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1.
Environ Sci Technol ; 54(15): 9573-9583, 2020 08 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32551594

RESUMO

Rapid and continuous ammonium adsorption from mainstream coupled with side-stream ammonium recovery and adsorbent regeneration could enable ammonium recovery from domestic wastewater. This study describes the use of tailored poly(acrylic acid)-based (NaPAA) hydrogels as effective sorbents for ammonium removal from domestic wastewater. Modified NaPAA hydrogels having 60% ionization and 4.8 mol % N',N'-methylenebisacrylamide as the cross-linker reduced the overall swelling by 92% from 407 to 31 g/g because of higher cross-linking density. At hydrogel loadings of 2.5-7.5 g/L, the NaPAA hydrogels achieved ammonium concentrations of 8.3 ± 0.6 to 10.1 ± 0.1 mg/L NH4-N, which corresponds to removal efficiencies of 53-77% after 10 min of contact time in real domestic wastewater. At the same hydrogel loadings, the ammonium removal efficiency of NaPAA hydrogels in synthetic wastewater was found to be comparable to that in real sewage (71% vs 69%, respectively), suggesting that the sorption performance is only marginally affected by organic constituents found in domestic wastewater. In addition, the NaPAA hydrogels removed 25-51% ammonium in 10 min from synthetic streams having 200-400% higher ionic strengths than those commonly observed in sewage. Furthermore, simulation studies showed that a discharge concentration of ∼1.9 mg/L NH4-N, well below the commonly applied discharge limits in most regions, can be achieved using mainstream ammonium removal by NaPAA hydrogels followed by biological assimilation from the growth of ordinary heterotrophic organisms.


Assuntos
Compostos de Amônio , Águas Residuárias , Resinas Acrílicas , Hidrogéis
2.
Biomacromolecules ; 15(2): 666-79, 2014 Feb 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24410405

RESUMO

A novel water-soluble macromonomer based on octavinyl silsesquioxane has been synthesized and contains vinyl-terminated PEG 400 in each of the eight arms to promote water solubility. The macromonomer was characterized by NMR and FTIR and its aqueous solution properties examined. In water it exhibits an LCST with a cloud point at 23 °C for a 10 wt % aqueous solution. It is surface active with a CMC of 1.5 × 10(-5) M in water and in 20:80 v/v acetone/water the CMC is 7.1 × 10(-5) M, and TEM images showed spherical 22 nm aggregates in aqueous solution above the CMC. The macromonomer was copolymerized in a 20:80 v/v acetone/water mixture with a vinyl-terminated, triblock copolymer of lactide-PEG-lactide to form a library of cross-linked hydrogels that were designed for use as scaffolds for alveolar bone repair. The cross-linked copolymer networks were shown to contain a range of nm-µm sized pores and their swelling properties in water and PBS at pH 7.4 were examined. At pH 7.4 the hydrogel networks undergo a slow hydrolysis with the release of principally PEG and lactic acid fragments. The hydrogels were shown to be noncytotoxic toward fibroblast cultures at pH 7.4, both initially (days 1-5) and after significant hydrolysis had taken place (days 23-28).


Assuntos
Fibroblastos/química , Hidrogéis/síntese química , Compostos de Organossilício/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Fibroblastos/citologia , Hidrogéis/química , Substâncias Macromoleculares/síntese química , Substâncias Macromoleculares/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Propriedades de Superfície
3.
Nanotechnology ; 25(5): 055701, 2014 Feb 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24406311

RESUMO

The development of functional nanocarriers that can enhance the cellular delivery of a variety of nucleic acid agents is important in many biomedical applications such as siRNA therapy. We report the synthesis of large pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LPMSN) loaded with iron oxide and covalently modified by polyethyleneimine (denoted PEI-Fe-LPMSN) as carriers for gene delivery. The LPMSN have a particle size of ∼200 nm and a large pore size of 11 nm. The large pore size is essential for the formation of large iron oxide nanoparticles to increase the magnetic properties and the adsorption capacity of siRNA molecules. The magnetic property facilitates the cellular uptake of nanocarriers under an external magnetic field. PEI is covalently grafted on the silica surface to enhance the nanocarriers' affinity against siRNA molecules and to improve gene silencing performance. The PEI-Fe-LPMSN delivered siRNA-PLK1 effectively into osteosarcoma cancer cells, leading to cell viability inhibition of 80%, higher compared to the 50% reduction when the same dose of siRNA was delivered by a commercial product, oligofectamine.


Assuntos
Técnicas de Transferência de Genes , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Dióxido de Silício/química , Adsorção , Transporte Biológico Ativo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Terapia Genética/métodos , Humanos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/ultraestrutura , Nanotecnologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/administração & dosagem , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacocinética , Osteossarcoma/enzimologia , Osteossarcoma/genética , Osteossarcoma/terapia , Polietilenoimina/química , Porosidade , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacocinética , Quinase 1 Polo-Like
4.
Biomacromolecules ; 8(1): 296-301, 2007 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17206820

RESUMO

The effect of moisture content and temperature on water diffusion into a modified high amylose (< or = 90%) maize thermoplastic starch blend was investigated. Gravimetric and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were conducted to elucidate the diffusion mechanism and diffusion coefficients for this system. The diffusion coefficient data demonstrated that the rate of water diffusion into this blend was significantly dependent upon temperature and moisture content. Water diffusion was faster at higher temperatures and generally for samples stored at higher relative humidity environments. It was revealed from the gravimetric data that water diffusion into this starch blend was Fickian; however, further analysis of the MRI images found that the water diffusion mechanism was exponentially dependent on the concentration. This result was determined by comparing experimental water concentration profiles to a theoretical model calculated using the implicit Crank-Nicolson finite difference method.


Assuntos
Amilose/química , Amido/química , Água/química , Química/métodos , Difusão , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Modelos Estatísticos , Conformação Molecular , Polímeros/química , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Temperatura , Fatores de Tempo
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