Hg removal and the effects of coexisting metals in forward osmosis and membrane distillation.

In this study, we investigate the rejection of Hg, Cd, and Pb and the effect of coexisting metals on Hg removal through forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD) in order to establish a more effective water treatment process. The results of our laboratory experiment indicate that more than 97% of the rejection for each metal is achieved through the FO system, and this rejection is the highest among previous studies using membrane filtrations. Moreover, we examine the matrix effect of the coexisting Cd and Pb on the rejection of Hg in the FO system. Hg2+ rejection increases with increase in the concentration of the coexisting metals. Furthermore, we study the effect of the Hg concentration and the water temperature on rejection of Hg2+. Indeed, the rejection of Hg2+ is achieved above 95% under any condition. However, approximately 1-10 ppb Hg from the feed solution remains in the draw solution due to permeation. Therefore, we use a FO-MD hybrid system. Approximately 100% rejection of Hg2+ and a stable water flux are achieved. Thus, the FO-MD hybrid system is considered an important alternative to previous studies using membrane filtration for heavy metals removal.

Evaluation of Bone Height and Bone Mineral Density Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography After Secondary Bone Graft in Alveolar Cleft.

The purpose of this study was to assess the optimal timing of subsequent dental implant placement and orthodontics after alveolar bone grafting (ABG) in patients with unilateral complete clefts of the alveolar process. Iliac bone graft surgery was performed on 60 patients. Bone mineral density (BMD) and height of the ABG areas were assessed using cone beam computed tomography at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The heights of the labial and palatal bone graft areas were classified using the modified Bergland classification. The study found that there was no change in BMD between 3 months (mean ±â€ŠSD: 406.51 ±â€Š71.28 Hounsfield units [HU]) and 6 months (409.53 ±â€Š46.37 HU; P = 0.381). Significant changes in the distribution of bone height classifications were observed in the labial and palatal sides of the ABG between 3 and 6 months (P = 0.025 for labial bone height, P = 0.008 for palatal bone height). These results indicate that the alveolar density remained stable between 3 and 6 months, whereas bone height level declined during that period after ABG, the latter indicating bone graft absorption over time. It is, therefore, suggested that subsequent orthodontic or dental implants be placed 3 months after ABG rather than at 6 months or later.

Copy-number mutations on chromosome 17q24.2-q24.3 in congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis with or without gingival hyperplasia.

Congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) is a rare condition characterized by universal excessive growth of pigmented terminal hairs and often accompanied with gingival hyperplasia. In the present study, we describe three Han Chinese families with autosomal-dominant CGHT and a sporadic case with extreme CGHT and gingival hyperplasia. We first did a genome-wide linkage scan in a large four-generation family. Our parametric multipoint linkage analysis revealed a genetic locus for CGHT on chromosome 17q24.2-q24.3. Further two-point linkage and haplotyping with microsatellite markers from the same chromosome region confirmed the genetic mapping and showed in all the families a microdeletion within the critical region that was present in all affected individuals but not in unaffected family members. We then carried out copy-number analysis with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 and detected genomic microdeletions of different sizes and with different breakpoints in the three families. We validated these microdeletions by real-time quantitative PCR and confirmed their perfect cosegregation with the disease phenotype in the three families. In the sporadic case, however, we found a de novo microduplication. Two-color interphase FISH analysis demonstrated that the duplication was inverted. These copy-number variations (CNVs) shared a common genomic region in which CNV is not reported in the public database and was not detected in our 434 unrelated Han Chinese normal controls. Thus, pathogenic copy-number mutations on 17q24.2-q24.3 are responsible for CGHT with or without gingival hyperplasia. Our work identifies CGHT as a genomic disorder.

Probing the nanoscale phase separation and photophysics properties of low-bandgap polymer:fullerene blend film by near-field spectroscopic mapping.

The effect of the additive 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT) on the nanometer-scale morphology and local photophysical properties of low-bandgap polymer blends of poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b'] dithiophene)- alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and [6,6]-phenyl C(61) -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is investigated. Phase separations of the PCPDTBT:PCBM blend film induced by ODT are visualized by the morphological changes from fibril-shaped features to spherical bumps, by the dramatically increased photoluminescence emission from PCPDTBT that was originally largely quenched, and by the fluctuations of spectral features at different locations of the sample surface. The correlations between the morphology and the local photophysical properties of the blend film with/without ODT at both the micrometer and nanometer scales are revealed by confocal and high-resolution near-field spectroscopic mapping techniques.

[Comparisons of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease caused by Enterovirus 71 and Coxackievirus A16].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and Enterovirus 71 (EV71). METHODS: The samples of vesicle fluid and throat swabs of 108 children with HFMD were collected and detected for enterovirus by RT-PCR. The clinical data of children with EV71 and CA16 infection were retrospectively reviewed and compared. RESULTS: The total positive rate of enterovirus was 97.2% (105/108). Of the 105 cases, 56 cases were positive for EV71 (51.9%), 39 cases were positive for CA16 (36.1%), 2 cases were positive for other enterovirus (1.9%), and 8 cases were co-infected by EV71 and CA16 (7.4%). There were no significant differences in age and sex between EV71 and CV16 infected cases. The univariate analysis showed that the incidences of herpes of mouth, erythra of knees, and nose running in children infected by CA16 were higher than in those infected by EV71. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the HFMD children who had erythra of knees had higher probability of CA16 infection. CONCLUSIONS: EV71 should be considered as the pathogen in children with HFMD who have no herpes of mouth, erythra of knees, and nose running.

Aspiration of two permanent teeth during maxillofacial injuries.

Aspiration of a tooth in maxillofacial injuries is a known complication necessitating prompt recognition and early treatment to minimize potentially serious and, sometimes, even fatal consequences. Here, we report a rare and unusual case in its presentation, the patient having aspirated 2 permanent teeth after maxillofacial, cervical vertebrae, and thoracic region crush injuries due to a motor vehicle accident. The diagnosis of teeth aspiration was delayed until 2 weeks after the event. An aspirated anterior tooth was expectorated by the patient himself, and the other aspirated anterior tooth was removed by flexible bronchoscopy. The paper also emphasizes that clinicians must be aware of dental injury resulting from maxillofacial injuries and account for all teeth as part of their evaluation, keeping an open mind as to where a missing tooth might be located. A rapid diagnosis depends on high clinical suspicion, clinical signs, and radiologic findings.

Lichen planus with multiple system involvement including the mouth, vagina, urethra, and scalp: a case report.

This is a case report of lichen planus (LP) with multiple system involvement. A 35-year-old female patient was admitted in November 2014 with a 5-year history of painful/difficult sexual intercourse and loss of oral mucosa, and an 8-year history of focal hair loss. Earlier, the patient had been unable to adhere to corticosteroid therapy because of severe adverse side effects. In September 2014, labia minora mucosa defects and stricture of the urethral orifice (with dysuria), vaginal orifice, and vagina were identified. Biopsy was performed and a diagnosis of erosive LP was made. The patient was treated with an oral immunosuppressant (cyclosporine A) and urethral/vaginal dilatation. Urine flow rate and sex life were improved after 6 months and she discontinued medication. Four years later, the patient reported a good overall treatment efficacy. LP can involve multiple systems and should be considered in patients with dyspareunia. Immunosuppressive agents can achieve a satisfactory effect in patients with contraindication to corticosteroid.

Long-Term Follow-Up After Treatment of Drug-Eluting Stent Restenosis and De Novo Lesions Using SeQuent Please Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons.

Managing patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) remains an important clinical challenge. In particular, large, randomized trials assessing the effect of drug-eluting balloons (DEB) in patients with de novo lesions are warranted. We investigated the effect of DEB on procedural complications, target lesion revascularization (TLR), and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with drug-eluting stent ISR and de novo lesions. The clinical profiles of 238 consecutive patients treated for coronary ISR (n = 174) and de novo lesions (n = 64) using SeQuent Please paclitaxel-coated balloon were analyzed. Study end points were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). At 1-year follow-up, TLR and MACEs occurred with acceptably low rates (5.0% and 6.3%, respectively). At 2.00 (0.74) years of follow-up, there was a significant difference in the rates of TLR between the ISR and the de novo lesions groups (14.4% [ISR] vs 3.1% [de novo], P = .028), and the occurrence of MACEs distinctly increased in the ISR group compared to the de novo lesions group (21.8% vs 6.2%, P = .009). The long-term outcomes of the ISR group were inferior to those of the de novo group (TLR, log-rank P = .019; MACEs, log-rank P = .010). Drug-eluting balloon for ISR and de novo lesions of small coronary vessels is effective and safe.

Silene sunhangii (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from China.

Silene sunhangii, a new species of Caryophyllaceae known from only three populations in Hubei and Hunan provinces of central China, is described. Both morphological and molecular data were used to assess the taxonomic status and relationships of this species. Morphologically, S. sunhangii is most similar to S. platyphylla Franch. from which it differs most readily in having 3-veined elliptical leaves without pubescence, tasseled catacorolla, pale purple to red petals without a linear lobe or narrow tooth and lanceolate, bifid to one third. A phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ITS region identified the new species as a well-supported, independent lineage. Our new species is nested within a grade that encompasses species representing a polyphyletic Silene sect. Physolychnis (Benth.) Bocquet. Both the genetic and morphological data support the recognition of Silene sunhangii as a distinct species, although there is inconsistency between these two datasets as to the relationships of the new species.

Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in an Individual With Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Case Report and Literature Review.

A patient with primary trigeminal neuralgia exhibited pain relief without medication after radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy. The 52-yr-old woman had a 3-yr history of primary trigeminal neuralgia, involving the right maxillary division (V2) and the mandibular division (V3). She became refractory to carbamazepine and exhibited hepatic dysfunction. She hence received 3000 to 6000 impulses of craniofacial radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy to the region centered on the surface projection of the trigeminal ganglion and pain areas at 10 Hz; the intensity ranged from 1.4 to 4.5 bars twice per week for 8 wks. At baseline, and 1, 2, and 5 mos after treatment, the Barrow Neurological Institute scores were IV, IIIa, II, and II, and the visual analog scale scores were 8, 3, 1, and 1, respectively. No complications or adverse effects were observed. The hepatic function returned to normal after the discontinuation of carbamazepine. This case report demonstrates the feasibility of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for primary trigeminal neuralgia without complications or adverse effects with careful regulation of the therapy intensity.

Dhcr7 Regulates Palatal Shelf Fusion through Regulation of Shh and Bmp2 Expression.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr7) gene and identify signaling pathways involved in regulation of embryonic palatogenesis. The expression of Dhcr7 and its protein product were examined during murine normal embryonic palatogenesis via a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB). RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to inhibit Dhcr7 expression in a palatal shelf culture in vitro. The effects of Dhcr7 on palatogenesis and palatal fusion were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The expression changes of Dhcr7, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (Bmp2) were measured by RT-PCR and WB after Dhcr7 gene silencing and the addition of exogenous cholesterol. The results showed that the palatal shelf failed to complete normal development and fusion when Dhcr7 expression was inhibited. The inhibitory effect study of RNAi on the development of the palatal shelf supported that cholesterol supplementation did not alter the silencing of Dhcr7. Shh and Bmp2 expressions were reduced after Dhcr7 gene silencing, and administration of exogenous cholesterol did not affect Dhcr7 expression; however Shh and Bmp2 expressions increased. We conclude that Dhcr7 plays a role in growth of the palatal shelf and can regulate palatogenesis through alterations in the levels of Shh and Bmp2.

The caries prevalence of oral clefts in eastern China.

Little information is available concerning the prevalence of caries among patients with oral clefts in Eastern China. Consecutive patients aged 6-18 with oral clefts were recruited. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to their ages, namely Group I with aged 6-12 and Group II with aged 13-18. For each age group, the children were further divided into three subgroups according to the types of oral clefts they had: cleft lip/cleft lip and alveolus (CL), cleft palate only (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP). Dental caries were examined by using the decayed, missing, and filled index for primary teeth (dmft) and Decay, Missing and Filled index for Permanent teeth (DMFT) according to criteria of the World Health Organization. 268 eligible patients with oral clefts were included in the study. The mean DMFT for Group I was 1.77 (SD2.58) while that for Group II was 6.96 (SD4.35). The mean DMFT was statistically significant different between the age group I and age group II (t=12.21, P<0.05). In Group I, the dmft scores was 4.68 (SD3.67) for CL group, while that for the CP group was 7.36 (SD3.93), and that for the CLP group was 5.72 (SD 3.87). The mean dmft was no statistically significant different among cleft types (F=3.13, P>0.05). Also in Group I, the mean DMFT was 1.56 (SD2.18) for CL group, while that for the CP group was 1.24 (SD 1.81) and that for the CLP group was 2.08 (SD2.96). There were no statistically significant different in mean DMFT among different cleft types (F=1.09, P>0.05). In Group II, the mean DMFT was 6.06 (SD3.97) for CL group while that for the CP group was 7.71 (SD 4.94) and that for the CLP group was 7.05 (SD4.32). No significant difference was shown in the mean DMFT among different cleft groups (CL, CP, and CLP) (F=0.55, P>0.05). During assess the prevalence of dental caries among Eastern Chinese with oral clefts; the study confirmed that the prevalence of caries was increased with increasing age for oral clefts patients. It was also demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the mean dmft/DMFT scores among different cleft types.

Lichen planus with multiple system involvement including the mouth, vagina, urethra, and scalp: a case report

This is a case report of lichen planus (LP) with multiple system involvement. A 35-year-old female patient was admitted in November 2014 with a 5-year history of painful/difficult sexual intercourse and loss of oral mucosa, and an 8-year history of focal hair loss. Earlier, the patient had been unable to adhere to corticosteroid therapy because of severe adverse side effects. In September 2014, labia minora mucosa defects and stricture of the urethral orifice (with dysuria), vaginal orifice, and vagina were identified. Biopsy was performed and a diagnosis of erosive LP was made. The patient was treated with an oral immunosuppressant (cyclosporine A) and urethral/vaginal dilatation. Urine flow rate and sex life were improved after 6 months and she discontinued medication. Four years later, the patient reported a good overall treatment efficacy. LP can involve multiple systems and should be considered in patients with dyspareunia. Immunosuppressive agents can achieve a satisfactory effect in patients with contraindication to corticosteroid.

Ganglioside GM1 binding the N-terminus of amyloid precursor protein.

Secreted amyloid precursor protein (APPs) plays a role in several neuronal functions, including the promotion of synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection. Previous study has demonstrated that ganglioside GM1 inhibits the secretion of APPs; however the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we reported that GM1 can bind cellular full length APP and APPs secreted from APP(695) stably-transfected SH-SY5Y cells. To characterize the GM1-APP interaction further, we expressed and purified recombinant fragments of the N-terminal APP. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that GM1 was able to bind the recombinant APP(18-81) fragment. Moreover, the synthetic peptide APP(52-81) could inhibit the binding. Therefore, the binding site for GM1 appears to be located within residues 52-81 of APP. Furthermore, we found that only GM1, but not GD1a, GT1b and ceramide, binds APP-N-terminus, indicating that the specific binding depends on the sugar moiety of GM1. Fluorescent studies revealed a decrease in the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the APP(52-81) peptide in phosphatidylcholine (PC)/GM1 vesicles. By using FTIR techniques, we found that the major secondary structure of the APP(52-81) peptide was altered in PC/GM1 vesicles. Our results demonstrate that GM1 binds the N-terminus of APP and induces a conformational change. These findings suggest that secreted APP is decreased by membrane GM1 binding to its precursor protein and provide a possible molecular mechanism to explain the involvement of GM1 in APP proteolysis and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

[An in vitro experiment on the antimicrobial effects of ethanol extract from salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on several oral pathogenic microbes].

PURPOSE: To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on several oral pathogenic microbes. METHODS: Antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge for porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, A. actinomycetes comitans ATCC 24523, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus were determined using the cup-plate method. The minimum antibacterial concentrations of ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge were measured. SPSS10.0 software package was used for Student's t test. RESULTS: Ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge had antimicrobial activities on Porphyromonas gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 15.62 mg/ml, 15.62 mg/ml, 62.50mg/ml and 15.62 mg/ml; The pH of the solution was influential to its antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge has an antimicrobial activity on oral pathogenic microbes.

A dual-electrode approach for highly selective detection of glucose based on diffusion layer theory: experiments and simulation.

A dual-electrode configuration for the highly selective detection of glucose in the diffusion layer of the substrate electrode is presented. In this approach, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, substrate) modified with a conductive layer of glucose oxidase/Nafion/graphite (GNG) was used to create an interference-free region in its diffusion layer by electrochemical depletion of interfering electroactive species. A Pt microelectrode (tip, 5 microm in radius) was located in the diffusion layer of the GNG-modified GCE (GNG-G) with the help of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Consequently, the tip of the electrode could sense glucose selectively by detecting the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formed from the oxidization of glucose on the glucose oxidase layer. The influences of parameters, including tip-substrate distance, substrate potential, and electrolyzing time, on the interference-removing efficiency of this dual-electrode approach have been investigated systematically. When the electrolyzing time was 30 s, the tip-substrate distance was 1.8 a (9.0 microm) (where a is the radius of the tip electrode), the potentials of the tip and substrate electrodes were 0.7 V and 0.4 V, respectively, and a mixture of ascorbic acid (0.3 mM), uric acid (0.3 mM), and 4-acetaminophen (0.3 mM) had no influence on the glucose detection. In addition, the current-time responses of the tip electrode at different tip-substrate distances in a solution containing interfering species were numerically simulated. The results from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. This research provides a concept of detection in the diffusion layer of a substrate electrode, as an interference-free region, for developing novel microelectrochemical devices.

[Relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To study a population of rheumatoid arthritis patients and determine the extent of periodontal disease in these patients, in order to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The experimental group was composed of 70 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the control group consisted of 70 age- and gender-matched individuals without rheumatoid arthritis. The relationship between periodontal status in rheumatoid arthritis and control groups as well as the relationship between periodontal status and rheumatological findings in patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of periodontal disease was statistically significant between experimental and control group (P < 0.01). The difference of average number of missing teeth and bleeding on probing in the experimental group and control group were not statistically significant (P >0.05). There were more number of periodontal disease index 5 or 6 in experimental group than in control group ( P < 0.05). Rheumatoid arthritis patients with moderate to severe bone loss had deeper degree of morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels and serum C-reactive protein levels than patients with no or mild bone loss. CONCLUSION: Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to experience periodontal disease compares to healthy subjects. They are also very likely to suffer from moderate to severe periodontitis.

Nonenzymatic glucose detection by using a three-dimensionally ordered, macroporous platinum template.

A three-dimensionally ordered, macroporous, inverse-opal platinum film was synthesized electrochemically by the inverted colloidal-crystal template technique. The inverse-opal film that contains platinum nanoparticles showed improved electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation with respect to the directly deposited platinum; this improvement is due to the interconnected porous structure and the greatly enhanced effective surface area. In addition, the inverse-opal Pt-film electrode responds more sensitively to glucose than to common interfering species of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and p-acetamidophenol due to their different electrochemical reaction mechanisms. Results showed that the ordered macroporous materials with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity are promising for fabrication of nonenzymatic glucose biosensors.

Multilayer assembly of Prussian blue nanoclusters and enzyme-immobilized poly(toluidine blue) films and its application in glucose biosensor construction.

A multilayered glucose biosensor via sequential deposition of Prussian blue (PB) nanoclusters and enzyme-immobilized poly(toluidine blue) films was constructed on a bare Au electrode using electrochemical methods. The whole configuration of the present biosensor can be considered as an integration of several independent hydrogen peroxide sensing elements. In each sensing element, the poly(toluidine blue) film functioned as both the supporting matrix for the glucose oxidase immobilization and the inhibitor for the diffusion of interferences, such as ascorbic acid and uric acid. Meanwhile, the deposited Prussian blue nanocluster layers acts as a catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide formed from enzymatic reaction. Performance of the whole multilayer configuration can be tailored by artificially arranging the sensing elements assembled on the electrode. Under optimal conditions, the biosensors exhibit a linear relationship in the range of 1 x 10(-4) to 1 x 10(-2) mol/L with the detection limit down to 10(-5) mol/L. A rapid response for glucose could be achieved in less than 3 s. For 1 mM glucose, 0.5 mM acetaminophen, 0.2 mM uric acid, and 0.1 mM ascorbic acid have no obvious interferences (<5%) for glucose detection at an optimized detection potential. The present multilayered glucose biosensor with a high selectivity and sensitivity is promising for practical applications.