured for adhesives with low concentrations of photo-initiator. SEM fracture analysis revealed that the adhesives with high concentrations of photo-initiator most frequently failed at the top of the hybrid layer at 1 week, while this failure pattern shifted to the bottom of the hybrid layer after aging. CONCLUSION: A one-step self-etch adhesive should contain photo-initiator in a sufficiently high concentration, as this directly improves its immediate and long-term bonding efficacy to dentin. While the mini-iFT remained stable up to 6 month of aging for both the commercial and the adhesive with a high concentration of photo-initiator, the mini-iFT was found to decrease after 1 year of aging.

Mini-interfacial Fracture Toughness of a Multimode Adhesive Bonded to Plasma-treated Dentin.

PURPOSE: To investigate the bonding efficacy of a multimode adhesive to plasma-treated and -untreated (control) dentin using a mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty human molars were used in a split-tooth design (n = 10). The adhesive Scotchbond Universal (SBU; 3M ESPE) was applied in etch-and-rinse (E&R) and self-etch (SE) modes. Mid-coronal dentin was exposed and covered with a standardized smear layer ground to 320 grit. One half of each dentin surface received 15 s of non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP), while the other half was covered with a metallic barrier and kept untreated. Following the E&R mode, dentin was plasma treated immediately after phosphoric acid etching. SBU and a resin-based composite were applied to dentin following the manufacturer's instructions. Six mini-iFT specimens were prepared per tooth (1.5 x 2.0 x 16 to 18 mm), and a single notch was prepared at the adhesive-dentin interface using a 150-µm diamond blade under water cooling. Half of the mini-iFT specimens were immediately loaded until failure in a 4-point bending test, while the other half were first stored in distilled water for 6 months. After testing, the exact dimensions of the notch were measured with a measuring optical microscope, from which ΚIc was determined. RESULTS: Three-way ANOVA revealed higher mini-iFT for SBU applied in E&R than SE mode for both storage times, irrespective of NTAP treatment. CONCLUSION: Overall, mini-iFT did not decrease for any of the experimental groups upon 6-month aging, while plasma treatment did not show a direct beneficial effect on mini-iFT of SBU applied in either E&R or SE mode.

Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine and correlate the degree of conversion (DC) with Vickers hardness (VH) and translucency parameter (TP) with the depth of cure (DoC) of five bulk-fill composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six specimens per group, consisting of Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill ("TEC Bulk," Ivoclar Vivadent), SonicFill (Kerr), SDR Smart Dentin Replacement ("SDR," Dentsply), Xenius base ("Xenius," StickTech; commercialized as EverX Posterior, GC), Filtek Bulk Fill flowable ("Filtek Bulk," 3M ESPE), and Tetric EvoCeram ("TEC," control), were prepared for DC and VH: two 2-mm-thick layers, each light-cured for 10 s; one 4-mm bulk-fill, light-cured for 10 or 20 s; and one 6-mm bulk-fill, cured for 20 s. DC was measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, VH using a Vickers hardness tester. DoC and TP were measured using an acetone-shaking test and a spectrophotometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson's correlation (α = 0.05). RESULTS: DC and VH ranged between 40-70 % and 30-80 VHN, respectively. TEC Bulk, Xenius, and SonicFill, bulk-filled as 4-mm-thick specimens, showed bottom-to-top hardness ratios above 80 % after 20 s curing. A positive linear correlation was found for bottom DC and VH. An average DC ratio of 0.9 corresponded to a bottom-to-top VH ratio of 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: Sculptable bulk-fills require 20 s, whereas 10 s curing time was sufficient for flowable bulk-fills using a high-intensity LED unit. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware that longer curing times may be required for sculptable than flowable bulk-fill composites in order to achieve optimal curing characteristics.

Modified tricalcium silicate cement formulations with added zirconium oxide.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the effect of modifying tricalcium silicate (TCS) cements on three key properties by adding ZrO2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TCS powders were prepared by adding ZrO2 at six different concentrations. The powders were mixed with 1 M CaCl2 solution at a 3:1 weight ratio. Biodentine (contains 5 wt.% ZrO2) served as control. To evaluate the potential effect on mechanical properties, the mini-fracture toughness (mini-FT) was measured. Regarding bioactivity, Ca release was assessed using ICP-AES. The component distribution within the cement matrix was evaluated by Feg-SEM/EPMA. Cytotoxicity was assessed using an XTT assay. RESULTS: Adding ZrO2 to TCS did not alter the mini-FT (p = 0.52), which remained in range of that of Biodentine (p = 0.31). Ca release from TSC cements was slightly lower than that from Biodentine at 1 day (p > 0.05). After 1 week, Ca release from TCS 30 and TCS 50 increased to a level that was significantly higher than that from Biodentine (p < 0.05). After 1 month, Ca release all decreased (p < 0.05), yet TCS 0 and TCS 50 released comparable amounts of Ca as at 1 day (p > 0.05). EPMA revealed a more even distribution of ZrO2 within the TCS cements. Particles with an un-reacted core were surrounded by a hydration zone. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h extracts of TCS 50 were the least cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS: ZrO2 can be added to TCS without affecting the mini-FT; Ca release was reduced initially, to reach a prolonged release thereafter; adding ZrO2 made TCS cements more biocompatible. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TCS 50 is a promising cement formulation to serve as a biocompatible hydraulic calcium silicate cement.

Influence of Light Irradiation Through Zirconia on the Degree of Conversion of Composite Cements.

PURPOSE: To assess the light irradiance (LI) delivered by two light-curing units and to measure the degree of conversion (DC) of three composite cements and one flowable composite when cured through zirconia or ceramic-veneered zirconia plates with different thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three dual-curing composite cements (Clearfil Esthetic Cement, Panavia F2.0, G-CEM LinkAce) and one light-curing flowable composite (G-aenial Universal Flo) were investigated. Nine different kinds of zirconia plates were prepared from three zirconia grades (YSZ: Aadva and KATANA; Ce-TZP/Al2O3: NANOZR) in three different thicknesses (0.5- and 1.5-mm-thick zirconia, and 0.5-mm-thick zirconia veneered with a 1.0-mm-thick veneering ceramic). Portions of the mixed composite cements and the flowable composite were placed on a light spectrometer to measure LI while being light cured through the zirconia plates for 40 s using two light-curing units (n = 5). After light curing, micro-Raman spectra of the composite films were acquired to determine DC at 5 and 10 min, 1 and 24 h, and at 1 week. RESULTS: The zirconia grade and the thickness of the zirconia/veneered zirconia plates significantly decreased LI. Increased LI did not increase DC. Only the Ce-TZP/Al2O3 (NANOZR) zirconia was too opaque to allow sufficient light transmission and resulted in significantly lower DC. CONCLUSION: Although zirconia-based restorations attenuate the LI of light-curing units, the composite cements and the flowable composite could be light cured through the YSZ zirconia. LI is too low through Ce-TZP/Al2O3 zirconia, necessitating the use of self-/dual-curing composite cements.

Correlative micro-Raman/EPMA analysis of the hydraulic calcium silicate cement interface with dentin.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to characterize the chemical interplay of hydraulic calcium silicate cements at dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class I cavities were prepared in non-carious human third molars and filled with Biodentine (Septodont) or ProRoot MTA (Dentsply). After 1-day, 1-week, and 1-month Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) storage, the specimens were cross-sectioned perpendicular to the cement-dentin interface. The interfaces were evaluated using micro-Raman (µRaman) spectroscopy and at a higher spatial resolution using field emission gun electron probe microanalysis (Feg-SEM/EPMA). RESULTS: µRaman spectroscopy revealed the formation of a transition zone at the interface of both Biodentine (Septodont) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply) with dentin, having an average thickness of, respectively, 7.5 ± 4.2 and 6.2 ± 5.4 µm, which however was not statistically different. No difference in interfacial ultrastructure and chemistry was found using µRaman spectroscopy between 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month DPBS-stored specimens. The observation of a transition zone at the cement-dentin interfaces contrasts with the EPMA data that revealed a sharper transition from cement to dentin. Again, no difference in interfacial ultrastructure and chemistry was found for different storage periods, with the exception of one 1 month DPBS-stored specimen prepared using Biodentine (Septodont). More specifically, EPMA revealed a gap of about 10-µm wide in the latter specimen that was filled up with newly formed calcium phosphate depositions. CONCLUSIONS: Up to 1 month, the interaction of hydraulic calcium silicate cements investigated did not reveal ultrastructural or chemical changes at unaffected dentin with the exception of a calcium phosphate gap-filling property. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hydraulic calcium silicate cements were found to fill gaps by calcium phosphate deposition, however, without conducting chemical changes to the adjacent dentin.

Interfacial fracture toughness of different surface treatments on zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics.

This study investigated the influence of different surface treatments on unfiring or firing zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) glass-ceramics. Celtra Duo and IPS e.max CAD blocks were cut and process following manufacturer protocols. The specimen surface was treated with seven different protocols. Two ceramic blocks with the same surface treatment were bonded with luting agent and prepared for mini-interfacial fracture toughness tests (mini-iFT). The specimens were tested after 1-week storage. The data was statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 comparison (α=0.05). The highest mini-iFT of both Celtra Duo unfired and fired was shown in the HF+S group, which was not significantly different from HF+S+UA. For IPS e.max CAD, the mini-iFT was higher in the groups treated with hydrofluoric acid. Additional adhesive after silane application did not significantly improve bonding effectiveness. Therefore, surface treatment with hydrofluoric acid and silane is recommended for both unfiring and firing ZLS glass ceramics.

Fracture resistance of CAD/CAM blocks cemented on dentin using different cementation strategies.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the fracture resistance of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin-based composites and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network materials cemented on dentin is influenced by the restoration thickness and composite cement application strategy. METHODS: Disc-shaped specimens (Ø = 7 mm) of 0.8 mm and 1.5 mm thicknesses were milled from two CAD/CAM materials: resin-based composite (RBC, Cerasmart 270) and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN, Vita Enamic). The discs (n = 8 per group) were cemented on flattened dentin using three different cementation strategies: 1) self-adhesive composite cement (RelyX U200) in light-curing mode (LC-SAC), 2) universal adhesive (Single Bond Universal) with composite cement (RelyX Ultimate) in auto-curing mode (AC cement), and 3) adhesive and composite cement as in 2) but in light-curing mode (LC cement). The restorative surface was indented perpendicularly with a compressive load using a universal testing machine until fracture. The fracture resistance (N) of RBC and PICN was separately analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The fracture resistance of each material was significantly influenced by the material thickness and cementation strategy (P < 0.05). Irrespective of the material type and cementation strategy, thicker materials exhibit higher fracture resistance. For RBC, the fracture resistance of the LC cement group was significantly higher than that of AC cement only at 0.8 mm thickness. For PICN, the LC-cement cementation strategy produced superior fracture resistance, regardless of the restoration thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The fracture resistance of Cerasmart 270 was higher for the thicker material; the fracture resistance of LC cement was higher than that of AC cement at 0.8 mm thickness cemented to dentin. In comparison, LC cement showed the highest fracture resistance for Vita Enamic for both material thicknesses.

Influence of Lithium- and Zinc-Containing Bioactive Glasses on Pulpal Regeneration.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of modified bioactive glasses containing lithium and zinc as pulp capping materials by investigating the odontogenic differentiation and mineralization response in the tooth culture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lithium- and zinc-containing bioactive glasses (45S5.1Li, 45S5.5Li, 45S5.1Zn, 45S5.5Zn, 45S5.1Zn sol-gel, and 45S5.5Zn sol-gel), fibrinogen-thrombin, and biodentine were prepared to assess Axin2 gene expression at 0, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 12 hours, and 1 day and DSPP gene expression at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) using qRT-PCR. The experimental bioactive glasses incorporated with fibrinogen-thrombin and biodentine were placed on the pulpal tissue in the tooth culture model. Histology and immunohistochemistry were analyzed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. RESULTS: Axin2 gene expression for all experimental groups was significantly higher than the control at 12 hours. The DSPP gene expression for all experimental groups was significantly higher than the control at 14 days. The presence of mineralization foci was significantly higher at 4 weeks for the modified bioactive glasses 45S5.5Zn, 45S5.1Zn sol-gel, and 45S5.5Zn sol-gel as well as Biodentine compared with the fibrinogen-thrombin control. CONCLUSION: Lithium- and zinc-containing bioactive glasses increased Axin2 and DSPP gene expression in SHEDs and can potentially enhance pulp mineralization and regeneration. Zinc-containing bioactive glasses are a promising candidate to be used as pulp capping materials.

Effect of post-polymerization with autoclaving treatment on monomer elution and mechanical properties of 3D-printing acrylic resin for splint fabrication.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of post-treatment autoclaving on monomer elution and mechanical properties of three-dimensionally (3D) printed resin for splint fabrication. METHODS: Photopolymer resin specimens (Dental LT Clear) were 3D-printed and processed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were randomly divided to different post-treatment protocols: water storage, autoclaving at different temperatures (121 °C or 132 °C), times (4 or 30 min) and no treatment as a control. The elution of UDMA, HEMA, and EGDMA monomers was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by immersing the specimens in 75% ethanol for 72 h. The flexural modulus, surface microhardness and linear dimensional changes were measured. The monomer elution and flexural modulus were statistically analyzed using Welch's ANOVA followed by Dunnett's T3 tests, while the surface microhardness and dimensional changes were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The overall monomer elution concentrations were significantly highest for the control group and lowest for specimens treated in an autoclave at 132 °C for 4 min. The flexural modulus was not significantly different between all groups. The surface microhardness was significantly higher for all autoclaved groups than the control and water storage groups. The linear expansion was significantly higher after post-treatment autoclaving in contrast to water storage. SIGNIFICANCE/CONCLUSIONS: Post-polymerization autoclave treatment of the 3D-printed resin reduced monomer elution and improved surface microhardness without deteriorating the flexural modulus. Post-treatment with an autoclave at 132 °C for 4 min can be recommended for 3D-printed resin for splint fabrication.

A Retrospective Clinical Study on Factors Influencing the Failure of NCCL Restorations.

Objectives: This retrospective study evaluated the factors influencing the clinical failure of noncarious cervical lesion (NCCL) restorations. Methods: Patients were routinely treated by undergraduate or postgraduate students and randomly received a clinical recall evaluation. A retrospective study was performed with two experienced calibrated examiners to evaluate NCCL restorations, including the critical parameters of retention, caries, marginal discoloration, and marginal integrity. The factors related to the restoration included gender, age, arch site, tooth position, the presence of occlusal wear facets, caries risk, operator, adhesive strategy, and composite. The clinical failure comparison between the parameters and factors was performed using the binary logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 460 cervical restorations from 96 patients were evaluated. The adhesive strategy and the presence of occlusal wear facets were the most important factors influencing the parameter failure. Therefore, the highest failure was marginal integrity, in which the gingival marginal integrity failure was 50.7%, and the occlusal marginal integrity failure was 42.4%. Conclusions: The main factors influencing clinical failure for partial loss, marginal discoloration, and marginal integrity were the adhesive strategy and the presence of occlusal wear facets. Therefore, marginal integrity was the most frequent failure parameter.

Buffering capacity and antibacterial properties among bioactive glass-containing orthodontic adhesives.

This study was to evaluate the acid-buffering capacity and antibacterial properties of orthodontic adhesives containing bioactive glasses (BAGs) (45S5, 45S5F, S53P4), Hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and Canasite. Fillers comprising 15 wt% bioactive glasses, HAp, ß-TCP, and Canasite incorporated with 55 wt% silanated glass were added to a mixture of UDMA/TEGDMA. Acid-buffering capacity was tested by exposing disc-shaped samples of each adhesive to medium of bacteria-produced acids, and pH changes were recorded at 24 and 48 h. Antibacterial properties were assessed by indirect testing by exposing polymerized adhesive samples to a medium and direct testing by immersing the specimens in solutions containing S. mutans and S. sanguinis. A significant buffering capacity was shown by the 45S5, 45S5F and S53P4 BAG adhesives. The antibacterial properties were not significant in all experimental adhesives. Therefore, the experimental orthodontic adhesives containing BAGs demonstrated a significant buffering capacity but did not show significant antibacterial properties against S. mutans and S. sanguinis.

The effect of the elastic modulus of low-viscosity resins on the microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations under occlusal loading.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various intermediate layers on the microleakage of Class V restorations under an occlusal load. Wedge-shaped cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of 72 extracted premolars, which were then treated with an adhesive system (One Up Bond F Plus), divided into three groups, and restored with: 1) Estelite Sigma resin composite, 2) a resin composite with Low Flow flowable composite, or 3) a resin composite with High Flow flowable composite. The specimens were subjected to a nano-indentation test to evaluate the elastic modulus of successive layers at the resin-dentine interface and were subjected to a microleakage test under either unloaded or loaded conditions. The elastic moduli were significantly different among substrates (p<0.05), except between the hybrid layer/Low Flow and the hybrid layer/High Flow. The elastic moduli of the Low Flow composite were higher than those of the High Flow composite. Occlusal force increased dentine leakage in the group that was restored without flowable composites.

The elastic moduli across various types of resin/dentin interfaces.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the elastic moduli of an unfilled adhesive resin (Adper Single Bond) and a filled adhesive resin (Adper Single Bond 2) used with and without a low-viscosity resin (LVR) (Filtek Flow) as an elastic cavity wall in class V composite restorations, restored with a hybrid resin composite (Z250). METHODS: Buccal class V cavities were prepared on extracted premolars and lined with (1) the unfilled adhesive resin, (2) the filled adhesive resin, (3) the unfilled adhesive resin and the flowable composite, and (4) the filled adhesive resin and the flowable composite. All cavities were restored with the hybrid resin composite. The specimens were cut bucco-lingually, embedded in epoxy resin and polished. The polished specimens were evaluated for the elastic modulus with nano-indentation test at the layer of dentin, hybrid layer, adhesive resin, low-viscosity resin and resin composite. RESULTS: The elastic moduli were 25,111 MPa for dentin, 12,243 MPa for hybrid layer of Adper Single Bond, 11,765 MPa for hybrid layer of Adper Single Bond 2, 7595 MPa for Adper Single Bond, 8430 MPa for Adper Single Bond 2, 13,543 MPa for Filtek Flow and 24,494 MPa for Filtek Z250 resin composite. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the elastic moduli were significantly different among layers (p<0.05) except between hybrid layers of unfilled and filled adhesives (p=1.0). CONCLUSION: The application of filled adhesive did not increase the elastic modulus of hybrid layer when compared with the unfilled adhesive resin. The modulus of filled adhesive resin was significantly higher than that of unfilled adhesive resin.

Polymerization efficiency affects interfacial fracture toughness of adhesives.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the kind and concentration of photo-initiator on the degree of conversion (DC) of adhesives on dentin/glass substrates and their mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) to dentin. METHODS: We tested the adhesive Clearfil S3 Bond Plus and 4 derived experimental 'LUB' ('Leuven Univesity Bond') adhesives (all from Kuraray Noritake), namely 'LUB-CQ/amine_high', 'LUB-CQ/amine_low', 'LUB-TPO_high', and 'LUB-TPO_low', respectively containing 2.0wt% camphorquinone (CQ) and 2.0wt% EDMAB (amine), 0.35wt% CQ and 0.35wt% amine, 2.0wt% TPO, and 0.35wt% TPO. For DC, each adhesive was applied onto glass or dentin prior to being cured (Bluephase 20i; Ivoclar Vivadent: "high mode") for 10s. DC was measured at 5min, 10min, 1h, 24h and 1 week using micro-Raman spectroscopy (SENTERRA; BrukerOptik). For mini-iFT, each adhesive was bonded to 320-grit SiC-paper ground dentin and covered with composite (Z100; 3M ESPE). The restored teeth were cut in sticks (1.5×2.0×16mm), after which a single-gradient notch was prepared at the adhesive-dentin interface using a 150-µm diamond blade. The micro-specimens were loaded until failure in a 4-point bending test and the mini-iFT in term of KQvM was calculated. RESULTS: DC was higher on dentin than on glass. All adhesives were adequately polymerized at 1 week, except for LUB-TPO_low. DC at 5min was significantly higher for LUB-TPO_high than for both CQ/amine-based adhesives. The highest and most reliable mini-iFT was measured for LUB-CQ/amine_high, despite its 5-min DC was relatively low. No correlation between DC and mini-iFT was found. SIGNIFICANCE: Curing of TPO-based adhesives is faster, but the dark cure of the CQ/amine-containing adhesives is more efficient. The differences in curing profiles do affect the mechanical properties of the resultant interfaces at dentin.

Effect of elastic cavity wall and occlusal loading on microleakage and dentin bond strength.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of an unfilled-adhesive resin (Adper Single Bond) and a filled-adhesive resin (Adper Single Bond 2) with and without a low viscosity resin (Filtek Flow) as an elastic cavity wall on marginal leakage and dentin microtensile bond strength in Class V composite restorations under unloaded and loaded conditions. METHODS: V-shaped cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 56 premolars lined with unfilled (Groups 1 and 3) or filled (Groups 2 and 4) adhesives with (Groups 3 and 4) and without (Groups 1 and 2) a low viscosity resin and restored with a resin composite. The restored teeth in each group were divided into two sub-groups for unloaded and loaded conditions with 50N loading force for 250,000 cycles parallel to the long-axis of the tooth. Five specimens from each group were cut bucco-lingually 0.7 mm thick and subjected to a dye leakage test for four hours using 2% methylene blue dye. The tested specimens were then trimmed into dumbbell shapes at the gingival margin and subjected to microtensile testing. The remaining two specimens were cut, embedded and observed for resin/dentin interfaces under a scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: For the microleakage test, there were no significant differences in microleakage among the groups on both the enamel and dentin margin. No statistically significant differences were found between microleakage of the loaded and unloaded groups on enamel margins for all materials. There were statistically significant differences between microleakage of the loaded and unloaded groups on the dentin margin for Groups 3 and 4. For the microtensile test, the significant difference was found between Groups 1 and 4 for the unloaded groups. For the loaded groups, there were no significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 and Groups 3 and 4. There were no statistically significant differences in microtensile bond strength between the loaded and unloaded groups except for Group 2. CONCLUSION: The application of filled adhesive or low viscosity resin had no influence on marginal leakage at both the enamel and dentin margin but it had an influence on the microtensile bond strength to dentin of Class V restorations. Occlusal loading significantly increased the degree of marginal leakage at the dentin margin when low viscosity was applied in combination with either unfilled or filled-adhesives, but it decreased dentin bond strength in the group treated with only filled adhesive.

Effect of thermocycling on the durability of etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives on dentin.

The objective was to compare bond strengths of adhesives with/without thermocycling and to analyze the micromorphology of resindentin interfaces. Flat dentin surfaces were prepared and divided into eight groups to bond with four etch-and-rinse adhesives (Optibond FL, Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Optibond Solo Plus, and Single Bond 2) and four self-etch adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, Adper SE Plus, Clearfil S(3) Bond and Adper Easy Bond). Specimens were further divided into two subgroups subjected for with/without thermocycling and then subjected to both micro-tensile test and resin-dentin interface evaluation. The results revealed that there were significant differences in bond strength between the groups with and without thermocycling for all etch-and-rinse groups and for the Adper Easy Bond self-etch group (p<0.01). Clearfil SE Bond demonstrated highly durable bond strengths. Furthermore, more silver ion uptake was observed at the resin-dentin interfaces for all etch-and-rinse adhesives and Adper SE Plus and Adper Easy Bond after thermocycling.

Correlative analysis of cement-dentin interfaces using an interfacial fracture toughness and micro-tensile bond strength approach.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the interfacial fracture toughness (iFT) and micro-tensile strength (µTBS) of composite cements bonded to dentin. METHODS: Fifty feldspar ceramic blocks (Vita Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik) were luted onto dentin using two self-adhesive (G-CEM LinkAce, GC; SpeedCEM, Ivoclar Vivadent), two self-etch (Multilink Primer & Multilink Automix, Ivoclar Vivadent; Scotchbond Universal & RelyX Ultimate, 3 M ESPE), and one etch-and-rinse (Excite F DSC & Variolink II, Ivoclar Vivadent) composite cement (n=10). After 48h in 100% relative humidity at 37°C, one half of each tooth was sectioned in sticks with a chevron notch at the cement-dentin interface and tested in a 4-point bending test setup (iFT). The remaining half of the tooth was sectioned in micro-specimens and stressed in tension until failure (µTBS). The mode of failure was determined with a stereomicroscope at 50× magnification. Data were submitted to Weibull analysis and Pearson's correlation (α=0.05). RESULTS: At 10% probability of failure, no significant differences could be found using iFT, while the etch-and-rinse composite cement Variolink II presented a significantly higher µTBS at this level. At 63.2% probability of failure, the self-adhesive composite cement G-CEM LinkAce revealed a significantly lower µTBS and iFT, and the self-etch cement Multilink Automix also revealed a significantly lower µTBS than all other cements. The correlation found between iFT and µTBS was moderate and not significant (r2=0.618, p=0.11). SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, the etch-and-rinse and 'universal' self-etch composite cements performed best. The micro-tensile bond strength and interfacial fracture toughness tests did not correlate well.

Mini-interfacial fracture toughness as a new validated enamel-bonding effectiveness test.

UNLABELLED: Today׳s most commonly applied bonding effectiveness tests are criticized for their high variability and low reliability, the latter in particular with regard to measuring the actual strength of the adhesive interface. OBJECTIVES: in continuation of previous research conducted at dentin, we hereby aimed to validate the novel mini-interfacial fracture toughness (mini-iFT) test on its applicability to assess bonding effectiveness of contemporary adhesives when bonded to enamel. METHODS: The 3-step etch&rinse (E&R) adhesive OptiBond FL (Kerr), the 2-step self-etch (SE) adhesive Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake) and the two multi-mode adhesives Clearfil S(3) Bond Plus (Kuraray Noritake) and Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE), both used following a 2-step E&R and 1-step SE mode, were applied to clinically relevant, flattened enamel surfaces. A composite (Filtek Z100; 3M ESPE) build-up was made in layers. After 1-week water storage at 37°C, all specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the interface to obtain rectangular sticks. A mini-iFT notch was prepared at the adhesive-enamel interface using a thin diamond blade under water cooling. Finally, the specimens were loaded in a 4-point bending test until failure. RESULTS: the mini-iFT onto human enamel was significantly higher for the adhesives applied in E&R mode versus those applied in SE mode. The lowest mini-iFT was found for the adhesives applied following a 1-step SE approach. SEM fracture analysis revealed that all fractures originated at the adhesive-enamel interface and that the induced crack propagated preferentially along this interface. CONCLUSION: mini-iFT appeared a valid alternative method to assess the mechanical properties of adhesive-enamel interfaces.

Effect of resin and photoinitiator on color, translucency and color stability of conventional and low-shrinkage model composites.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of a low-shrinkage methacrylate monomer and monoacylphosphine oxide photoinitiator on color, translucency, and color stability of model resin-based composites (RBCs). METHODS: Four micro-hybrid RBCs were prepared containing barium-glass fillers in bisphenol A-glycidyl-methacrylate (BisGMA) and triethyleneglycol-dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) or urethane-based low-shrinkage monomer FIT-852 (FIT; Esstech Inc.) and TEGDMA matrix. Camphorquinone (CQ)/amine or Lucirin TPO were used as photoinitiators. Commercial low-shrinkage RBCs (Charisma Diamond, Heraeus Kulzer and N'Durance, Septodont) and conventional RBCs (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent and Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) were used as controls. Color and translucency were measured using Thermo Scientific Evolution (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and SpectroShade™ Micro (MHT Optic Research) spectrophotometers. Color stability was evaluated after immersion in black tea (pure, with milk or lemon) and distilled water. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance with Tukey's post-test (α=0.05). RESULTS: Photoinitiators had no significant effect on baseline color. Initially whiter FIT-based RBCs showed greater staining in all staining solutions than BisGMA-based RBCs. TPO-containing RBCs showed better color stability than CQ-containing RBCs irrespective of the base monomer. Tea and tea with lemon induced greatest color changes. Adding milk to tea significantly reduced material staining. SIGNIFICANCE: Urethane-based low-shrinkage monomer FIT and conventional BisGMA affected color, translucency and color stability of their respective RBCs. Despite being used in posterior teeth, low-shrinkage RBCs are expected to have favorable optical and esthetic properties. Manufacturers are urged to provide information on optical properties of monomers and monomer mixtures in their low-shrinkage RBCs to allow understanding of interaction with fillers and photoinitiators.