Effects of smoking on the salivary and GCF levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in periodontitis.

Periodontitis progression is associated with a host response in which anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokine networks play a key role. Smoking is involved in the production of various mediators. The study aims to evaluate the levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), to investigate the effects of smoking on these cytokines in smoker and non-smoker periodontitis patients. 19 smokers with periodontitis, 20 non-smokers with periodontitis, and 18 periodontally healthy subjects were included in the study. Periodontal clinical indexes were recorded and the levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in saliva and GCF were analyzed. No significant difference was detected among the groups in terms of salivary IL-17 and IL-35 levels. GCF IL-17 and IL-35 concentration levels in the non-smoker periodontitis group were significantly lower than the others (p < 0.05). Total levels of GCF IL-17 were significantly higher in both periodontitis groups than the control group; and total levels of GCF IL-35 were significantly higher in non-smoker periodontitis group than the others (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was detected between the salivary IL-17 and IL-35 levels (r = 0.884), GCF IL-17 and IL-35 concentrations (r = 0.854), and total GCF IL-17 and IL-35 (r = 0.973) levels (p < 0.01). The present study revealed a positive correlation between the IL-35 and IL-17 levels both in saliva and GCF. IL-17 and IL-35 can be considered as one of the cytokines that play a role in periodontal health and periodontitis; and smoking may be among the factors that affect the levels of these cytokines in GCF and saliva.

Short term effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) in aggressive periodontitis (AgP), chronic periodontitis (CP) and periodontally healthy control subjects, before (BT) and after (AT) the non-surgical periodontal treatment. DESIGN: Systemically healthy 12 CP and 13 AgP patients and 20 control subjects were included in this study. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment levels were recorded and GCF samples were collected BT and AT. Assays for GCF t-PA and PAI-2 levels were carried out by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The χ(2), Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for data analyses. RESULTS: Statistically significant reductions in clinical index scores were noted in both periodontitis groups after treatment. No significant differences were detected in GCF levels of t-PA and PAI-2 between CP and AgP groups at either BT or AT. There was a statistically significant decrease in GCF PAI-2 levels in CP after therapy (p<0.01). GCF t-PA levels in CP and AgP groups exhibited significant correlations with PD and CAL measurements at both BT and AT (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Significant decrease was detected for GCF PAI-2 levels in CP and clinical parameters in both CP and AgP by non-surgical periodontal treatment.