[A controlled study on the treatment of acute progressive cerebral infarction by continuous anticoagulation with small doses of heparin].

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the treatment of acute progressive cerebral infarction by continuous anticoagulation with small doses of heparin. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, and controlled clinical research was conducted. Three hundred and fifty-one patients were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (n=119) was treated with heparin, which was controlled by an infusion pump with a speed of 18 U×kg(-1)×h(-1) for 24 hours, and the dosage was regulated according to the changes in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) which was determined every 8 hours. Group B (n=115) was treated with intravenous drip of 12,500 U of heparin with a speed of 18 U×kg(-1)×h(-1) once a day. Group C (n=117) was treated with 5000 U of low-molecular-weight heparin calcium injection twice a day. After 14 days, nerve function defect according to the National Institutes of Heath stroke scale (NIHSS) score was determined, the adverse events (e.g. intracranial hemorrhage, subcutaneous ecchymosis, gingival bleeding, hematuria and occult blood in stools) were observed. After 6 months, the recurrence rate and Barthel index (BI) would be determined. RESULTS: The total efficiency in group A (95.80%) was significantly higher than that in group B (85.22%) and group C (85.47%). Recurrence rate in group A (1.68%) was significantly lower than group B (8.70%) and group C (8.33%) with significant differences (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between group B and group C (both P>0.05). The BI of group A (89.27±8.56) was significantly higher than group B (72.57±9.77) and group C (71.66±9.37) with significant difference (both P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between group B and group C (P>0.05). Adverse event rate in group A (5.88%) was slightly higher than that of group B (3.48%) and group C (4.27%), but the difference was not significant (both P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous infusion of low dosage of heparin could significantly reduce neurologic impairment score in patients with progressive cerebral infarction, increase cure rate, reduce the recurrence rate, and raise the BI of patients, and it dose not increase the risk of intracranial and extracranial hemorrhage.

Enhancement of the anticoagulant capacity of polyvinyl chloride tubing for cardiopulmonary bypass circuit using aluminum oxide nanoscale coating applied through atomic layer deposition.

For cardiopulmonary bypass, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) circuit which can initiate the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade after blood cell contacting is the possible detrimental effect. Surface coating of the PVC tubing system can be an effective approach to enhance circuit's hemocompatibility. In this study, aluminum oxide (Al2 O3 ) thin films were deposited through thermal atomic layer deposition (T-ALD) or plasma-enhanced ALD (PE-ALD) on PVC samples, and the anticoagulation of the Al2 O3 -coated PVC samples was demonstrated. The results revealed that Al2 O3 deposition through ALD increased surface roughness, whereas T-ALD had a relative hydrophilicity compared with blank PVC and PE-ALD. Whole blood immersion tests showed that blood clots formed on blank PVC and that a large amount of red blood cells was found on PE-ALD substrates, whereas less blood cells were noted in T-ALD samples. Both T-ALD and PE-ALD Al2 O3 films did not cause activation of blood cells, as evidenced in CD3+ /CD4+ /CD8+ , CD61+ /CD62P+ , and CD45+ /CD42b+ populations. Analysis of serum coagulation factors showed that a lower amount of prothrombin was absorbed on T-ALD Al2 O3 samples than that on blank PVC. For albumin and fibrinogen immersion tests, immunostaining and scanning electron microscopy further revealed that a thin albumin layer was absorbed on T-ALD Al2 O3 substrates but not on PVC samples. This study revealed that deposition of Al2 O3 films by T-ALD can improve anticoagulation of the PVC tubing system.

[Biological characters of a coxsackievirus B3 variant strain isolated from a hand-foot-mouth disease patient with severe clinical symptoms].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the genetic and biological characters of a new isolate of coxsackievirus B3 (CoxB3), i.e. FY-19 strain, and investigate its mechanistic role in causing different clinical symptoms of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). METHODS: FY-19 strain, isolated from a patient with severe clinical symptoms from Fuyang, China in 2008, was identified by the serological parameters via the Lim Benyesh-Melnick (LBM) antiserum pools. Its genotype was further characterized by sequencing the whole genome. And its biological characters were also examined by proliferation kinetic and pathogenetic analysis. RESULTS: FY-19 strain was identified as CoxB3 showing 23.0%, 16.5% and 32.1% difference with Nancy strain in 3'-, 5'-noncoding and coding regions respectively. FY-19 also showed a high homology with other HFMD-related CoxB3 isolates in China. But its homology with non-HFMD-related CoxB3 isolates was lower (13.5% and 25.0% difference in 3'-NCR and coding region respectively). The viral replication kinetic analysis suggested that the FY-19 proliferation increased rapidly and peaked at 14 hours post-infection. In pathological analysis, FY-19 strain induced mortal pathology in sucking mice. CONCLUSION: Differences in genetic and biological characters exist between FY-19 and Nancy strains. Further analysis on the pathogenesis of this variant may aid in elucidating the mechanisms of HFMD.

[Effects of different fertilization managements on microbial necromass and plant lignin accumulation in a Mollisol]. / 不同施肥管理措施对农田土壤中植物和微生物残留组分的影响.

Fertilization is an effective management to maintain and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) level in agroecosystems. Both microbial metabolism and plant component retention control SOC sequestration. Here, we used amino sugars and lignin as biomarkers to investigate the responses of distribution of microbial necromass and plant debris in a long-term cultivated soil (30 years) and SOC accumulation to different fertilization regime. The results showed that, compared with unfertilized treatment, inorganic fertilizer application (N fertilizer-only or the combination of organic or inorganic fertilizers) increased crop production and soil amino sugar accumulation, but did not affect the concentrations of lignin and SOC, indicating that inorganic fertilizer stimulated the assimilation of microbial substrate and accelerated the turnover of SOC and lignin in the plough layer. Compared with inorganic fertilizer treatment, long-term organic fertilizer application promoted SOC accumulation (38.3%), but did not affect amino sugar concentration in SOC, which indicated that soil could reach a 'saturation' state with respect to microbial residue accumulation. In contrast, the application of organic fertilizer increased the proportion of lignin in SOC,indicating that the contribution of plant residues to SOC persistence was enhanced. Compared with the manure-only treatment, organic-inorganic combined application mainly increased the contribution of amino sugar to SOC accumulation. Our findings indicated that long-term fertilization could affect SOC dynamics through modulating the accumulation processes of microbial necromass and plant debris.

Experimental infection of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) with Coxsackie virus A16.

Coxsackie virus A16 (CA16) is commonly recognized as one of the main human pathogens of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). The clinical manifestations of HFMD include vesicles of hand, foot and mouth in young children and severe inflammatory CNS lesions. In this study, experimentally CA16 infected tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) were used to investigate CA16 pathogenesis. The results showed that both the body temperature and the percentages of blood neutrophilic granulocytes / monocytes of CA16 infected tree shrews increased at 4-7 days post infection. Dynamic distributions of CA16 in different tissues and stools were found at different infection stages. Moreover, the pathological changes in CNS and other organs were also observed. These findings indicate that tree shrews can be used as a viable animal model to study CA16 infection.