RESUMO
This study evaluated the presence of cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1ß, and TNF-α) and human herpesvirus (HSV1, HSV2, EBV, CMV, VZV, HHV6, HHV7, and HHV8) in saliva samples taken from subjects with and without peri-implantitis. Forty-two periodontally healthy subjects were divided according to peri-implant condition: healthy and peri-implantitis groups. The clinical parameters as probing depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index, gingival bleeding, bleeding on probing, and suppuration were evaluated. For cytokine detection, multiplex analysis was performed, and PCR assay was used to identify herpesviruses. No significant differences were found in cytokine levels between groups (p > 0.05). The presence of herpesvirus was 1.97-fold higher in patients with peri-implantitis (odds ratio, CI 0.52-7.49). The association of the presence or absence of herpesvirus with the salivary markers was statistically significant for MIP-1ß (p = 0.0087) and TNF-α (p = 0.0437) only in the peri-implantitis group. The presence of herpesviruses in patients with peri-implantitis suggests the development of a proinflammatory environment, which is characterized by increased expression of MIP-1ß and TNF-α in saliva.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Peri-Implantite/metabolismo , Peri-Implantite/virologia , Saliva/química , Saliva/virologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Herpesvirus Humano 1/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 2/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 3/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 4/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 6/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 8/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peri-Implantite/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
AIM: Saliva can play an important role in human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) transmission in endemic regions for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Little is known about HHV-8 oral shedding in immunocompetent individuals from non-endemic regions for KS. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of HHV-8 salivary excretion among 59 healthy, immunocompetent individuals from São Paulo, Brazil, followed up weekly for 4 months, resulting in 16 saliva samples from each participant. Antibodies to HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and lytic-phase antigens were investigated with immunofluorescence assays (IFA). HHV-8 DNA detection was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: All 59 individuals were seronegative to LANA and lytic antibodies. HHV-8 DNA was undetectable in saliva samples in 100% of the participants, totaling 944 samples and being consistently negative during the different periods of sampling, which lasted approximately 120 days. No sequences of HHV-8 DNA were detected in the saliva samples of healthy, immunocompetent adults by using real-time PCR, with the resulting data being consistent with IFA-based serological tests. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike other herpesviruses, HHV-8 is not excreted in the saliva of healthy individuals from non-endemic regions for KS.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Humano 8/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 8/patogenicidade , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiologia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/virologia , Actinas/metabolismo , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais , Antígenos Nucleares/genética , Antígenos Nucleares/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 8/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 8/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/imunologia , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Saliva/virologia , Testes Sorológicos , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is hyperendemic in Amerindian populations, but its modes of transmission are unknown. METHODS: Antibodies against either HHV-8 lytic antigen or HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) were detected, by immunofluorescence assays, in 339 Amerindians and 181 non-Amerindians from the Brazilian Amazon. Serological markers of oro-fecal (hepatitis A), parenteral (hepatitis B and C), and sexual (herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis) transmission were measured by specific ELISAs. Salivary HHV-8 DNA was detected by use of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay and was sequenced. RESULTS: Antibodies against either lytic antigen or LANA were detected in 79.1% of Amerindians and in 6.1% of non-Amerindians (adjusted seroprevalence ratio [SR], 12.63 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 7.1-22.4]; P<.0001). HHV-8 seroprevalence increased with age among Amerindians (P(Trend) < .001) and already had high prevalence in childhood but was not sex specific in either population. The 2 populations did not differ in seroprevalence of oro-fecal or parenteral markers, but seroprevalence of markers of sexual transmission was lower among Amerindians. HHV-8 DNA in saliva was detected in 47 (23.7%) of 198 HHV-8 seropositive Amerindians. Detection of HHV-8 DNA decreased with age (P(Trend) < .04) and was more common in men (SR, 2.14 [95% CI, 1.3-3.5]; P=.003). A total of 36 (76.6%) of the 47 saliva HHV-8 DNA samples were sequenced, and all clustered as subtype E. CONCLUSION: The data support the hypothesis of early acquisition and horizontal transmission, via saliva, of HHV-8 subtype E in Amerindian populations.