Association between lipid metabolism and periodontitis in obese patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between clinical periodontal parameters of periodontitis, serum lipid metabolism markers and adipokines' levels in patients with obesity and periodontitis. METHODS: A total of 112 patients admitted to Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were included in this study. They were divided into normal body weight group (18.5 < body mass index, BMI < 25, n = 36), overweight group (25 ≤ BMI < 30, n = 38), and obesity group (BMI ≥ 30, n = 38) accordingly. The diagnosis of periodontitis was based on the newest international classification of periodontitis. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements included: plaque index, periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were analyzed for: Interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. Serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were measured. Visfatin, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin levels in serum were also measured. RESULTS: The ratio of participants without periodontitis was significantly highest in normal weight group, and the proportion of severe periodontitis (stage III and IV) was highest in obesity group. The periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and the inflammatory cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid in obesity group and overweight group were higher than those in normal body weight group. The BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly positive correlated with periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level. Using a Multivariate logistic regression model, periodontitis correlates to BMI, WHR, serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and adipokines such as visfatin, leptin, and resistin. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is positively correlated with the aggravation of periodontitis. Obesity may aggravate the damage to periodontal tissue by regulating the secretion level of adipokines.

The earliest hylobatid from the Late Miocene of China.

Yuanmoupithecus xiaoyuan, a small catarrhine from the Late Miocene of Yunnan in southern China, was initially suggested to be related to Miocene proconsuloids or dendropithecoids from East Africa, but subsequent reports indicated that it might be more closely related to hylobatids. Here, detailed comparisons of the material, including seven newly discovered teeth and a partial lower face of a juvenile individual, provide crucial evidence to help establish its phylogenetic relationships. Yuanmoupithecus exhibits a suite of synapomorphies that support a close phylogenetic relationship with extant hylobatids. Furthermore, based on the retention of several primitive features of the dentition, Yuanmoupithecus can be shown to be the sister taxon of crown hylobatids. The contention that Kapi ramnagarensis from the Middle Miocene of India might represent an earlier species of hylobatid is not supported here. Instead, Kapi is inferred to be a specialized pliopithecoid more closely related to Krishnapithecus krishnaii from the Late Miocene of India. Currently then, Yuanmoupithecus represents the earliest known definitively identified hylobatid and the only member of the clade predating the Pleistocene. It extends the fossil record of hylobatids back to 7-8 Ma and fills a critical gap in the evolutionary history of hominoids that has up until now remained elusive. Even so, molecular estimates of a divergence date of hylobatids from other hominoids at about 17-22 Ma signifies that there is still a substantial gap in the fossil record of more than 10 million years that needs to be filled in order to document the biogeographic origins and early evolution of hylobatids.

Intracellular mRNA phase separation induced by cationic polymers for tumor immunotherapy.

The formation of biomolecular condensates via liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an advantageous strategy for cells to organize their subcellular compartments for diverse functions. Recent findings suggest that RNA or RNA-related LLPS techniques have potential for the development of new cellular regulation strategies. However, manipulating RNA LLPS in living cells has great challenges. Herein, we report that cationic polymers (CPs) have strong RNA LLPS-inducing activity. By introducing CPs into living cells or RNA solutions, significant RNA LLPS was verified through confocal imaging, turbidity assays, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) tests. Among them, turbidity kinetics determinations indicated that the hydrophilic positively charged amino groups on the CPs play essential roles in RNA phase separation. Moreover, the LLPS induced by the cationic polymers dramatically changed the gene expression patterns in the cells. Interestingly, we found that TGFß1 mRNA was highly encapsulated in the RNA droplets, which lowered the immunosuppressive capability of the tumor cells and triggered marked antitumor reactions in a mouse breast cancer model. Thus, we present here the CP-based modulation of RNA LLPS as a novel transcriptional manipulation method with potential for cancer immunotherapy drug development.

Preparation and Anti-tumor Study of Dextran 70,000-Selenium Nanoparticles and Poloxamer 188-Selenium Nanoparticles.

The anti-tumor effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has received more and more attention. However, the clinical application of SeNPs is not optimistic due to the poor stability. To improve the stability of SeNPs, many polymers are used to modify the SeNPs. However, most of the polymers are not approved by FDA. It is significant to develop a SeNPs product with good stability for clinic application. Dextran 70,000 (T70) and poloxamer 188 (P188) are FDA-approved pharmaceutical injection excipients. In this study, we decorate SeNPs with T70 and P188 and assess the physicochemical characterization, storage stability, and anti-tumor activities of T70-SeNPs and P188-SeNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that T70-SeNPs and P188-SeNPs are spherical particles with particle sizes of 110 nm and 60 nm respectively. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR) show that T70 or P188 can interact with SeNPs through hydrogen bonding. Stability study shows that P188-SeNPs freeze-dried powder and T70-SeNPs freeze-dried powder remain stable at 4℃ for 6 months. T70-SeNPs and P188-SeNPs can aggregate in cell matrix and play an anti-tumor role to HepG2 by promoting apoptosis, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). This study can provide reference for industrial production of SeNPs products.

Facile Fluorescence Dopamine Detection Strategy Based on Acid Phosphatase (ACP) Enzymatic Oxidation Dopamine to Polydopamine.

Facile and effective detection of dopamine (DA) plays a significant role in current clinical applications. Substantially, special optical nanomaterials are important for fabricating easy-to-control, cheap, selective, and portable fluorescence DA sensors with superior performance. Herein, carbon dots (CDs) prepared from melting method were applied as signal to establish a simple but effective fluorescence strategy for DA determination based on the enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), which induces DA to form polydopamine (pDA). The formed pDA caused by the enzymatic oxidization of ACP toward DA can interact with CDs through the inner filter effect. Such behavior effectively quenched the CDs' fluorescence. The degree of fluorescence quenching of CDs was positively correlated with the DA content. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the proposed fluorescence method exhibited a comparable analytical performance with other DA sensors with good selectivity. Furthermore, this method has been successfully applied to detect DA in DA hydrochloride injection and human serum samples. It shows that this method features potential practical application value and is expected to be used in clinical research.

Step-by-step teaching method: improving learning outcomes of undergraduate dental students in layering techniques for direct composite resin restorations.

BACKGROUND: Layering techniques for direct composite resin restorations might be complicated for inexperienced learners, as a number of materials and instruments are required at each step. The present study aimed to compare and assess the teaching effect of step-by-step and all-in-one teaching methods in layering techniques for direct composite resin restorations among undergraduate dental students. METHODS: A total of 68 junior dental students participated in this study, which was a prospective and single-blind trial. The students were randomly divided into a step-by-step group (experimental group, n = 34) and all-in-one group (control group, n = 34). The same teacher taught the two groups, ensuring a comparable teaching effect. The final score of each student was an average of scores by two experts who were blinded to the grouping. The scoring system was consisted by five parts. Each part was assigned scores of 3.0, 1.5, or 0. The total maximum score was 15 and minimum was 0. The total time taken by each group was also calculated. RESULTS: The values of the quality of tooth restorations evaluated by experts for step-by-step and all-in-one groups were 11.29 ± 2.13 from 15 and 9.00 ± 2.71 from 15 (t = 3.88, P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, the time spent by the experimental group was significantly lesser than that spent by the control group, which was 122.47 ± 2.82 and 137.18 ± 6.75 min, respectively (t = 11.72, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: With regard to the layering techniques for direct composite resin restorations, the outcomes were better in the step-by-step group than in the all-in-one group.

Facile one-pot synthesis of multifunctional polyphosphazene nanoparticles as multifunctional platform for tumor imaging.

By integrating imaging and drug-delivery in a single system, fluorescent nano-multifunctional imaging platforms can offer simultaneous diagnosis and therapy to diseases like cancer. However, the synthesis of such system involves a tedious, time-consuming, and multi-step process. Herein we report a facile method based on simple ultrasonication to synthesize highly cross-linked, monodispersed fluorescent polyphosphazene nanoparticles from hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and dichlorofluorescein (FD). Various functional groups (folic acid, PEG-NH2, and methylene blue) can be "fastened" in situ onto the poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-dichlorofluorescein) (PCTPDF) nanoparticles to expand its application as nano-multifunctional platform. All the nanoparticles were characterized spectrophotometrically, and morphology was established by the images obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized multifunctional nanoparticles exhibited low toxicity and penetrated through the cytomembranes of human colon cancer (HCT 116) cells. When applied to in vivo tumor imaging using biologically engineered mouse model, methylene blue functionalized (PCTPDF@MB) nanoparticles exhibited excellent photodynamic activity and imaging ability. Thus, PCTPDF nanoplatform based on multi-functional fluorescent nanoparticles might offer an efficient solution to new age theranostics. Apart from diagnostics application, PCTPDF, as a nanoplatform, could also be utilized to achieve more comprehensive application in modern analytic chemistry. Graphical Abstract The table of contents.

Influences of pH and Iron Concentration on the Salivary Microbiome in Individual Humans with and without Caries.

This study aimed to identify the differences in the oral microbial communities in saliva from patients with and without caries by performing sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform, as well as to further assess their relationships with environmental factors (salivary pH and iron concentration). Forty-three volunteers were selected, including 21 subjects with and 22 without caries, from one village in Gansu, China. Based on 966,255 trimmed sequences and clustering at the 97% similarity level, 1,303 species-level operational taxonomic units were generated. The sequencing data for the two groups revealed that (i) particular distribution patterns (synergistic effects or competition) existed in the subjects with and without caries at both the genus and species levels and (ii) both the salivary pH and iron concentration had significant influences on the microbial community structure. IMPORTANCE: The significant influences of the oral environment observed in this study increase the current understanding of the salivary microbiome in caries. These results will be useful for expanding research directions and for improving disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.

Development and evaluation of a digital dental modeling method based on grating projection and reverse engineering software.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: For reasons of convenience and economy, attempts have been made to transform traditional dental gypsum casts into 3-dimensional (3D) digital casts. Different scanning devices have been developed to generate digital casts; however, each has its own limitations and disadvantages. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an advanced method for the 3D reproduction of dental casts by using a high-speed grating projection system and noncontact reverse engineering (RE) software and to evaluate the accuracy of the method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The methods consisted of 3 main steps: the scanning and acquisition of 3D dental cast data with a high-resolution grating projection system, the reconstruction and measurement of digital casts with RE software, and the evaluation of the accuracy of this method using 20 dental gypsum casts. The common anatomic landmarks were measured directly on the gypsum casts with a Vernier caliper and on the 3D digital casts with the Geomagic software measurement tool. Data were statistically assessed with the t test. RESULTS: The grating projection system had a rapid scanning speed, and smooth 3D dental casts were obtained. The mean differences between the gypsum and 3D measurements were approximately 0.05 mm, and no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 methods (P>.05), except for the measurements of the incisor tooth width and maxillary arch length. CONCLUSIONS: A method for the 3D reconstruction of dental casts was developed by using a grating projection system and RE software. The accuracy of the casts generated using the grating projection system was comparable with that of the gypsum casts.

Reproducible preparation of a stable polypyrrole-coated-silver nanoparticles decorated polypyrrole-coated-polycaprolactone-nanofiber-based cloth electrode for electrochemical sensor application.

A piece of conductive cloth has been successfully constructed from polypyrrole-coated silver nanoparticle (Ag@PPy) composites decorated on electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers that formed the core-shell structure of Ag@PPy/PCL@PPy via a photo-induced one-step redox reaction. The photochemical reaction method both accelerated the rate of formation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and enhanced the dispersion of Ag NPs at the surface of PCL@PPy film. The resulting Ag@PPy/PCL@PPy-based cloth was flexible enough to be cut and pasted onto a glass carbon electrode for the preparation of a biosensor. The resulting biosensor showed good electrochemical activity toward the reduction of H2O2 with low detection limit down to 1 µM (S/N = 3) and wide linear detection ranging from 0.01 mM to 3.5 mM (R(2) = 0.990). This sensor has been applied to detect the trace H2O2 residual in milk. The cloth electrode has been proved to exhibit long-term stability, high selectivity, and excellent reproducibility.

De-Endothelialized Aortic Homografts: A Promising Scaffold Material for Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves.

This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of de-endothelialized aortic homografts as a scaffold for tissue-engineered heart valves. Aortic homografts obtained from donor rabbits were treated either with collagenase to eliminate endotheliocytes or with the enzyme-detergent-nuclease method to remove all cell components. Then biomechanical properties of fresh, de-endothelialized and acellular homografts were investigated comparatively. The inflammation potential and immunogenicity were also assessed after allogenic transplantation. Expression of immune indices and inflammatory infiltration in de-endothelialized and acellular homografts were much weaker than in the controls, and no significant difference was observed between treated groups. However, heat shrinkage temperature, tensile strength and broken extension rate of acellular homografts decreased significantly compared to de-endothelialized ones. It is concluded that both de-endothelialization and thorough decellularization could reduce the immunogenicity and inflammation potential significantly, but the de-endothelialized scaffold retained better structural strength. The de-endothelialized aortic homograft might be a promising scaffold for tissue-engineered heart valves.

The implementation of a diversified teaching model can enhance the quality and efficacy of dental materials science.

OBJECTIVE: Dental materials science is one of the fundamental disciplines in stomatology, encompassing clinical areas such as orthodontics, prosthodontics, and endodontics. Due to its extensive knowledge base, strong professional nature, and wide scope, teaching dental materials science presents a challenge. This study aimed to enhance the application of dental materials science in oral teaching by comparing the effectiveness of different teaching methods. METHODS: This research project was evaluated by the Xi'an Jiaotong University Committee on Human Subjects Research and approved as exempt research. A total of 56 clinical stomatology students from the first year and second year cohorts at the Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were selected for the study. The first year cohort served as the nonteaching reform class, while the second year cohort formed the teaching reform class. The impact of the teaching reform was assessed through a questionnaire survey and final examination results. RESULTS: The questionnaire survey of students in the teaching reform class indicated a significant improvement in their interest in professional courses and overall satisfaction with the teaching. Additionally, the final examination results revealed a significantly greater rate of excellence among students in the teaching reform class than among those in the nonteaching reform class, with no students failing. CONCLUSION: The use of diverse teaching modes can enhance the quality and effectiveness of dental materials science instruction, offering a new approach for improving teaching in this discipline.

Potential Effects of Orally Ingesting Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on the Mouse Heart.

Polyethylene terephthalate microplastics (PET MPs) are widespread in natural environment, and can enter organisms and accumulate in the body, but its toxicity has not been well studied. Therefore, in order to investigate the toxic effects of PET microplastics on mammals, this study investigated the toxic effects of PET MPs on ICR mice and H9C2 cells by different treatment groups. The results indicated the cardiac tissue of mice in the PET-H (50 µg/mL) group showed significant capillary congestion, myocardial fiber breakage, and even significant fibrosis compared to the PET-C (control) group (P < 0.01). Results of the TUNEL assay demonstrated significant apoptosis in myocardial tissue in the PET-H and PET-M (5 µg/mL) groups (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, Western blotting showed increased expression of the apoptosis-related protein Bax and decreased expression of PARP, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 proteins in both myocardial tissues and H9C2 cells. In addition, flow cytometry confirmed that PET MPs decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in H9C2 cells; however, this trend was reversed by N-acetylcysteamine application. Moreover, PET MP treatment induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H9C2 cells, while the MDA level in the myocardial tissue was elevated, and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were decreased (P < 0.01), indicating a change in the redox environment. In conclusion, PET MPs promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress and activating mitochondria-mediated apoptotic processes, ultimately leading to myocardial fibrosis. This study provides ideas for the prevention of PET MP toxicity and promotes thinking about enhancing plastic pollution control.

NIR-/pH-Responsive drug delivery of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes for potential application in cancer chemo-photothermal therapy.

PURPOSE: To establish a NIR (near infrared)-/pH-responsive and sustained-release tumor-targeting drug delivery system (SWNT-PEI/DOX/NGR). METHODS: Functionalized SWNTs with polymerised polymeric poly(ethylene imine) was linked NGR (Asn-Gly-Arg) tumor-targeting peptide by DSPE-PEG2000-Maleimide via the maleimide group and sulfhydryl group of cysteine, in the end, doxorubicin (DOX) was attached to SWNT-PEI to obtain a SWNT-PEI/DOX/NGR delivery system. RESULTS: The SWNT-PEI/DOX/NGR delivery system has significantly sustained-release effect and the slow release of DOX in normal tissues contribute to reduced systemic toxicity, while under 808 nm NIR laser irradiation or under lower pH environment the release of DOX can be accelerated. CONCLUSIONS: Due to hyperthermia sensitizer effect of DOX, chemo-photothermal exemplified by SWNT-PEI/DOX/NGR tumor-targeting delivery system is a promising approach to anticancer therapy in vivo or in vitro.

Disruption of biofilms in periodontal disease through the induction of phase transition by cationic dextrans.

Biofilm of oral pathogenic microorganisms induced by their multiplication and coaggregation would lead to periodontitis. In biofilms, the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) as a protective shield encapsulates the individual bacteria, protecting them against attack. To alleviate periodontal disease, disrupting the EPS of pathogenic bacteria is crucial and challenging. Based on the sufficient capacity of disorganizing EPS of our designed cationic dextrans, we hypothesized that these polymers could be competent in relieving periodontitis. We validated that cationic dextrans could induce the phase transition of EPS in biofilms, especially the Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a keystone periodontal pathogen, thus effectively destroying biofilm in vitro. More importantly, satisfactory in vivo treatment was achieved in a rat periodontal disease model. In summary, the study exploited a practical and effective strategy to treat periodontitis with cationic dextrans' powerful biofilm-controlling potential. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Periodontal disease is closely related to dental plaque biofilms on the tooth surface. The biofilm forms gel structures and shields the bacteria underneath, thus protecting oral pathogens from traditional anti-bacterial reagents. Due to limited penetration into gel, the efficacy of these reagents in biofilm elimination is restricted. Our designed cationic dextran could wipe out the coverage of gel-like EPS to disperse encapsulated bacteria. Such superior capacity endowed them with satisfactory effect in disrupting biofilm. Notably, in a rat periodontitis model, cationic dextrans dramatically suppressed alveolar bone loss and alleviated periodontal inflammation by controlling dental plaque. Given the increasing global concerns about periodontal disease, it's worth expanding the application of cationic dextrans both scientifically and clinically.

OPG gene-modified adipose-derived stem cells improve bone formation around implants in osteoporotic rat maxillae.

Background: Osteoporosis is a significant barrier to the use of dental implants in the elderly for the treatment of tooth defects. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) have demonstrated extensive potential for tissue repair and regeneration. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ADSCs engineered to express high levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) for the treatment of bone loss in implant dentistry caused by estrogen deficiency. Methods: A rat model of osteoporosis was established through double oophorectomy, and the rats were treated by gene modified cells Adv-OPG-ADSCs. The effects of the treatment on maxilla tissue changes were evaluated using HE staining and micro-CT. Additionally, ALP and TRAP staining were used to assess osteoblast and osteoclast alterations. Finally, the changes in related osteoblast and osteoclast indicators were measured by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Results: The successfully generated high-OPG-expressing ADSCs led to increase of cell viability, proliferation, and osteoblast differentiation. Treatment with Adv-OPG-ADSCs significantly ameliorated maxillary morphology, trabecular volume reduction, and bone mineral density decline in the model of estrogen-deficient maxillary implant dentistry. Furthermore, the treatment was beneficial to promoting the generation of osteoblasts and inhibiting the generation of osteoclast. Adv-OPG-ADSCs increased OPG, ALP, OCN, and Runx-2 expressions in the maxilla while suppressing RANKL expression, and also increased the concentration of COL I and PINP, as well as decreased the concentration of CTX-1. Conclusion: Adv-OPG-ADSCs promote the formation of osteoblasts and inhibit the generation of osteoclasts, thereby inhibiting bone absorption, facilitating bone formation, and promoting the repair of maxillary bone after dental implantation in the presence of osteoporosis-related complications, especially in the setting of estrogen deficiency, providing scientific basis for the application of Adv-OPG-ADSCs in the treatment of implant related osteoporosis.

Application of 3D Printing in Implantable Medical Devices.

3D printing technology is widely used in the field of implantable medical device in recent decades because of its advantages in high precision, complex structure, and high material utilization. Based on the characteristics of 3D printing technology, this paper reviews the manufacturing process, materials, and some typical products of 3D printing implantable medical devices and analyzes and summarizes the development trend of 3D printed implantable medical devices.

Protein corona-guided tumor targeting therapy via the surface modulation of low molecular weight PEG.

The discovery of protein corona (PC) formed on the surface of nanomaterials has promoted research on PC regulation to guide the biological behavior of nanomaterials in vivo. Different from changing the size, shape, and surface charge of nanoparticles, we propose to control the nature of PC by adjusting the molecular weight of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (LMW PEG, not more than 1000 Da) on the surface of the particles. After excluding the influence of physicochemical factors of PEGylated gold nanoparticles (GNPs), different proteins on the surface of PEGylated GNPs were separated and identified after incubation with human plasma. It is noted that GNP-550 bearing PEG chains of 550 Da absorbed more transferrin responsible for tumor targeting than the other two particles, i.e., GNP-350 and GNP-1000. To validate our speculation, doxorubicin (Dox) was inserted between GNPs and PEGs to explore the cellular and animal studies of Dox-conjugated GNPs. Interestingly, Dox-containing Conj-550 also showed the highest intracellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis against HepG2 cells, as well as the best tumor targeting effect and antitumor efficacy in Heps-bearing mice. This protein corona-guided tumor targeting therapy by transferrin provides a new perspective on the function modulation of nanomedicine via LMW PEGs.

Novel greener approached synthesis of polyacrylic nanoparticles for therapy and care of gestational diabetes.

In the present medical diagnostic method for the therapeutic of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), it is problematic and difficult to release successful and secure release of drugs to the exact site. Hence, many researchers have been carried out to bring antidiabetic using modern method to release of drugs for their production. This research work focusses on to provide an assemblage to the recent growth in the field of Ramulus mori extract (RME) loaded on polyacrylic gold nanoparticle for antidiabetics with special highlighting on nursing of GDM. Keynote of gold nanoparticle: diabetes mellitus, nursing, insulin, antidiabetic, drugs, and new system for drug delivery. Rat is used to test the drug delivery system. In vivo examination was not prepared seldom including in this research paper. This research investigation could be a new avenue for the development of drug delivery system of GDM.

An "all-in-one" scaffold targeting macrophages to direct endogenous bone repair in situ.

Scaffolds for tissue repair are designed in an increasingly complicated manner to meet multi-facet biological needs during the healing process. However, overly sophisticated design, especially the use of multiple components and delivery of exogenous cells, hampers the bench-to-bedside translation. Here, a multi-functional - yet mono-compositional - bioactive scaffold is devised to mediate the full-range, endogenous bone repair. Based on immunoactivity screening, a chemically-modified glucomannan polysaccharide is selected and processed into an anisotropic porous scaffold, which accurately stimulates macrophages to produce pro-regenerative cytokines. These cytokines effectively enhance the recruitment ("R") and induced osteogenesis ("IO") of the bone progenitor cells in situ. Meanwhile, the anisotropic porosity and carbohydrate signal of the scaffold facilitate differential adhesion ("A") and distribution ("D") of the macrophages and bone progenitor cells - enabling the former's accumulation at the surface while encouraging the latter's infiltration into the scaffold. Implanted in a rat calvarial defect model, this "RADIO" system effectively promotes healing over 12 weeks, with the obvious formation of hard callus through the scaffold. In summary, RADIO integrates multiple functions into one single scalable system ("all-in-one") to govern the dynamic bone-repair process, by harnessing the power of host macrophages. RADIO represents an open platform to solving the long-lasting complexity-versus-simplicity dilemma in biomaterials design. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterials as versatile tools for tissue repair are becoming increasingly complicated, yet overly sophisticated design - especially the use of multiple components, exogenous cells, and overdosed growth factors - hampers their clinical application. The pre-requisite for designing a successful integrative scaffold is to identify an inherent biological target responding to biomaterial signals, thereby efficiently and safely promoting tissue repair via the endogenous healing capability instead of extra multifarious biochemical components. For bone regeneration, the pivotal regulator is macrophages. Through activating host macrophages, our single-component scaffold system coordinates the entire bone regenerative cascade in situ and induces successful bone regeneration in a calvarial defect model. This scaffold represents a scalable and multi-functional approach to effectively simplify the sophisticated design in regenerative medicine.