Streptococcus mutans in Umbilical Cord Blood, Peripheral Blood, and Saliva from Healthy Mothers.

The aims of this study were to analyze the presence of Streptococcus mutans (SM)-DNA in cord blood (CB), maternal peripheral blood (PB), and maternal saliva (SA) and compare with data collected in health surveys. Sixty-four healthy women with pregnancies to term and without complications attending for elective cesarean section in the Clinical Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo were included. Samples of PB and unstimulated SA were obtained on the day of hospitalization and samples of CB were collected after the delivery section. Samples were investigated using polymerase chain reaction for the presence of SM-DNA using specific primers. The results show over 50% of the sample of PB and CB showed SM-DNA detectable. There was a positive correlation between the SM detection in PB/CB and SA (P < 0.05). Pregnant women, who reported tooth brushing more than three times a day, often showed detectable SM-DNA in PB and CB (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the majority of children can have contact with SM-DNA during the intrauterine life by the CB. SM probably transferred from salivary habitat to PB and CB. The tooth brushing can be associated to S. mutans detection in blood samples.

Inflammation Biomarkers of Advanced Disease in Nongingival Tissues of Chronic Periodontitis Patients.

Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that affects supporting structures of the teeth. Although the gingival response is largely described, little is known about the immune changes in the alveolar bone and neighboring tissues that could indicate periodontal disease (PD) activity. Then, in this study we identified the ongoing inflammatory changes and novel biomarkers for periodontitis in the tissues directly affected by the destructive disease in PD patients. Samples were collected by osteotomy in 17 control subjects during extraction of third molars and 18 patients with advanced PD, in which alveoloplasty was necessary after extraction of teeth with previous extensive periodontal damage. Patients presented mononuclear cells infiltration in the connective tissue next to the bone and higher fibrosis area, along with increased accumulation of IL-17(+) and TRAP(+) cells. The levels of TNF-α and MMP-2 mRNA were also elevated compared to controls and a positive and significant correlation was observed between TNF-α and MMP-2 mRNA expression, considering all samples evaluated. In conclusion, nongingival tissues neighboring large periodontal pockets present inflammatory markers that could predict ongoing bone resorption and disease spreading. Therefore, we suggested that the detailed evaluation of these regions could be of great importance to the assessment of disease progression.

New immunological aspects of peri-implantitis.

BACKGROUND: The authors compared the levels of HIF1-α, VEGF, TNF-α, and IL-10 in peri-implant crevicular fluid between patients with or without peri-implantitis. HIF-1α levels were significantly high in the peri-implantitis possibly due to hypoxia triggered by persistent inflammation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the levels of HIF1-α, VEGF, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the peri-implant crevicular fluid of patients with and without peri-implantitis. METHODS: Forty patients, comprising 16 with and 24 without peri-implantitis were selected. RESULTS: Patients with peri-implantitis exhibited significantly higher HIF-1α levels than those without peri-implantitis (p=0.0005). TNF-α revealed significant positive correlations with IL-10 (p=0.0008) and VEGF (p=0.0246), whereas HIF-1α and IL-10 levels (p=0.0041) demonstrated a negative and significative correlation in the peri-implantitis group. CONCLUSION: This study, for the first time demonstrates the balance of HIF-1α, TNFα, IL-10, and VEGF in peri-implantitis. It shows an elevated HIF-1α levels in patients with peri-implantitis, which could have stemmed from persistent inflammation- triggered hypoxia. Furthermore, the positive correlation between TNF-α and VEGF suggests intensified proinflammatory activity in peri-implantitis. Nevertheless, further studies are essential to understand these immune dynamics in peri-implantitis. BACKGROUND: Higher levels of HIF-1α in patients with peri-implantitis occurred possibly due to persistent hypoxia triggered by inflammation. BACKGROUND: Tissue hypoxia in peri-implantitis induced increase in HIF-1α consequently increased VEGF and angiogenesis, contributing to the persistence of inflammation.

Quantification of fibrosis and mast cells in the tissue response of endodontic sealer irradiated by low-level laser therapy.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates tissue repair. Mast cells induce the proliferation of fibroblasts and the development of local fibrosis. The objective of this study was to quantify fibrosis rate and mast cells in connective tissue after endodontic sealer zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) was implanted and submitted to LLLT, immediately after implant and again 24 h later. Sixty mice were distributed into three groups: GI, GII, and GIII (n = 20). In GI, the tubes filled with Endofill were implanted in the animals and were not irradiated with LLLT. In GII, the tubes containing Endofill were implanted in the animals and then irradiated with red LLLT (InGaAIP) 685-nm wavelength, D = 72 J/Cm(2), E = 2 J, T = 58 s, P = 35 mW, and in GIII, the tubes with Endofill were implanted and irradiated with infrared LLLT (AsGaAl) 830-nm wavelength, D = 70 J/Cm(2), E = 2 J, T = 40 s, P = 50 mW. After 7 days and 30 days, the animals were killed. A series of 6-µm-thick sections were obtained and stained with Toluidine Blue and Picrosirius and analyzed under a standard light microscope using a polarized light filter for the quantification of fibrosis. The statistics were qualitative and quantitative with a significance of 5%. The irradiation with LLLT did not offer improvement in the fibrosis rate, however, it provided a significant decrease in the concentration of independent mast cells for the period studied.

Distinct Th1, Th2 and Treg cytokines balance in chronic periapical granulomas and radicular cysts.

BACKGROUND: Periapical lesions are a host response that involves immune reaction to prevent dissemination of bacteria from an infected root canal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of nitric oxide (NO), IL-4, TGF-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in chronic periapical lesions and to determine their possible association with clinical and radiographic parameters. METHODS: Seventeen human radicular cysts and 30 periapical granulomas were used in this study. Cytokines and NO were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by the Griess reaction respectively confirmed by immunohistochemical. RESULTS: TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were detected in 10% of granulomas and in 41.2% and 70% of radicular cysts. IL-4 was reactive in 24% of cysts, and TGF-beta was positive in all samples. Patients with tenderness showed significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 (P < 0.05). Swelling was associated with high levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 (P < 0.05). Lesions presenting bone resorption were associated with high levels of NO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Periapical granulomas display a regulatory environment characterized by high TGF-beta and low inflammatory cytokine levels, while radicular cysts has mist Th1 and Th2 inflammatory reaction with the presence of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4.

Streptococcus mutans detection in saliva and colostrum samples.

OBJECTIVE: To detect Streptococcus mutans in colostrum and saliva of neonates and compare with its detection in saliva of mothers. METHODS: Forty-three healthy women, full-term gestations with no complications, submitted to elective Cesarean section, and their newborns were included in the study. Samples were investigated by polymerase chain reaction to detect S. mutans in genetic material from the samples. RESULTS: Approximately 16% of colostrum samples showed S. mutans , but not correlated with the presence of the bacteria in both samples of saliva. S. mutans was detected in 49 and 30% of saliva samples of mothers and neonates, respectively. There was a positive correlation in S. mutans detection between types of saliva. The number of maternal samples of saliva with detectable S. mutans was smaller in women receiving dental treatment during pregnancy. Tooth brushing, three times a day, influenced the detection of S. mutans in both the saliva and the colostrum. CONCLUSION: Although maternal saliva may present S. mutans , few samples of colostrum present the bacteria. The presence of bacteria in neonate saliva may be related to contact before birth. Dental treatment and hygiene habits seem to influence the detection of S. mutans in samples of maternal saliva and colostrum.

External multiple invasive cervical resorption with subsequent arrest of the resorption.

A rare, the uncommon, case of multiple invasive cervical resorption (MICR) with subsequent arrest of the resorption involving eight teeth of the mandible (tooth 46 to tooth 32) is presented. This case is noteworthy because of the characteristics of its clinical evolution. There have only been a few cases in the literature were found presenting involvement of such a large number of teeth. Furthermore, no reports on cases of MICR with arrest of the resorption, as described in this report, were found.

Levels of Pro and Anti-inflammatory Citokynes and C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis Submitted to Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment

Aim: to compare the levels of IFN-γ, TGF-ß and C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy patients (HP) and chronic periodontitis patients (CP) before and seven days after the last session of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment (NSPT). Materials and Methods: 40 subjects were divided into two groups: healthy (n= 20), and with chronic periodontitis (n = 20). Serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected from each patient and quantified for IFN-γ, TGF-ß and CRP using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: IFN-γ was found to be higher in the GCF of the CP group before NSPT in relation to the HP group (p<0.05), and it had significant higher levels after seven days of NSPT (p<0.05). The levels of TGF-ß in the GCF of CP patients before NSPT were significantly higher when compared to HP (p<0.05), but they decreased after seven days of NSPT (p>0.05). Serum CRP levels did not show statistical difference between CP and HP before or after NSPT. Conclusion: Therefore, our results demonstrated for the first time that NSPT causes early exacerbation of the immune response at the local level represented by increased levels of IFN-γ and decreased levels of TGF-ß in the gingival crevicular fluid after seven days of treatment.

Comparisons of IgA response in saliva and colostrum against oral streptococci species.

The present study compared IgA specificity against oral streptococci in colostrum and saliva samples. Sixty-two mother-and-child pairs were included; samples of colostrum (C) and saliva (MS) were collected from the mothers and saliva samples were collected from babies (BS). The specificity of IgA against Streptococcus mutans and S. mitis were analyzed by western blot. Only 30% of babies' samples presented IgA reactivity to S. mutans, while 74 and 80% of MS and C, respectively, presented this response. IgA reactivity to S. mutans virulence antigens (Ag I/II, Gtf and GbpB) in positive samples showed differences between samples for Gtf and especially for GbpB (p < 0.05), but responses to Ag I/II were similar (p > 0.05). The positive response of Gtf-reactive IgA was different between C (90%) and MS (58%) samples (p < 0.05), but did not differ from BS (p > 0.05). GbpB was the least detected, with 48 and 26% of C and MS, and only 5% of BS samples presenting reactivity (p > 0.05). Eight percent of MS and C samples presented identical bands to SM in the same time-point. In conclusion, the differences of IgA response found between C and MS can be due to the different ways of stimulation, proliferation and transportation of IgA in those secretions. The colostrum has high levels of IgA against S. mutans virulence antigens, which could affect the installation and accumulation process of S. mutans, mainly by supplying anti-GbpB IgA to the neonate.

Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase 14, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 4, and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Development of Periapical Lesions.

INTRODUCTION: Periapical cysts and granulomas are chronic lesions caused by an inflammatory immune response against microbial challenge in the root canal. Different cell types, cytokines, and molecules have been associated with periapical lesion formation and expansion. Therefore, because of the chronic inflammatory state of these lesions, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in situ expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14 and -19, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 and -4, CD68, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in periapical cysts and granulomas. METHODS: Sixteen cases of periapical cysts and 15 cases of periapical granulomas were analyzed. Ten normal dental pulps were used as the negative control. Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-MMP-19, anti-MMP-14, anti-TIMP-3, anti-TIMP-4, anti-iNOS, and anti-CD68 antibodies. RESULTS: The expression of TIMP-3, TIMP-4, iNOS, and CD68 was significantly higher in both the cyst and granuloma groups than in the control group. TIMP-4 was also significantly higher in cases of chronic apical abscess. There was also a significant difference in the expression of MMP-14 between the cyst and control groups. However, there were no differences in the expression of MMP-19 between the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the expression of MMP-14, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 is associated with the development of periapical lesions.

Overexpression of hif-1α and morphological alterations in the tongue of rats exposed to secondhand smoke

Abstract Smoking is a risk factor for serious health problems and is associated with several changes in the tissues of the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the collagen percentage, mast cells density, intensity of immunolabeled cells by anti-HIF-1α in the musculature lingual of rats exposed to secondhand smoke. Twenty-seven female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: rats not exposed to tobacco smoke inhalation (Control group) (n=7); rats exposed to smoke inhalation for 30 days (TAB 30) (n=10); and rats exposed to smoke inhalation for 45 days (TAB 45) (n=10). Subsequently, the animals were submitted to euthanasia and removal of the tongue for histological and immunohistochemistry processing and analysis. In the groups TAB 30 and TAB 45 there were a lower percentage of collagen, a higher density of mast cells and a greater intensity of anti-HIF-1α immunolabeled cells compared to Control group. There was also a positive and significant correlation between the percentage of collagen and mast cell density. There was not significative difference between TAB 30 e TAB 45 in any of the parameters evaluated. Therefore, the exposure of rats to secondhand smoke for 45 days causes decrease in perimysial collagen fibers, increase in the number of mast cells and increase in the immunolabeling for HIF-1α in lingual muscle cells. The present study was the first to evaluate the percentage of collagen, mast cell density and immunostaining for HIF-1α in rat tongues exposed to tobacco smoke.

Resumo O tabagismo é um fator de risco para sérios problemas de saúde e está associado a diversas alterações nos tecidos da cavidade oral. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a porcentagem de colágeno, densidade de mastócitos e intensidade de células imunomarcadas por anti-HIF-1α na musculatura lingual de ratos expostos passivamente à fumaça principal do cigarro. Vinte e sete ratos Wistar albinos fêmeas foram divididos em três grupos: ratos não expostos à inalação da fumaça do tabaco (grupo controle) (n=7); ratos expostos à inalação da fumaça por 30 dias (TAB 30) (n=10); e ratos expostos à inalação da fumaça por 45 dias (TAB 45) (n=10). Posteriormente, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e remoção da língua para processamento e análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica. Nos grupos TAB 30 e TAB 45, houve diminuição do percentual de colágeno, maior densidade de mastócitos e maior intensidade de células imunomarcadas por anti-HIF-1α em comparação ao grupo controle. Houve também correlação positiva e significativa entre a porcentagem de colágeno e a densidade de mastócitos. Não houve diferença significativa entre TAB 30 e TAB 45 em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Portanto, a exposição passiva de ratos à fumaça principal do cigarro por 45 dias provoca diminuição das fibras de colágeno perimisial, aumento do número de mastócitos e aumento da imunomarcação para o HIF-1α em células musculares linguais. O presente estudo foi o primeiro a avaliar a porcentagem de colágeno, densidade de mastócitos e imunomarcação para o HIF-1α em línguas de ratos expostos à fumaça do tabaco.

Computerized morphometry of the area of the hard palate and of palatal rugae: a cross-sectional study / Morfometría computarizada del área del paladar duro y de las arrugas palatinas: un estudio transversal

Abstract Background: The evaluation of palatal rugae in human identification is important because these structures can remain intact for up to seven days after death. Aim: To compare the area and density of the palatal rugae between ages groups and genders. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: Dental plaster models obtained from patients at the Orthodontic Clinic of University of Uberaba were selected. Two hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group 1:10-15 years; Group 2:16-30 years; Group 3:31-50 years; and Group 4:51-70 years. The palatal rugae and hard palate of each plaster model were outlined and photographed. The evaluation of the area of the hard palate and palatal rugae was performed using the ImageJ software. Statistical analysis used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests using GraphPad Prism 5 statistical software. Results and conclusión: The areas of the palatal rugae and of the hard palate were significantly smaller in the group 4. There was a significant negative correlation between age and palatal rugae area, and between age and hard palatal area. The present study was the first to demonstrate that patients between 51 and 70 years have a smaller palatal rugae area and a smaller hard palate area when compared to other groups. Thus, the evaluation of the hard palate area and of palatal rugae could be used as an adjunct with other methods to determine the age group of an individual; however studies using larger sample size are needed to validate this observation.

Prospective evaluation of cytokine in saliva of preterm and fullterm neonates.

Little is known about the ontogeny of the cytokines in saliva of newborn. Previous studies showed that levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva could be influenced by prematurity. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in sample saliva of fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) neonates at birth (T0) and after 3 months of age (T3). Saliva from 50 infants (25 FT and 25 PT) were collected at T0 and T3 and analyzed by Luminex Corporation (Austin, Texas, United States) multiplex assay. Clinical characteristics and social-economic data were assessed through questionnaires. All cytokines could be detected at birth in levels higher than found in T3. The mean levels and frequency of detection of cytokines were significantly higher in PT than FT at T0 (P<0.05). There were a positive association between IL-10 and infection (P<0.05) and IL-6 and stress (P<0.005). Salivary cytokines were detected within the first hours after birth and their levels decreased after 3 months. The cytokine levels were different between PT and FT children and appear to be influenced by stress situation and/or antigenic microbial challenge. The results confirm the necessity for further studies about the mucosal immune system by using of saliva as a source of diagnostic by identification of biomarkers of the status of the immune.

Evaluation of peri-implant mucosa: clinical, histopathological and immunological aspects.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the inflammatory response in peri-implant mucosa between patients with peri-implantitis (PP-group) and patients with healthy peri-implant tissues (HP-group). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two fragments of peri-implant mucosa of 18 patients were collected and serial sections were performed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: When compared with HP-group, PP-group showed higher immunostained cell density for TGF-ß, IL-17 and CD31, beyond greater density of red cells, leukocytes, mast cells chymase (MCC) and mast cell tryptase (MCT). HP-group patients showed higher IL-13 expression and increased amount of collagen fibres when compared with PP-group. In PP-group there was significant positive correlation between MCT density and density of blood vessels immunostained, and between MCC density and density of blood vessels immunostained. There was significant negative correlation between the IL-17 density and collagen percentage. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that in patients with peri-implantitis there was higher of TGF-ß and IL-17, indicating that these cytokines are directly involved in the inflammatory process. Thus, understanding the influence of cytokines in the peri-implantitis installation, new therapies could be developed in order to inhibit the synthesis of IL-17 and induce synthesis of IL-13 in peri-implant tissue, contributing to increase the longevity of the implant.

Higher expression of galectin-3 and galectin-9 in periapical granulomas than in radicular cysts and an increased toll-like receptor-2 and toll-like receptor-4 expression are associated with reactivation of periapical inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: Cysts and periapical granulomas are inflammatory reactions that develop in response to periapical infection by microbial species in dental root canal. It is known that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition molecules and that galectins are lectins that can be associated with the inflammatory process, stimulating or inhibiting the immune system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in situ expression of TLRs and galectins in radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. METHODS: We analyzed 62 cases (30 radicular cysts, 27 periapical granulomas, and 5 control cases). Indirect immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TLRs (TRL-2 and TLR-4) and galectins (Gal-3 and Gal-9). RESULTS: The expression of Gal-3 and Gal-9 was significantly higher in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts than in the control group. Similarly, both Gal-3 and Gal-9 were expressed significantly more in periapical granulomas than in radicular cysts. The expression of TLR-2 was significantly higher in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts than in the control group, and it was also significantly higher in radicular cysts with sinus tract than in the cases without sinus tract. Furthermore, the expression of TLR-4 was significantly higher in the cases of periapical granulomas with sinus tract than in the cases without sinus tract. CONCLUSIONS: Gal-3/Gal-9 and TLR-2/TLR-4 expression in the periapical granulomas and radicular cysts is associated with reactive periapical inflammation. Pathobiology of periapical disease is a very complex interplay of many bioactive molecules involved in immunoinflammatory responses. Up-regulation of these bioactive molecules might be an important modulator of inflammatory periapical lesions.

Streptococcus mutans detection in saliva and colostrum samples / Detecção de Streptococcus mutans em amostras de saliva e colostro

ABSTRACT Objective To detect Streptococcus mutans in colostrum and saliva of neonates and compare with its detection in saliva of mothers. Methods Forty-three healthy women, full-term gestations with no complications, submitted to elective Cesarean section, and their newborns were included in the study. Samples were investigated by polymerase chain reaction to detect S. mutans in genetic material from the samples. Results Approximately 16% of colostrum samples showed S. mutans , but not correlated with the presence of the bacteria in both samples of saliva. S. mutans was detected in 49 and 30% of saliva samples of mothers and neonates, respectively. There was a positive correlation in S. mutans detection between types of saliva. The number of maternal samples of saliva with detectable S. mutans was smaller in women receiving dental treatment during pregnancy. Tooth brushing, three times a day, influenced the detection of S. mutans in both the saliva and the colostrum. Conclusion Although maternal saliva may present S. mutans , few samples of colostrum present the bacteria. The presence of bacteria in neonate saliva may be related to contact before birth. Dental treatment and hygiene habits seem to influence the detection of S. mutans in samples of maternal saliva and colostrum.

RESUMO Objetivo Detectar Streptococcus mutans no colostro e na saliva de recém-nascido, e comparar com a detecção na saliva da mãe. Métodos Foram incluídos no estudo 43 mulheres saudáveis, com gestações a termo e sem complicações, que tiveram cesariana eletiva, e seus recém-nascidos. As amostras foram investigadas por reação de polimerase em cadeia para a detecção de S. mutans em material genético extraído das amostras. Resultados Cerca de 16% das amostras de colostro apresentaram S. mutans , não sem correlação com a presença das bactérias em ambas amostras de saliva. S. mutans foi detectado em 49 e 30% das amostras de saliva das mães e recém-nascidos, respectivamente. Houve correlação positiva na detecção de S. mutans entre os tipos de saliva. O número de amostras de saliva materna com S. mutans detectável foi menor nas mulheres que receberam tratamento odontológico durante a gravidez. A escovação três vezes ao dia influenciou na detecção do S. mutans tanto no saliva quanto no colostro. Conclusão Embora a saliva materna possa apresentar S. mutans , poucas amostras de colostro apresentam a bactéria. A presença de bactéria na saliva de neonatos pode estar relacionada ao contato antes do nascimento. O tratamento odontológico e os hábitos de higiene parecem influenciar na detecção de S. mutans em amostras de saliva e colostro maternos.

Comparisons of IgA response in saliva and colostrum against oral streptococci species

Abstract The present study compared IgA specificity against oral streptococci in colostrum and saliva samples. Sixty-two mother-and-child pairs were included; samples of colostrum (C) and saliva (MS) were collected from the mothers and saliva samples were collected from babies (BS). The specificity of IgA against Streptococcus mutans and S. mitis were analyzed by western blot. Only 30% of babies’ samples presented IgA reactivity to S. mutans, while 74 and 80% of MS and C, respectively, presented this response. IgA reactivity to S. mutans virulence antigens (Ag I/II, Gtf and GbpB) in positive samples showed differences between samples for Gtf and especially for GbpB (p < 0.05), but responses to Ag I/II were similar (p > 0.05). The positive response of Gtf-reactive IgA was different between C (90%) and MS (58%) samples (p < 0.05), but did not differ from BS (p > 0.05). GbpB was the least detected, with 48 and 26% of C and MS, and only 5% of BS samples presenting reactivity (p > 0.05). Eight percent of MS and C samples presented identical bands to SM in the same time-point. In conclusion, the differences of IgA response found between C and MS can be due to the different ways of stimulation, proliferation and transportation of IgA in those secretions. The colostrum has high levels of IgA against S. mutans virulence antigens, which could affect the installation and accumulation process of S. mutans, mainly by supplying anti-GbpB IgA to the neonate.

Avaliação da reação tecidual a cimentosendodônticos recém-manipulados e suarelação com o subtipo de macrófago M1 / Evaluation of tissue reaction to freshly mixed endodontic sealers and their relationship with the M1 macrophage phenotype

Esse estudo avaliou a resposta tecidualpara cimentos recém-manipulados (Sealer 26, ou SE26;e Epiphany, ou EPH) e a relação entre macrófagos M1e reparação tecidual. Material: foram utilizados 21 ratospara avaliar a resposta tecidual aos 7, 14 e 21 diaspós-implantação. Metade das seções histopatológicasfoi marcada com anticorpos anti-iNOS (M1 macrófagossubconjunto), e metade foi classificada de acordo coma intensidade inflamatória. Resultados: no dia 7, nãofoi encontrada diferença significativa na intensidade dareação inflamatória entre os cimentos. Nos dias 14 e21, SE26 mostrou uma reação inflamatória mais intensado que o EPH (p < 0,05). Nos dias 7 e 14, o númerode células iNOS+ foi significativamente maior do queem EPH SE26 (p < 0,05). Conclusões: SE26 foi maistóxico do que o EPH. O grau de inflamação observadaem EPH teve relação inversa com a quantidade de macrófagosM1 observados.