Effect of combining aminomethacrylate and fluoride against erosive and abrasive challenges on enamel and dentin.

This study evaluated the effect of solutions containing aminomethacrylate copolymer (AA) and sodium fluoride (F; 225 ppm F-) or fluoride plus stannous chloride (FSn; 225 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+) against enamel and dentin erosion/abrasion. Solutions F, FSn, AA, F+AA, FSn+AA, and deionized water as negative control were tested. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens (n = 13/solution/substrate) underwent a set of erosion-abrasion cycles (0.3% citric acid [5 min, 4×/day], human saliva [1 h, 4×/day], brushing [15 s, 2×/day], and treatments [2 min, 2×/day]) for each of five days. Initial enamel erosion was evaluated using Knoop microhardness after the first and second acid challenge on day 1, and surface loss with profilometry after day 5. KOH-soluble fluoride was assessed. Data were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey tests. The combination of fluoride and AA resulted in higher protection against enamel erosion, whereas this was not the case for the combination of AA and FSn. All treatments protected against enamel and dentin loss. The lowest surface loss values were observed with F+AA and FSn+AA. The polymer did not significantly influence the KOH-soluble fluoride formation on enamel/dentin specimens. The aminomethacrylate copolymer effectively enhanced the efficacy of sodium fluoride against initial erosion and improved the control of enamel and dentin wear of F and FSn solutions.

A Review of Natural Polysaccharides: Sources, Characteristics, Properties, Food, and Pharmaceutical Applications.

Natural polysaccharides, which are described in this study, are some of the most extensively used biopolymers in food, pharmaceutical, and medical applications, because they are renewable and have a high level of biocompatibility and biodegradability. The fundamental understanding required to properly exploit polysaccharides potential in the biocomposite, nanoconjugate, and pharmaceutical industries depends on detailed research of these molecules. Polysaccharides are preferred over other polymers because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, homogeneity, and bioadhesive properties. Natural polysaccharides have also been discovered to have excellent rheological and biomucoadhesive properties, which may be used to design and create a variety of useful and cost-effective drug delivery systems. Polysaccharide-based composites derived from natural sources have been widely exploited due to their multifunctional properties, particularly in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications. These materials have achieved global attention and are in great demand because to their biochemical properties, which mimic both human and animal cells. Although synthetic polymers account for a substantial amount of organic chemistry, natural polymers play a vital role in a range of industries, including biomedical, pharmaceutical, and construction. As a consequence, the current study will provide information on natural polymers, their biological uses, and food and pharmaceutical applications.

Oral potentially malignant disorders - An assessment of knowledge and attitude to future education in undergraduate dental students.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and clinical experience of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) in undergraduate dental students in six European countries (Croatia, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom) and assess student's attitude and preference to future education on the topic. A secondary aim was to identify gaps in student's knowledge and clinical practice. The study was a part of the Erasmus+ project "Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: Healthcare Professionals Training" (Grant No: 2020-1-UK01-KA202-078917). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online questionnaire was distributed to all final-year students in six partner universities. This consisted of four parts assessing: (1) knowledge on OPMDs, (2) clinical experience with this group of patients, (3) self-rated competence in the management of OPMDs and (4) preferences with regard to future education. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty final-year dental students from six partner universities responded to the questionnaire. Response rates varied from 12% to 92% between partner universities. Significant differences in clinical experience and knowledge were found between students. Students with more clinical exposure to OPMDs rated their knowledge and competence in the management of OPMDs higher than students with less clinical experience. The majority of students were interested in future education on OPMDs, preferably via short educational videos. CONCLUSION: The majority of students have received theoretical knowledge of OPMDs during their undergraduate studies, however, not all had clinical exposure to this group of patients. Students were open to further education on OPMDs. Important deficiencies in knowledge were identified that need to be addressed and it is anticipated that the e-learning platform and e-book that are in development by partner institutions will help to improve overall knowledge of OPMDs.

Biopolymer from Water Kefir as a Potential Clean-Label Ingredient for Health Applications: Evaluation of New Properties.

The present work aimed to characterize the exopolysaccharide obtained from water kefir grains (EPSwk), a symbiotic association of probiotic microorganisms. New findings of the technological, mechanical, and biological properties of the sample were studied. The EPSwk polymer presented an Mw of 6.35 × 105 Da. The biopolymer also showed microcrystalline structure and characteristic thermal stability with maximum thermal degradation at 250 °C. The analysis of the monosaccharides of the EPSwk by gas chromatography demonstrated that the material is composed of glucose units (98 mol%). Additionally, EPSwk exhibited excellent emulsifying properties, film-forming ability, a low photodegradation rate (3.8%), and good mucoadhesive properties (adhesion Fmax of 1.065 N). EPSwk presented cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of this study expand the potential application of the exopolysaccharide from water kefir as a potential clean-label raw material for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmetic applications.

Web-Based Information on the Treatment of Tobacco Dependence for Oral Health Professionals: Analysis of English-Written Websites.

BACKGROUND: Studies have been conducted on the content and quality of Web-based information for patients who are interested in smoking cessation advice and for health care practitioners regarding the content of e-learning programs about tobacco cessation. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no such information about the quality of Web-based learning resources regarding smoking cessation dedicated to oral health professionals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the quality of the content of webpages providing information about smoking cessation for oral health care professionals. METHODS: Websites were identified using Google and Health on Net (HON) search engines using the terms: smoking cessation OR quit smoking OR stop smoking OR 3As OR 5As OR tobacco counselling AND dentistry OR dental clinic OR dentist OR dental hygienist OR oral health professionals. The first 100 consecutive results of the 2 search engines were considered for the study. Quality assessment was rated using the DISCERN questionnaire, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and the HON seal. In addition, smoking cessation content on each site was assessed using an abbreviated version of the Smoke Treatment Scale (STS-C) and the Smoking Treatment Scale-Rating (STS-R). To assess legibility of the selected websites, the Flesch Reading Ease (FRES) and the Flesch-Kinkaid Reading Grade Level (FKRGL) were used. Websites were also classified into multimedia and nonmultimedia and friendly and nonfriendly usability. RESULTS: Of the first 200 sites selected (100 of Google and 100 of HON), only 11 met the inclusion criteria and mainly belonged to governmental institutions (n=8), with the others being prepared by Professional Associations (n=2) and nonprofit organizations (n=1). Only 3 were exclusively dedicated to smoking cessation. The average score obtained with the DISCERN was 3.0, and the average score in the FKRGL and FRES was 13.31 (standard deviation, SD 3.34) and 40.73 (SD 15.46), respectively. Of the 11 websites evaluated, none achieved all the four JAMA benchmarks. The mean score of STS-R among all the websites was 2.81 (SD 0.95) out of 5. A significant strong positive correlation was obtained between the DISCERN mean values and the STS-R (R=.89, P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: The mean quality of webpages with information for oral health care professionals about smoking cessation is low and displayed a high heterogeneity. These webpages are also difficult to read and often lack multimedia resources, which further limits their usefulness.

A New Approach to the Use of Osseointegrated Implants in Palate Obturator.

Osseointegrated implants are regularly used for retention and stability of maxillofacial prosthesis, especially in palatal obturator with large defects and few remaining teeth. In these cases, loads that tissues receive from a prosthesis can cause bone resorption and thus enlarge the defect. Implants may help redistribute the loads on the perimplant bone crest and avoid exacerbating the defect. The authors present a case in which the palatal defect has increased overtime. After placement of a sealing prosthesis with implants, bone and mucosal tissues stability around the defect it is observed during 1 year of follow-up.

Development of low density azithromycin-loaded polycaprolactone microparticles for pulmonary delivery.

CONTEXT: The development of low-density polymeric microparticles may be a useful approach to deliver antibiotics such as azithromycin into the lung. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop azithromycin-loaded low density polycaprolactone microparticles by the double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microparticles were prepared and characterized according to their physicochemical properties, drug loading, and drug release profiles. A full 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of some independent variables on the drug loading and aerodynamic diameter of the particles. An in silico pulmonary deposition model was used to predict the lung deposition profiles for the formulations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The resulting particles presented drug loading up to 23.1% (wt%) and mean geometric diameters varying from 4.0 µm to 15.4 µm. Bulk and tapped densities were low, resulting in good or excellent flow properties. SEM images showed spherical particles with a smooth surface. However, hollow inner structures were observed, which may explain the low values of bulk density. The estimated aerodynamic diameters ranged from 2.3 µm to 8.9 µm. The in silico pulmonary deposition profiles indicated, for some formulations, that a significant fraction of the particles would be deposited in the deeper lung regions. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical analysis demonstrated that not only drug loading but also the aerodynamic diameter of the microparticles is greatly affected by the preparation conditions. Overall, the results indicated that the low-density azithromycin-loaded microparticles with a relatively high respirable fraction may be obtained for the local treatment of lung infections.

Development of low density azithromycin-loaded polycaprolactone microparticles for pulmonary delivery.

CONTEXT: The development of low-density polymeric microparticles may be a useful approach to deliver antibiotics such as azithromycin into the lung. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop azithromycin-loaded low density polycaprolactone microparticles by the double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microparticles were prepared and characterized according to their physicochemical properties, drug loading, and drug release profiles. A full 2(3) factorial design was used to evaluate the effect of some independent variables on the drug loading and aerodynamic diameter of the particles. An in silico pulmonary deposition model was used to predict the lung deposition profiles for the formulations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The resulting particles presented drug loading up to 23.1% (wt%) and mean geometric diameters varying from 4.0 µm to 15.4 µm. Bulk and tapped densities were low, resulting in good or excellent flow properties. SEM images showed spherical particles with a smooth surface. However, hollow inner structures were observed, which may explain the low values of bulk density. The estimated aerodynamic diameters ranged from 2.3 µm to 8.9 µm. The in silico pulmonary deposition profiles indicated, for some formulations, that a significant fraction of the particles would be deposited in the deeper lung regions. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical analysis demonstrated that not only drug loading but also the aerodynamic diameter of the microparticles is greatly affected by the preparation conditions. Overall, the results indicated that the low-density azithromycin-loaded microparticles with a relatively high respirable fraction may be obtained for the local treatment of lung infections.

Mandibular movement during speech of two related Latin languages.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: This study assessed the kinesiographic recordings of jaw movements during reading a text in Galician and Spanish language. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional blind study. METHODS: A homogeneous healthy group of 25 normal stomatognathic system and native Galician participants was studied. Frontal and parasagittal plane recordings of the intraborder lateral jaw movements and during reading Galician and Spanish texts were recorded using a calibrated jaw-tracking device, kinesiograph. RESULTS: Although movements were similar in both languages, a greater retrusion of the jaw in the Spanish language was shown; moreover, a tendency exists for a left-side motion envelope in this right-handedness preference sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the hypothesis that speech is controlled by the central nervous system rather than by peripheral factors and that the hemispheric dominance influences the asymmetry of the speech envelope.

Multidimensional transition metal complexes based on 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxylic acid: from discrete mononuclear complexes to layered materials.

The synthesis and structural characterization of five transition metal complexes with different dimensionality and incorporating residues of 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-carboxylic acid (H2atrc) is reported: [Zn(Hatrc)2(H2O)] (1), [Mn(Hatrc)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (2), [Fe2(Hatrc)4(OH)2]·6H2O (3), [Cd(Hatrc)2(H2O)]n (4), and [Mn(atrc)(H2O)]n·nH2O (5). These materials could be prepared from solution (1-3), diffusion (4), or hydrothermal reactions (5) with various anions and L:M ratios. Structural details were revealed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The discrete units composing compounds 1-3, the polymeric 1D chain of 4 and the 2D layer of 5 are further extended into 3D supramolecular architectures through the formation of hydrogen bonds.

Evaluation of chitosan-GP hydrogel biocompatibility in osteochondral defects: an experimental approach.

BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage, because of its avascular nature, has little capacity for spontaneous healing, and tissue engineering approaches, employing different biomaterials and cells, are under development. Among the investigated biomaterials are the chitosan-based hydrogels. Although thoroughly studied in other mammalian species, studies are scarce in equines. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biocompatibility of chitosan-GP in horse joints submitted to high mechanical loads. RESULTS: An osteochondral defect was created by arthroscopy in the medial surface of lateral trochlea of talus of left or right leg, randomly selected, from six healthy geldings. The defect was filled up with chitosan-GP. The contralateral joint received an identical defect with no implant. The chondral fragment removed to produce the defect was collected, processed and used as the "Initial" sample (normal cartilage) for histology, immunohistochemistry, and metabolic labelling of PGs. After 180 days, the repair tissues were collected, and also analyzed. At the end of the experiment (180 days after lesion), the total number of cells per field in repair tissues was equal to control, and macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells were not detected, suggesting that no significant inflammation was present. These cells were able to synthesize type II collagen and proteoglycans (PGs). Nevertheless, the cell population in these tissues, both in presence of chitosan-GP and in untreated controls, were heterogeneous, with a lower proportion of type II collagen-positives cells and some with a fibroblastic aspect. Moreover, the PGs synthesized in repair tissues formed in presence or absence of chitosan-GP were similar to those of normal cartilage. However, the chitosan-GP treated tissue had an disorganized appearance, and blood vessels were present. CONCLUSIONS: Implanted chitosan-GP did not evoke an important inflammatory reaction, and permitted cell growth. These cells were able to synthesize type II collagen and PGs similar to those synthesized in normal cartilage and in healing tissue without implant, indicating its chondrocyte nature.

Modification of polysulfone membrane used in the water filtration process to reduce biofouling.

Polysulfone membranes (PSF) were modified with silver nanoparticles obtained by new synthesis (nAgNS), silver nanoparticles obtained commercially (nAgC), silver sulfadiazine (SP), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DOTAB), benzalkonium chloride (CB) or sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBSS) to improve the efficiency of the water filtration process by reducing biofouling. All membranes had lower hydrophobicity compared with PSF. The zeta potentials of all membranes were negative at pH 7.0, except for CB 10%. In the agar diffusion test, E. coli was considered to be sensitive to the antimicrobial effect of the nAgNS 1%, 3%, 6%, 10% and DOTAB 10%, whereas S. aureus was sensitive to the nAgNS 1%, 3%, 6%, 10%, DOTAB 10%, CB 0.22%, 2% and 10%. The lowest adhesion of E. coli was found in the nAgNS 6% and 10%. In the evaluation of the loss of flow rate during filtration of the E. coli suspension and pure water, nAgNS showed higher flow rate values when compared with PSF. The nAgNS did not release quantities of silver (0.1 mg/l) above the amount considered safe by the World Health Organization. Membranes nAgNS 6% and 10% showed the best anti-biofouling characteristic.

Dual centrifugation as a novel and efficient method for the preparation of lipodisks.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized lipodisks have emerged as innovatiive, promising nanocarriers for several classes of drugs. Prior research underscores the important role of lipid composition and preparation method in determining the lipodisk size, uniformity, and drug loading capacity. In this study, we investigate dual centrifugation (DC) as a novel technique for the production of PEG-stabilized lipodisks. Moreover, we explore the potential use of DC for the encapsulation of two model drugs, curcumin and doxorubicin, within the disks. Our results show that by a considerate choice of experimental conditions, DC can be used as a fast and straightforward means to produce small and homogenous lipodisks with a hydrodynamic diameter of 20-30 nm. Noteworthy, the technique works well for the production of both cholesterol-free and cholesterol-containing disks and does not require pre-mixing of the lipids in organic solvent. Furthermore, our investigations confirm the efficacy of DC in formulating curcumin and doxorubicin within these lipodisks. For doxorubicin, careful control and optimization of the experimental conditions resulted in formulations displaying an encouraging encapsulation efficiency of 84 % and a favourable drug-to-lipid ratio of 0.13 in the disks.

Human diprosopus: Case report of a rare congenital abnormality.

Diprosopus is a congenital anomaly in which partial or complete duplication of craniofacial structures occurs. Because it is rare, the mortality rate is high, and information concerning this anomaly is scarce. This study describes a case of human diprosopus in a 9-year-old male individual, who has severe complications associated with the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems. Since birth, he has been monitored in a specialized hospital environment, where he has undergone several surgeries and multidisciplinary treatments. Regarding the craniofacial aspects, he had agenesis of the corpus callosum, floor of the nasal cavity, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa, in addition to the presence of bone dysplasia, ocular hypertelorism and cleft palate with nasal and oral teratoma. Regarding dental characteristics, the patient has duplication of the maxilla, mandible, tongue, and some teeth. After complementary imaging exams, several supernumerary teeth were found, with some being impacted and in complex regions, with an indication for extraction due to the risks of impaction, irruptive deviation, root resorption, and associated cystic or tumoral lesions. Because of the numerous complications, knowledge, and preparation of the entire team is necessary for the correct management of the case.

New and effective cassava bagasse-modified biochar to adsorb Food Red 17 and Acid Blue 9 dyes in a binary mixture.

A promissory technic for reducing environmental contaminants is the production of biochar from waste reuse and its application for water treatment. This study developed biochar (CWb) and NH4Cl-modified biochar (MCWb) using cassava residues as precursors. CWb and MCWb were characterized and evaluated in removing dyes (Acid Blue 9 and Food Red 17) in a binary system. The adsorbent demonstrated high adsorption capacity at all pH levels studied, showing its versatility regarding this process parameter. The equilibrium of all adsorption experiments was reached in 30 min. The adsorption process conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics and extended Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic adsorption experiments demonstrated that the adsorption process is physisorption, exhibiting exothermic and spontaneous characteristics. MCWb exhibited highly efficient and selective adsorption behavior towards the anionic dyes, indicating maximum adsorption capacity of 131 and 150 mg g-1 for Food Red 17 and Acid Blue 9, respectively. Besides, MCWb could be reused nine times, maintaining its original adsorption capacity. This study demonstrated an excellent adsorption capability of biochars in removing dyes. In addition, it indicated the recycling of wastes as a precursor of bio composts, a strategy for utilization in water treatment with binary systems. It showed the feasibility of the reuse capacity that indicated that the adsorbent may have many potential applications.

Neodymium adsorption from aqueous solution by ß-cyclodextrin nanosponges and a polymer valorized from potato peels waste: experiments and conventional and statistical physics interpretations.

Using organic waste and residue streams to be turned into valuable and greener materials for various applications has proven an efficient and suitable strategy. In this work, two green materials (nanosponges and a polymer) were synthesized using potato peels and applied for the first time to adsorb and recover Neodymium (Nd3+) from aqueous solutions. The recovery of Nd3+ that belongs to the rare earth elements has attracted important interest due to its/their importance in several industrial and technological applications. The fine potato peel waste (FPPW) polymer presented an irregular shape and porous surface. At the same time, the ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) nanosponges had uniform distribution with regular and smooth shapes. ß-CD nanosponges exhibited a much higher total carboxyl content (4.02 mmol g-1) than FPPW (2.50 mmol g-1), which could impact the Nd3+ adsorption performance because carboxyl groups can interact with cations. The adsorption capacity increased with the increase of the pH, reaching its maximum at pHs 6-7 for ß-CD nanosponges and 4-7 for FPPW polymer. The kinetic and equilibrium data were well-fitted by General order and Liu models. ß-CD nanosponges attained adsorption capacity near 100 mg Nd per gram of adsorbent. Thermodynamic and statistical physical results corroborated that the adsorption mechanism was due to electrostatic interaction/complexation and that the carboxyl groups were important in the interactions. ß-CD nanosponges (three cycles of use) were more effective than FPPW (one cycle of use) in the regeneration. Finally, ß-CD nanosponges could be considered an eco-friendly adsorbent to recover Nd3+ from aqueous matrices.

Adsorptive features of cyclohexane carboxylic naphthenic acid on a novel cross-linked polymer developed from spent coffee grounds.

Naphthenic acids (NA) are organic compounds commonly found in crude oil and produced water, known for their recalcitrance and toxicity. This study introduces a new adsorbent, a polymer derived from spent coffee grounds (SCGs), through a straightforward cross-linking method for removing cyclohexane carboxylic acid as representative NA. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model for the data (0.007 g min-1 mg-1), while the equilibrium data fitted the Sips model ( q m = 140.55 mg g-1). The process's thermodynamics indicated that the target NA's adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic. The localized sterical and energetic aspects were investigated through statistical physical modeling, which corroborated that the adsorption occurred indeed in monolayer, as suggested by the Sips model, but revealed the contribution of two energies per site ( n 1 ; n 2 ). The number of molecules adsorbed per site ( n ) was highly influenced by the temperature as n 1 decreased with increasing temperature and n 2 increased. These results were experimentally demonstrated within the pH range between 4 and 6, where both C6H11COO-(aq.) and C6H11COOH(aq.) species coexisted and were adsorbed by different energy sites. The polymer produced was naturally porous and amorphous, with a low surface area of 20 to 30 m2 g-1 that presented more energetically accessible sites than other adsorbents with much higher surface areas. Thus, this study shows that the relation between surface area and high adsorption efficiency depends on the compatibility between the energetic states of the receptor sites, the speciation of the adsorbate molecules, and the temperature range studied.

Gross, organoleptic and histologic assessment of cadaveric equine heads preserved using chemical methods for veterinary surgical teaching.

BACKGROUND: Preservation of biological tissues has been used since ancient times. Regardless of the method employed, tissue preservation is thought to be a vital step in veterinary surgery teaching and learning. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the usability of chemically preserved cadaveric equine heads for surgical teaching in veterinary medicine. METHODS: Six cadaveric equine heads were collected immediately after death or euthanasia and frozen until fixation. Fixation was achieved by using a hypertonic solution consisting of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, and an alcoholic solution containing ethanol and glycerin. Chemically preserved specimens were stored at low temperatures (2°C to 6°C) in a conventional refrigerator. The specimens were submitted to gross and organoleptic assessment right after fixative solution injection (D0) and within 10, 20, and 30 days of fixation (D10, D20, and D30, respectively). Samples of tissue from skin, tongue, oral vestibule, and masseter muscle were collected for histological evaluation at the same time points. RESULTS: Physical and organoleptic assessments revealed excellent specimen quality (mean scores higher than 4 on a 5-point scale) in most cases. In some specimens, lower scores (3) were assigned to the range of mouth opening, particularly on D0 and D10. A reduced the range of mouth opening may be a limiting factor in teaching activities involving structures located in the oral cavity. CONCLUSIONS: The excellent physical, histologic, and organoleptic characteristics of the specimens in this sample support their usability in teaching within the time frame considered. Appropriate physical and organoleptic characteristics (color, texture, odor, and flexibility) of the specimens in this study support the use of the method described for preparation of reusable anatomical specimens.

Evaluation of Microbiological Susceptibility and Long-term Adhesive Properties to Dentin of Primers with Terminalia catappa Linn.

PURPOSE: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Terminalia catappa Linn (TCL) leaf extracts at different concentrations and the effects of these extracts used as primers on the long-term adhesive properties of two universal adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After extract preparation, the antimicrobial and antibacterial activities of TCL against Streptococcus mutans (UA 159) were assessed in microdilution assays to provide the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Additionally, to provide quantitative data on the ability of TCL extract to reduce cell viability, colony forming units (CFU) were counted. To examine adhesive properties, 288 human molars were randomly assigned to 32 experimental conditions (n = 9) according to the following variables: (1) treatment agent: negative control (untreated surface), and primers at concentrations of 1xMIC, 5xMIC, and 10xMIC; (2) adhesives: Scotchbond Universal (SBU) and Futurabond Universal (FBU); (3) adhesive strategy: etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE); and (4) storage time: 24 h or after 2 years. Primers were applied for 60 s, upon which the teeth were incrementally restored and sectioned into adhesive-dentin bonded sticks. These were tested for microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) after 24-h and 2-year water storage, as well as in-situ degree of conversion (DC) at 24 h. The chemical profile of the hybrid layer was determined via micro-Raman spectroscopy. Biofilm assay data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test; the pH of culture media and the chemical profile were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The adhesive properties (µTBS, NL, DC) were evaluated using a four-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Similar values of MIC and MBC were observed (2 mg/ml), showing bactericidal potential. CFU analysis demonstrated that concentrations of 5xMIC and 10xMIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.001). The application of the TCL primer at all concentrations significantly increased the immediate µTBS and DC, and decreased the immediate NL values when compared to the control group (p < 0.05), regardless of the adhesive and adhesive strategies. Despite an increase in the NL values for all groups after 2 years (p > 0.05), in groups where the TCL primer was applied, the µTBS remained constant after 2 years for both adhesives, while a decrease in the µTBS was observed in the control groups (p < 0.05). Usually, 10xMIC showed better results than 1xMIC and 5xMIC (p < 0.05). The application of TCL promoted cross-linking; cross-linking rates increased proportionally to the concentration of TCL (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Primers containing TCL promoted bactericidal and bacteriostatic action, as well as cross-linking with dentin, while maintaining the adhesive properties of the adhesive-dentin interface after 2 years of water storage.