Inflammatory markers in saliva for diagnosis of sepsis of hospitalizes patients.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory/immunological serum markers are useful for the early detection of organ dysfunction, helping the diagnosis of sepsis. Although the detection of blood biomarkers is a standard practice, the use of noninvasive samples (eg saliva) would be beneficial. AIM: To investigate the saliva of hospitalized patients with and without sepsis and identify the levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO). METHODS: Saliva samples were collected from 26 patients in intensive care unit with diagnosis of sepsis and from 26 without sepsis (control). The levels of CRP were determined by using latex agglutination test, whereas those of procalcitonin and IL-6 by ELISA and NO by the Griess reaction. RESULTS: Of 26 patients with sepsis, 14 were males (54%) with a mean age of 63.81 ± 3.48 years. The control group had the same distribution for gender, with mean age 65.04 ± 4.07 years. Sepsis group showed higher salivary concentrations of CRP, PCT, IL-6 and NO, with only levels of IL-6 being statistically different (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sepsis had significantly higher levels of IL-6 in their saliva, suggesting that this biological sample could be useful in the diagnosis of this condition.

Stability of antimicrobial activity of peracetic acid solutions used in the final disinfection process.

The instruments and materials used in health establishments are frequently exposed to microorganism contamination, and chemical products are used before sterilization to reduce occupational infection. We evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness, physical stability, and corrosiveness of two commercial formulations of peracetic acid on experimentally contaminated specimens. Stainless steel specimens were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, blood, and saliva and then immersed in a ready peracetic acid solution: 2% Sekusept Aktiv (SA) or 0.25% Proxitane Alpha (PA), for different times. Then, washes of these instruments were plated in culture medium and colony-forming units counted. This procedure was repeated six times per day over 24 non-consecutive days. The corrosion capacity was assessed with the mass loss test, and the concentration of peracetic acid and pH of the solutions were measured with indicator tapes. Both SA and PA significantly eliminated microorganisms; however, the SA solution was stable for only 4 days, whereas PA remained stable throughout the experiment. The concentration of peracetic acid in the SA solutions decreased over time until the chemical was undetectable, although the pH remained at 5. The PA solution had a concentration of 500-400 mg/L and a pH of 2-3. Neither formulation induced corrosion and both reduced the number of microorganisms (p = 0.0001). However, the differences observed in the performance of each product highlight the necessity of establishing a protocol for optimizing the use of each one.

IgA antibodies against Streptococcus mutans in breast milk and saliva: Passive Immunity against caries / Anticorpos IgA contra Streptococcus mutans no leite materno e na saliva: Imunidade passiva contra cáries

Objective: The present work aimed to correlate the levels of IgA antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans antigens in the saliva and/or in the breast milk and the oral health of lactating. Material and Methods: Breast milk and whole saliva samples were collected from 29 lactating. The oral health was verified using Decayed, Missing, Filled (DMF) scores and the volunteers were separated in three groups: 1) low DMF score; 2) high DMF score with active caries and 3) high DMF score without active caries. The IgA antibodies anti-Streptococcus mutans were analyzed in the samples using ELISA technique. Results: The results showed similar levels of IgA antibodies in all groups, both in milk and saliva. No correlation could be confirmed between the levels of IgA in the saliva and in the breast milk with the oral health of lactating studied. Conclusion: The results suggest that, independently of mother's oral health, the newborn receive the same amounts of anti-Streptococcus mutans IgA by breastfeeding. (AU)

Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetivou correlacionar os níveis de anticorpos IgA reativos com antígenos de Streptococcus mutans na saliva e / ou no leite materno com a saúde bucal de mulheres em lactação. Material e Métodos: Amostras de leite materno e saliva total foram coletadas de 29 lactantes. A saúde bucal foi analisada utilizando os índices de CPO e os voluntários foram separados em três grupos: 1) baixo escore de CPO; 2) alto escore de CPO com cárie ativa e 3) alto escore de CPO sem cárie ativa. Os anticorpos IgA anti-Streptococcus mutans foram analisados pela técnica de ELISA. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram níveis semelhantes de anticorpos IgA em todos os grupos, tanto no leite como na saliva. Nenhuma correlação pôde ser confirmada entre os níveis de IgA na saliva e no leite materno com a saúde bucal das mulheres estudadas. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que, independentemente da saúde bucal da mãe, o recém-nascido recebe as mesmas quantidades de IgA anti-Streptococcus mutans pela amamentação. (AU)

Effects of probiotic bacteria on Candida presence and IgA anti-Candida in the oral cavity of elderly.

Imbalance in the resident microbiota may promote the growth of opportunistic microorganisms, such as yeasts of Candida genus and the development of diseases, especially in aged people. This study evaluated whether the consumption of the probiotic Yakult LBz(®) (Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve) was able to influence on the specific immunological response against Candida and on the presence of these yeasts in the oral cavity of 42 healthy aged individuals. Saliva samples were collected before and after the probiotic use for 30 days, 3 times a week. The samples were plated in Dextrose Saboraud Agar with chloramphenicol, the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) were counted and the Candida species were identified. Anti-Candida IgA analysis was conducted using the ELISA technique. ANOVA and Student's t-test were used for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon test was used for data with non-normal distribution (α=0.05). The results showed a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in Candida prevalence (from 92.9% to 85.7%), in CFU/mL counts of Candida and in the number of non-albicans species after consumption of the probiotic. Immunological analysis demonstrated a significant increase (p<0.05) in anti-Candida IgA levels. In conclusion, probiotic bacteria reduced Candida numbers in the oral cavity of the elderly and increased specific secretory immune response against these yeasts, suggesting its possible use in controlling oral candidosis.

Influence of consumption of probiotics on presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity.

Clinical benefits of probiotics have been clearly reported in different gastrointestinal disorders, many of them caused by enterobacteria. The oral cavity is a port of entry and can be an important reservoir of these microorganisms. This work evaluated whether consumption of probiotics was able to influence the presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity and the specific secretory response against these microorganisms. Saliva samples of healthy individuals were collected and plated in MacConkey agar. Carriers of Gram-negative, rod-shaped microorganisms in the oral cavity were selected and instructed to use the probiotic Yakult LB for 20 days. Saliva was then collected and enterobacteria species were identified using the API 20 E system and by ELISA using anti-enterobacteria IgA. The results showed reduction in the prevalence of enterobacteria, but no significant changes in enterobacterial counts (log CFU/mL; p = 0.3457). The species most frequently isolated were Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca, both before and after probiotic consumption. No significant changes were observed in anti-enterobacteria IgA levels. In conclusion, probiotic consumption had some influence on enterobacterial presence in the oral cavity, but did not affect enterobacterial counts or the specific immune secretory response against them.

In vitro adherence of Candida albicans isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis.

UNLABELLED: Adherence is considered an extremely important virulence factor in yeast. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the adherence to epithelial cells of C. albicans isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis in comparison to healthy patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Candida albicans cells isolated from individuals with chronic periodontitis (n=25) and healthy controls (n=25) were included in this study. Suspensions of C. albicans (10(6) cells/mL) and epithelial cells (10(5) cells/mL) were mixed and incubated at 37ºC for 1 h. The number of yeasts adhered to 25 epithelial cells was counted. RESULTS: The number of C. albicans cells adhered to epithelial cells was statistically higher in the chronic periodontitis group than in the control group (Student's t-test, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest a higher Candida adherence of samples isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis.

Stability of antimicrobial activity of peracetic acid solutions used in the final disinfection process

The instruments and materials used in health establishments are frequently exposed to microorganism contamination, and chemical products are used before sterilization to reduce occupational infection. We evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness, physical stability, and corrosiveness of two commercial formulations of peracetic acid on experimentally contaminated specimens. Stainless steel specimens were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, blood, and saliva and then immersed in a ready peracetic acid solution: 2% Sekusept Aktiv (SA) or 0.25% Proxitane Alpha (PA), for different times. Then, washes of these instruments were plated in culture medium and colony-forming units counted. This procedure was repeated six times per day over 24 non-consecutive days. The corrosion capacity was assessed with the mass loss test, and the concentration of peracetic acid and pH of the solutions were measured with indicator tapes. Both SA and PA significantly eliminated microorganisms; however, the SA solution was stable for only 4 days, whereas PA remained stable throughout the experiment. The concentration of peracetic acid in the SA solutions decreased over time until the chemical was undetectable, although the pH remained at 5. The PA solution had a concentration of 500-400 mg/L and a pH of 2-3. Neither formulation induced corrosion and both reduced the number of microorganisms (p = 0.0001). However, the differences observed in the performance of each product highlight the necessity of establishing a protocol for optimizing the use of each one.

Condutas de biossegurança relacionadas aos trabalhos protéticos utilizadas por cirurgiões-dentistas de Porto Velho (RO) / Conducts of biosafety related to prosthetic work used by dentists of Porto Velho (RO)

A veiculação de micro-organismos por moldes, modelos e próteses torna essencial adotar medidas de biossegurança. Avaliar as condutas de biossegurança, utilizadas por dentistas de Porto Velho (RO), no trabalho com moldes, modelos e próteses. Questionário relativo às condutas de biossegurança que envolvem trabalhos protéticos. Estavam corretamente vacinados 62,2% dos dentistas, todos utilizavam avental, luva e máscara, mas a adesão aos óculos e gorro foi menor. A desinfecção dos moldes, modelos e próteses era realizada, respectivamente, por 59, 43,66 e 66,38% dos participantes com glutaraldeído, hipoclorito ou álcool em imersão por 10 minutos. A aplicação das normas de biossegurança em Porto Velho está aquém do esperado para que haja redução no risco de infecção cruzada.

The carriage of microorganisms by molds, models and prosthesis makes it essential the adoption of biosecurity measures. To assess biosecurity actions conducted by dentists of Porto Velho (RO) at work with prosthetic devices. The voluntaries were requested to answer a questionnaire regarding their biosecurity actions. All dentists use apron, glove and mask, and with less frequency, glasses and hats; 62.2% were properly vaccinated. Disinfection of prosthetic devices was performed by 59, 43.7 and 66.4% of participants with immersion for ten minutes in glutaraldehyde, hypochlorite and alcohol, respectively. The implementation of biosecurity standards in the Porto Velho was minor than expected to reduce the risk of cross-infection.

Antimicrobial activity of Uncaria tomentosa against oral human pathogens.

Uncaria tomentosa is considered a medicinal plant used over centuries by the peruvian population as an alternative treatment for several diseases. Many microorganisms usually inhabit the human oral cavity and under certain conditions can become etiologic agents of diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of Uncaria tomentosa on different strains of microorganisms isolated from the human oral cavity. Micropulverized Uncaria tomentosa was tested in vitro to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on selected microbial strains. The tested strains were oral clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus spp., Candida albicans, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The tested concentrations of Uncaria tomentosa ranged from 0.25-5% in Müeller-Hinton agar. Three percent Uncaria tomentosa inhibited 8% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 52% of S. mutans and 96% of Staphylococcus spp. The tested concentrations did not present inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. It could be concluded that micropulverized Uncaria tomentosa presented antimicrobial activity on Enterobacteriaceae, S. mutans and Staphylococcus spp. isolates.

Effects of probiotic bacteria on Candida presence and IgA anti-Candida in the oral cavity of elderly

Imbalance in the resident microbiota may promote the growth of opportunistic microorganisms, such as yeasts of Candida genus and the development of diseases, especially in aged people. This study evaluated whether the consumption of the probiotic Yakult LB® (Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium breve) was able to influence on the specific immunological response against Candida and on the presence of these yeasts in the oral cavity of 42 healthy aged individuals. Saliva samples were collected before and after the probiotic use for 30 days, 3 times a week. The samples were plated in Dextrose Saboraud Agar with chloramphenicol, the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) were counted and the Candida species were identified. Anti-Candida IgA analysis was conducted using the ELISA technique. ANOVA and Student's t-test were used for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon test was used for data with non-normal distribution (α=0.05). The results showed a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in Candida prevalence (from 92.9% to 85.7%), in CFU/mL counts of Candida and in the number of non-albicans species after consumption of the probiotic. Immunological analysis demonstrated a significant increase (p<0.05) in anti-Candida IgA levels. In conclusion, probiotic bacteria reduced Candida numbers in the oral cavity of the elderly and increased specific secretory immune response against these yeasts, suggesting its possible use in controlling oral candidosis.

Desequilíbrios na microbiota residente podem promover o crescimento de microrganismos oportunistas, como as leveduras do gênero Candida, e o desenvolvimento de doenças, especialmente na população idosa. Este estudo investigou se o consumo do probiótico Yakult LB® (Lactobacillus casei e Bifidobacterium breve) era capaz de influenciar na resposta imune secretória anti-Candida e na presença destes microrganismos na cavidade bucal de 42 idosas saudáveis. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas antes e depois do consumo do probiótico por 30 dias, 3 vezes por semana. As amostras foram semeadas em Agar Saboraud Dextrose com cloranfenicol, as unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL) foram contadas e as espécies de Candida foram identificadas. A análise de IgA anti-Candida foi realizada pela técnica ELISA. Os resultados demonstraram redução na prevalência de Candida (de 92,9% para 85,7%), na contagem de UFC/mL (p≤0,05) e no número de espécies não-albicans, depois do consumo do probiótico. As análises imunológicas mostraram um aumento significativo dos níveis de IgA anti-Candida (p≤0,05). Concluindo, as bactérias probióticas reduziram significantemente a quantidade de Candida na cavidade bucal dos idosos e aumentaram a resposta imune secretória específica para esta levedura, sugerindo a possibilidade de sua utilização no controle da candidose bucal.

Hipersensibilidade ao hipoclorito de sódio em intervenções endodônticas / Hypersensitivity to sodium hypochlorite in endodontic interventions

A redução do número de microrganismos presentes na luz dos canais e túbulos dentinários é fundamental para o sucesso da terapia endodôntica. Entre as principais substâncias químicas utilizadas com esse objetivo, a de primeira escolha ainda é o Hipoclorito de Sódio (NaOCl), que possui ação antimicrobiana e grande poder de dissolução de matéria orgânica, além de baixo custo. Embora durante o tratamento endodôntico as soluções irrigantes devam se restringir ao canal radicular, casos de extrusão ocorrem, ainda que o dente seja completamente maduro e com ápice completamente fechado. Relatos de acidentes graves provocados pela injeção inadvertida de hipoclorito são encontrados na literatura, tendo como consequências alterações teciduais e reações de hipersensibilidades que podem culminar até mesmo em problemas respiratórios. As reações alérgicas ao hipoclorito de sódio geralmente são pouco reconhecidas, investigadas e, consequentemente, pouco diagnosticadas por clínicos gerais e endodontistas. Assim, este trabalho tem por finalidade elaborar uma revisão de literatura com o intuito de esclarecer o profissional da área sobre as reações de hipersensibilidade ao NaOCl. Foi discutido que os poucos relatos de casos da literatura eram compatíveis com hipersensibilidade tipo I e variavam desde uma sensação de ardência até uma dor severa com manifestações sistêmicas, sendo necessária a transferência para terapia intensiva. Os relatos reforçam a importância da anamnese para prevenção dessas ocorrências e, quando inevitáveis, o rápido diagnóstico e interferência podem ser fundamentais para a sobrevivência do paciente.

The reduction of the number of microorganisms in the lumen of root canal and dentin tubules is critical to the success of endodontic therapy. Among the chemicals substances used for this purpose, the first choice is still the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which has antimicrobial action, great power of dissolution of organic matrix and low cost. Although the endodontic irrigating solutions should be restricted to the root canal, extrusion cases occur, even if the tooth is mature and with apex closed. Reports of serious accidents caused by inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite are found in the literature, with the consequence of tissue Changes and hypersensitivity reactions, with even respiratory problems. Allergic reactions to sodium hypochlorite are often under recognized, investigated and thus underdiagnosed by general practitioners and endodontists. This study aimed to develop a literature review in order to clarify the health professional about the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions to NaOCl. It was discussed that the few case reports in the literature were consistent with type I hypersensitivity and ranged from a burning sensation to severe pain and with systemic manifestations, requiring the transfer to intensive care. The reports reinforce the importance of the amnanese in the prevention of such occurrences and, when unavoidable, early diagnosis and interference can be critical to the survival of the patient.

Influence of consumption of probiotics on presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity

Clinical benefits of probiotics have been clearly reported in different gastrointestinal disorders, many of them caused by enterobacteria. The oral cavity is a port of entry and can be an important reservoir of these microorganisms. This work evaluated whether consumption of probiotics was able to influence the presence of enterobacteria in the oral cavity and the specific secretory response against these microorganisms. Saliva samples of healthy individuals were collected and plated in MacConkey agar. Carriers of Gram-negative, rod-shaped microorganisms in the oral cavity were selected and instructed to use the probiotic Yakult LB for 20 days. Saliva was then collected and enterobacteria species were identified using the API 20 E system and by ELISA using anti-enterobacteria IgA. The results showed reduction in the prevalence of enterobacteria, but no significant changes in enterobacterial counts (log CFU/mL; p = 0.3457). The species most frequently isolated were Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca, both before and after probiotic consumption. No significant changes were observed in anti-enterobacteria IgA levels. In conclusion, probiotic consumption had some influence on enterobacterial presence in the oral cavity, but did not affect enterobacterial counts or the specific immune secretory response against them.

In vitro adherence of Candida albicans isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis

Adherence is considered an extremely important virulence factor in yeast. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the adherence to epithelial cells of C. albicans isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis in comparison to healthy patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Candida albicans cells isolated from individuals with chronic periodontitis (n=25) and healthy controls (n=25) were included in this study. Suspensions of C. albicans (10(6) cells/mL) and epithelial cells (10(5) cells/mL) were mixed and incubated at 37ºC for 1 h. The number of yeasts adhered to 25 epithelial cells was counted. RESULTS: The number of C. albicans cells adhered to epithelial cells was statistically higher in the chronic periodontitis group than in the control group (Student's t-test, p=0.000). CONCLUSION:The results of the present study suggest a higher Candida adherence of samples isolated from patients with chronic periodontitis.

Influência da ciclosporina a nos tecidos periodontais e na osseointegração de implantes: revisão de literatura / Influence of cyclosporine a on periodontal tissue and osseointegration of implants: review of literature

A Ciclosporina A é um potente imunossupressor utilizado no tratamento de diversas patologias mediada imunologicamente. É indicado principalmente no tratamento preventivo da rejeição de órgãos em indivíduos transplantados. Efeitos adversos relacionados com o uso do fármaco como a indução de osteopenia, desequilíbrio no processo de remodelação óssea, desenvolvimento de osteoporose e o aumento gengival são descritos na literatura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar através da literatura os efeitos da ciclosporina A no metabolismo do tecido gengival, ósseo e sua influência como possível fator de risco na osseointegração de implantes. Empregando-se os termos cyclosporine AND dental implants; cyclosporine AND osseointegration; e cyclosporine AND gingival overgrowth como palavras chave, foram levantados artigos na base de dados Pubmed, publicados entre os anos de 2000 a 2016, na língua inglesa e portuguesa. Conclui-se que os efeitos adversos causados pela ciclosporina A podem interferir na saúde bucal dos indivíduos e no sucesso do tratamento odontológico. É fundamental que o cirurgião dentista conheça os mecanismos de ação do medicamento, seus efeitos adversos e interações medicamentosas, a fim de desenvolver estratégias de prevenção e tratamento para usuários do medicamento (AU)

Cyclosporine A is a potent immunosuppressive drug used in the treatment of various immunologically mediated pathologies. It is mainly indicated in the preventive treatment of organ rejection in transplant recipients. Adverse effects associated with using the drug such as the induction of osteopenia, imbalance in bone remodeling, development of osteoporosis and gingival enlargement are described in literature. The aim of this study was to review, through literature, the effects of cyclosporine A in the metabolism of gingival tissue, bone and its influence as a possible risk factor in osseointegration of implants. Using the terms cyclosporine AND dental implants; cyclosporine AND osseointegration; and cyclosporine AND gingival overgrowth as keywords, a search was conducted for articles published in the Pubmed database between the years 2000-2016, in English and Portuguese. It was concluded that the adverse effects caused by cyclosporine A may interfere in the oral health of individuals and the success of the dental treatment. It is essential that the dentist is aware of the action mechanisms of the drug, its side effects and medicinal interactions in order to develop prevention and treatment strategies for users of the drug (AU)

Atividade antifúngica de formulação à base de bórax sobre leveduras do gênero Candida / Antifungal activity of borax-based formula on Candida spp

Introdução: A descoberta de novos agentes que possam ajudar no controle de lesões bucais causadas por leveduras do gênero Candida vem despertando interesse, visto que reservatórios bucais de micro-organismos oportunistas têm potencial para causar infecções sistêmicas, especialmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Objetivo: O objetivodo estudo foi avaliar o efeito antifúngico de uma formulação de bórax, água de rosas e mel, in vitro, sobre cepas clínicas e padrão de C. albicans, e amostras padrão de C. dubliniensis. Material e método: O método utilizado foi de diluição em ágar Müeler-Hinton (Difco®). A formulação completa e seus constituintes isolados foram avaliadosem diferentes concentrações. Resultado: Observou-se que a associação foi inibitória para todas as cepas testadas na concentração de 6,75%. Os resultados mostraram que soluções de bórax isoladamente apresentaram melhor eficácia se comparadas às soluções com outros constituintes ou até mesmo à formulação, com efeito antifúngico a partir da concentração de 0,0625%. O bórax isolado apresentou maior efetividade antifúngica a baixas concentrações. Quando da adição do mel ou água de rosas, observou-se redução da efetividade. Conclusão: Os resultados sugeremque o bórax é o responsável pelo efeito biológico da fórmula e que esta pode ser aplicada como coadjuvante no controle de infecções fúngicas bucais.

Introduction: The interest in new antifungal agents that may help the control of Candida spp. related lesions has been increasing. Oral reservoirs of opportunistic microorganisms have the potential to cause systemic infections, in particular in immunocompromised patients. Objective: This study evaluated the antifungal effect of a boraxbasedformula with water of roses and honey on Candida albicans clinical and standard strains and two Candida dubliniensis standard strains. Method: The method adopted was dilution in Müeler-Hinton agar (Difco®). Thecomplete formula and its constituents were evaluated at different concentrations. Result: The complete formula showed inhibitory effect against all the tested isolates at the concentration of 6.75%. The results showed that borax solutions were more efficient when compared to the other constituents of the formula. Borax solutions showed high antifungal activity even in low concentrations. The addition of the honey and water of roses reduced their effectiveness. Conclusion: The results suggest that borax is the responsible for the biological effect of the formulaand that it can be used as adjuvant in the control of fungal oral infections.

Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonadaceae on the dorsum of the human tongue

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae and Xanthomonadaceae on the posterior dorsum of the human tongue with the presence of tongue coating, gender, age, smoking habit and denture use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from the posterior tongue dorsum of 100 individuals in MacConkey agar medium and were identified by the API 20E system (Biolab-Mérieux). RESULTS: 43 percent of the individuals, presented the target microorganisms on the tongue dorsum, with greater prevalence among individuals between 40 and 50 years of age (p = 0.001) and non-smokers (p=0.0485). CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae was observed on the tongue dorsum of the individuals evaluated. There was no correlation between these species and the presence and thickness of tongue coating, gender and presence of dentures.

Aderência de Candida albicans em resina acrílica termicamente ativada e liga de cobalto cromo in vitro / Adherence of Candida albicans in thermally activated acrylic resin and cobalt chromium alloy in vitro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar in vitro a adesão de Candida albicans às superfícies de resina acrílica quimicamente ativada e liga de cobalto cromo. Foram confeccionados vinte e sete corpos de prova em forma retangular de três tipos: um grupo de resina acrílica termicamente ativada (n=9), um grupo de cobalto cromo (n=9) e um grupo com metade de sua extensão composta por resina acrílica termicamente ativada e metade por liga de cobalto cromo (n=9). Dois mililitros da cultura de Candida albicans foram adicionados em trinta poços de duas placas para cultura de células. Os corpos de prova foram imersos na posição vertical, individualmente, em cada poço contendo cultura de Candida albicans e mantidos em incubação por 48 horas. Após este período, foram obtidas diluições seriadas da cultura que foram semeadas em placa contendo ágar Sabouraud (em duplicata), incubadas a 37o C por 48h e as unidades formadoras de colônias contadas. Os corpos de prova foram removidos e passados em solução fisiológica (NaCl 0,9%) esterilizada contendo pérolas de vidro que foram agitadas em agitador de tubos Vortex por 1 minuto, após agitação alíquotas de 0,1mL e diluições decimais foram dispensadas em placas de petri contendo ágar Sabouraud. As placas foram incubadas a 370C por 48h. Após o crescimento, as unidades formadoras de colônias por placa foram contadas e as UFC/mL calculadas. Concluíram que leveduras da espécie Candida albicans colonizam resina acrílica e liga metálica em cobalto cromo in vitro e que a liga metálica em cobalto cromo foi mais colonizada por Candida albicans quando comparada à resina acrílica

The objective of this study was to substantiate the adherence of in vitro Candida albicans to the surfaces of a chemically activated acrylic resin and cobalt chromium alloy. There were created twenty-seven test pieces in rectangular shape of three types: a group of heat- -activated acrylic resin (n = 9), a group of cobalt-chromium (n = 9), and a group with half of its length made of acrylic resin thermally activated and half by cobalt-chromium (n = 9). Two milliliters of the culture of Candida albicans were added in thirty wells of two plates for cell culture. The test pieces were immersed vertically in individual well containing culture of Candida albicans and kept in incubation for 48 hours. After this period, serial dilutions of the culture were spread in plate of Sabouraud agar (in duplicate), incubated at 37C for 48h and the colony forming units counted. The test pieces were removed and spread in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) containing glass beads that were shaken in Vortex tubes for 1 minute, after aliquots shaking of 0.1 mL and decimal dilutions were dispensed in petri plates containing Sabouraud agar. The plates were incubated at 37C for 48 hours. After growing the colony forming units per plate were counted and the CFU/mL calculated. They concluded that Candida albicans colonizes acrylic resin and cobalt-chromium alloy in vitro and that cobalt chromium alloy was more colonized by Candida albicans when compared with acrylic resin

Phenotypic characterization of Candida spp. isolates from chronic periodontitis patients

Aim: Several typing methods for Candida spp. have been suggested in the literature in order to distinguish isolates for studies about the virulence or infection routes of these microorganisms and, in particular, for epidemiological purposes. The aim of this study was to establish a comparison between the phenotypic profile of oral Candida isolates from periodontitis patients and control individuals. Methods: The morphotyping and biotyping of 35 C. albicans isolates obtained from chronic periodontitis patients and 48 isolates from control individuals were performed. For morphotyping, the isolates were plated on malt extract agar and incubated for 10 days. Sixteen different morphotypes were observed for C. albicans, the most frequently observed being 0000 and 0001. Results: Biotype 0000 (complete absence of fringe) was most prevalent among the isolates obtained from periodontitis patients compared to those from control individuals, with statistical significance. Biotyping revealed 5 different biotypes with higher prevalence of the biotype 357 among the isolates from control and periodontitis groups. Conclusions: The results obtained by biotyping of the isolates did not permit to differentiate a characteristic model related to periodontal disease, whilst the morphotype 0000 was most frequently isolated from periodontitis patients.

Efeitos do vinagre sobre Candida albicans aderidas in vitro em resina acrílica termicamente ativada / Vinegar effects in Candida albicans after the adherence in-vitro on the heat-activated acrylic resin

Candida albicans é um dos principais microrganismos relacionados à etiologia da estomatite por prótese. A presença da prótese com base em resina acrílica, possibilita o crescimento de leveduras tanto na prótese como na mucosa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de soluções de vinagre (ácido acético) sobre C. albicans aderidas, invitro, na superfície de resina acrílica utilizada na confecção de próteses. Trinta e seis corpos-de-prova em resina acrílica termicamente ativada foram imersos em cultura de C. albicans (37oC/24 h), sendo a seguir desinfetados em solução de vinagre por 30 (n=12) e 60 min (n=12). Foram utilizadas soluções de vinagre a 10% (n=6) e 30% (n=6) e solução fisiológica 0,85% (n=6) para cada tempo de imersão. Após desinfecção, os corpos-de-prova foram lavados em solução fisiológica e a partir da solução obtida após agitação, foram realizadas diluições decimais, as quais foram semeadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose e incubadas a 37°C/48 h. A seguir foram quantificados os log de UFC/mL de suspensão contendo microrganismos aderidos aos corpos-de-prova. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, teste de Tukey (p=0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu redução significativa no log UFC/mL de C. albicans nos corpos-de-prova submetidos a tratamento com solução de vinagre a 10 e 30% em relação ao controle. Não ocorreu diferença significativa quando da utilização do vinagre, nos tempos de 30 e 60 minutos, para as duas concentrações doproduto (10 e 30%).

Candida albicans is one of the main microorganisms involved with etiology of denture stomatitis. The presence ofdenture with acrylic resin base predisposes to the growth of yeasts both in the prosthesis and in the mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of vinegar (acetic acid) solutions on C. albicans adhered, in vitro, to the surface of acrylic resin used in prostesis. Thirty-six heat-activated resin specimens were immersed in C. albicans culture (37oC/24 hours) and then submitted to disinfection in vinegar solutionsduring 30 (n=12) and 60 (n=12) minutes. The specimens of each group were submitted to one of the following treatments: 10% (n=6) or 30% (n=6) vinegar solution and 0,85% saline solution (n=6). After the disinfection process, the specimens were washed in physiologic solutionand the adhered cells were dispersed by agitation. Decimal dilutions of the initial suspension were plated on Sabourauddextrose agar and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. After this period of incubation, the number of log cfu/mL of yeasts adhered to each specimen was calculated. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey’s test (5%). The results showed statistically significant reduction in the number of C. albicans cells adhered to the specimens after disinfection with 10% and 30% vinegar solutions. The treatment with 30% vinegar solution was more effective than that with theconcentration of 10%. There was no significant difference after the use of vinegar for the periods of 30 and 60 minutes for both the tested concentrations of the product (10% and 30%).

Antimicrobial effect of intracanal substances

In some situations, endodontic infections do not respond to therapeutic protocol. In these cases, it is suggested the administration of an alternative intracanal medication that presents a wide spectrum of action and has an in-depth effect on the root canal system. The purpose of this study was to assess the antimicrobial action of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and polyethylene glycol and natrosol vehicles with different associations and concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using the agar dilution method. The culture media (Müller-Hinton agar) were prepared containing antimicrobial agents at multiple two-fold dilutions of 0.25 to 16 µg/mL, and with the vehicles at the concentrations of 50, 45, 40, 35, 30 and 25 percent. Twenty-three microbial strains were selected for the study. Metronidazole was not capable of eliminating any of the tested microorganisms. The association of ciprofloxacin with metronidazole resulted in a reduction of the MIC. The vehicle polyethylene glycol inhibited the growth of 100 percent of the tested strains, while natrosol inhibited 18 percent of the strains. Ciprofloxacin formulations with polyethylene glycol presented better effects than those of formulations to which metronidazole was added. It was possible to conclude that ciprofloxacin presented antimicrobial action against all tested bacterial strains, and its association with metronidazole was synergic. The vehicle polyethylene glycol showed antimicrobial effect and the ciprofloxacin/polyethylene glycol association was the most effective combination for reducing the tested bacteria and yeasts.