Fabrication of Highly Thermally Resistant and Self-Healing Polysiloxane Elastomers by Constructing Covalent and Reversible Networks.

The fabrication of self-healing elastomers with high thermal stability for use in extreme thermal conditions such as aerospace remains a major challenge. A strategy for preparing self-healing elastomers with stable covalent bonds and dynamic metal-ligand coordination interactions as crosslinking sites in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is proposed. The added Fe (III) not only serves as the dynamic crosslinking point at room temperature which is crucial for self-healing performance, but also plays a role as free radical scavenging agent at high temperatures. The results show that the PDMS elastomers possessed an initial thermal degradation temperature over 380 °C and a room temperature self-healing efficiency as high as 65.7%. Moreover, the char residue at 800 °C of PDMS elastomer reaches 7.19% in nitrogen atmosphere, and up to 14.02% in air atmosphere by doping a small amount (i.e., 0.3 wt%) of Fe (III), which is remarkable for the self-healing elastomers that contain weak and dynamic bonds with relatively poor thermal stability. This study provides an insight into designing self-healing PDMS-based materials that can be targeted for use as high-temperature thermal protection coatings.

The effect of 3D-printed plastic teeth on scores in a tooth morphology course in a Chinese university.

BACKGROUND: The tooth morphology course is an important basic dental course. However, it is difficult to fully reflect the three-dimensional (3D) morphological characteristics of tooth structure in two-dimensional pictures in traditional textbooks. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 3D-printed plastic model teeth in the teaching of tooth morphology. METHODS: Twenty-two undergraduate students who matriculated at the School of Stomatology, the Fourth Medical University, in 2014 and 23 who matriculated in 2016 participated in the study. Each student who matriculated in 2016 was given a full set of fourteen standard 3D-printed plastic model teeth for use during the learning process, and an anonymous questionnaire was used to evaluate the usefulness of the 3D-printed plastic model teeth from the perspective of the students. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the scores of the theoretical examination or the total score. However, for the score of the sculpted gypsum teeth, the students who used the 3D-printed plastic model teeth in their studies scored significantly higher (P = 0.002). More than 90% of the students thought that the 3D-printed plastic model teeth were of great help or were very helpful for mastering the anatomy of teeth and for carving the gypsum teeth. CONCLUSION: Standard 3D-printed plastic teeth can effectively assist students in learning tooth morphology by transforming two-dimensional pictures and descriptions in the textbook into a 3D conformation, effectively promoting students' learning and mastery of tooth morphology and structure. Additionally, the results suggest that 3D-printed plastic model teeth are of great help to the students in mastering and improving their carving skills.

Comparative efficacy of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for chronic idiopathic constipation in China: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To provide evidence for medical management of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in China based on comparisons of all clinical practical interventions using Bayesian network meta-analysis. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and the Wanfang Database (inception to May 2019) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for CIC in Chinese people. Only RCTs that recruited participants aged over 18 and diagnosed with CIC by the Rome II, III or IV criteria were included. We used three outcomes to examine efficacy. The risk ratio (RR) of the responder rate, based on ≥3 spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) per week after treatment, was the primary outcome, and the SBM count per week and the Bristol score (BS) were secondary outcomes. In addition, adverse effects (AEs) were also considered a secondary outcome to evaluate safety. We conducted Bayesian network meta-analysis with random effects, and the RR or mean difference with its 95% credible interval was calculated. In addition, we ranked all treatments via their cumulative curves (SUCRA) and assessed the quality of evidence according to the GRADE criteria. RESULTS: We included a total of 42 trials (6820 participants) of 20 grouped interventions that included pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. For the primary outcome, fourteen interventions were significantly better than placebo, and Probiotics plus Mosapride (PB + MP) appeared superior to others (GRADE quality of evidence: Moderate to Low), followed by Prucalopride (PP) (High to Low) and Electroacupuncture (EA) (High to Low). For SBM, Compound sodium bicarbonate suppository (CSBS) appeared to be best, with an SUCRA value of 90% (High to Low). For BS, Lactulose plus Probiotics (LT + PB) was superior to others (Moderate to Low), followed by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (High to Moderate). Although all interventions appeared non-significant when compared with placebo in terms of adverse effects, Lactulose plus Mosapride showed greater risk than others on ranking probability. CONCLUSIONS: Given the GRADE assessment, PB + MP, PP and EA may be the priory options with moderate certainty in the quality of evidence for the primary outcome. For SBM, a CSBS may be the best option with moderate certainty in the quality of evidence. For BS, PEG may be the priory option with high certainty in the quality of evidence. However, due to a lack of high certainty in the quality of evidence, caution is needed when recommending the interventions. Because of the limitations, an increased number of trials are required for more accurate results.

[The Chemical Composition of Bamboo after Heat Pretreatment with Fourier Infrared Spectrum Analysis].

Thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is a critical step in obtaining high yields of cellulose and hemicellulose-derived sugars to realize effective utilization of cellulose in renewable biofuels. The pretreatment process can quickly remove hard dissolving lignin and the physical separation of hemicelluloses in the cell wall while changing the chemical composition in plant cell wall, so as to increase the production of lignocellulose. Research with medium of sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)), dilute alkali (NaOH) and glycerin, and at different pretreatment temperature (117 and 135 ℃ in sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4))and dilute alkali (NaOH) , 117 ℃ in glycerin) analyzed and compared the main changes of chemical composition before and after the bamboo processing, and further confirmed that the mechanism of the chemical conversion after chemical pretreatment of bamboo through the Fourier infrared spectrum. The results showed that the output cellulose increased significantly after the thermochemical pretreatment. The change rules for yield of cellulose and the removal rate of lignin under the different pretreatment condition had been indicated dilute alkali (NaOH) treatment effect is better than that of dilute acid (H(2)SO(4)) and glycerin. In addition, the effect is more remarkable under the condition of 135 ℃ than 117 ℃ in the same medium. The changes of degradation degree of hemicellulose with different processing conditions were the same. The infrared spectrum analysis provided that C­O­C asymmetric stretching vibration peak appeared in cellulose decomposition after heat treatment, and it is the obvious steep fall in hemicelluloses infrared absorption characteristic peaks, benzene ring characteristic absorption peak of lignin has been abated. It is prove that yield of cellulose increased significantly, degradation trend of hemicelluloses is obviously, removal effect of lignin has also been better. The analysis results of Fourier infrared spectrum are consistent with the standard measurement.

Novel approach for corn straw biorefineries: Production of xylooligosaccharides, lignin and ethanol by nicotinic acid hydrolysis and pentanol pretreatment.

The productive separation and conversion of corn straw offers significant prospects for the economic viability of biorefineries centered on straw resources. In this work, a graded utilization method was proposed to produce xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), ethanol and lignin from corn straw by nicotinic acid (NA) hydrolysis and water/pentanol pretreatment. A XOS yield of 52.6 % was achieved under optimized conditions of 100 mM NA, 170 °C and 30 min. The solid residue was directly treated with water/pentanol, achieving a lignin removal rate of 79.7 %, and the total XOS yield was improved to 62.6 %. The lignin recovered from pentanol had a high purity of 97.6 %, with high phenolic OH content. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of final residue resulted in an ethanol yield of 92.0 %, which yielded 55.3 g/L ethanol. Thus, NA hydrolysis and water/pentanol pretreatment provided an efficient, environmentally friendly approach to fractionate corn straw for the co-production of XOS, ethanol, and lignin.

Comparison of lactic and propionic acid hydrolysis for production of xylo-oligosaccharides and ethanol from polysaccharides in Toona sinensis branch.

Xylan-type hemicellulose hydrolysis by an organic acid solution for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) is efficient and eco-friendly, but the effects of different organic acids on XOS production from Toona sinensis branch (TB) biomass is limited. In this work, under the conditions of 170 °C for 60 min, 33.1 % and 38.7 % XOS yields were obtained from polysaccharides present in TB by 2 % lactic acid (LA) and 6 % propionic acid (PA), respectively. Then 77 % of the lignin was removed by hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment system, and 39.5 % and 44.7 % XOS yield were obtained from polysaccharides in delignification TB by 2 % LA and 6 % PA, respectively. It was found that PA hydrolysis, especially from delignified TB, resulted in higher XOS yield and purity compared to LA hydrolysis. Moreover, the content of byproducts (xylose, hydroxymethyl-furfural and furfural) in PA hydrolysate was lower. Following the hydrolysis process, the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the TB solid residue achieved an ethanol yield of 71.5 %. This work proposed an integrated process to preferentially convert the TB hemicellulose into valuable XOS and then convert the cellulose into ethanol. This process had the advantages of eliminating the need for isolation and purification of xylan, and the potential to obtain multiple products from the same raw material.

Delignification of switchgrass for xylo-oligosaccharides production using sorbic acid hydrolysis.

Organic acid as a class of hydrolysis catalysts shows great potential in the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from lignocelluloses. However, sorbic acid (SA) hydrolysis for XOS production from lignocellulose has not been reported and it was still unclear how lignin removal affected XOS production. Herein, two factors affecting the XOS production from switchgrass by SA hydrolysis were explored: hydrolysis severity factor (Log R0) and lignin removal. Benefiting from the lignin removal (58.4%) in switchgrass, a desired XOS yield of 50.8% with low by-products was obtained from delignified switchgrass by 3% SA hydrolysis at Log R0 = 3.84. Under these conditions, 92.1% of glucose was obtained by cellulase hydrolysis with Tween 80 addition. From a mass balance perspective, 10.3 g of XOS and 23.7 g of glucose could be produced from 100 g switchgrass. This work proposed a novel strategy for XOS and monosaccharides production from delignified switchgrass.

Efficient production of high concentration monosaccharides and ethanol from poplar wood after delignification and deacetylation.

Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis is required for the production of high concentration monosaccharides and ethanol. The lignin and acetyl group in poplar can limit the enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the effect of delignification combined with deacetylation on the saccharification of poplar for high concentration monosaccharides was not clear. Herein, hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAA) was used for delignification and sodium hydroxide was used for deacetylation to enhance the hydrolyzability of poplar. Delignification with 60% HPAA at 80 °C could remove 81.9% lignin. Acetyl group was completely removed with 0.5% NaOH at 60 °C. After the saccharification, 318.1 g/L monosaccharides were obtained with a poplar loading of 35% (w/v). After simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, 114.9 g/L bioethanol was gained from delignified and deacetylated poplar. Those results showed the highest monosaccharides and ethanol concentrations in reported research. This developed strategy with a relatively low temperature could effectively improve the production of high concentration monosaccharide and ethanol from poplar.

Effect of peracetic acid generation in hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment on production of xylooligosaccharides from poplar by organic acid hydrolysis.

Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAA) compositions affect the peracetic acid generation and subsequent delignification of lignocellulosic materials. However, the effects of HPAA compositions on lignin removal and poplar hydrolyzability after HPAA pretreatment are not fully elucidated yet. In this work, different volume ratios of HP to AA were used to pretreat poplar, AA and lactic acid (LA) hydrolysis of delignified poplar to produce XOS was compared. Peracetic acid was mainly produced in 1 h of HPAA pretreatment. HPAA with HP to AA ratio of 8:2 (HP8AA2) generated 4.4% peracetic acid and removed 57.7% of lignin at 2 h. Furthermore, XOS production from HP8AA2-pretreated poplar by AA and LA hydrolysis was increased by 97.1% and 14.9% compared to those from raw poplar, respectively. After alkaline incubation, the glucose yield of HP8AA2-AA-pretreated poplar increased from 40.1% to 97.1%. The study results indicated that HP8AA2 was conducive to XOS and monosaccharides production from poplar..

Comparison of Alkaline Sulfite Pretreatment and Acid Sulfite Pretreatment with Low Chemical Loading in Saccharification of Poplar.

Sulfite pretreatment is a productive process for lignin dissolution in lignocelluloses and to reduce the hydrophobicity of lignin by sulfonation, thus promoting the hydrolyzability of the substrate. Previously, sulfite pretreatment needs high dosages of chemicals and thus results in the high cost of the pretreatment and the great pressure of environmental pollution. To overcome these problems, it was crucial to research whether alkaline sulfite pretreatment (ALS) and acid sulfite pretreatment (ACS) with low chemical loading could enhance the saccharification of poplar. In this work, the results indicated that with low loading of chemicals in sulfite pretreatment, ALS pretreatment (1.6% Na2SO3 and 0.5% NaOH) at 180 °C removed more lignin, resulted in lower hydrophobicity and higher cellulase adsorption capacity of poplar than ACS pretreatment (1.6% Na2SO3 and 0.5% H2SO4) at 180 °C. A satisfying glucose yield of 84.9% and a xylose yield of 76.0% were obtained from poplar after ALS pretreatment with 1.6% Na2SO3 and 0.5% NaOH at 180 °C for 1 h using 10 FPU cellulase/g dry matter, saving sodium sulfite by 60.0% compared to the loading of sulfite in traditional sulfite pretreatment. The strategy developed in this work reduced chemical loading and cellulase loading in alkali sulfite pretreatment for the saccharification of poplar.

Advances and perspectives on mass transfer and enzymatic hydrolysis in the enzyme-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery: A review.

Enzymatic hydrolysis is a critical process for the cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery to produce sugar syrups that can be converted into a whole range of biofuels and biochemicals. Such a process operating at high-solid loadings (i.e., scarcely any free water or roughly ≥ 15% solids, w/w) is considered more economically feasible, as it can generate a high sugar concentration at low operation and capital costs. However, this approach remains restricted and incurs "high-solid effects", ultimately causing the lower hydrolysis yields with increasing solid loadings. The lack of available water leads to a highly viscous system with impaired mixing that exhibits strong transfer resistance and reaction limitation imposed on enzyme action. Evidently, high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis involves multi-scale mass transfer and multi-phase enzyme reaction, and thus requires a synergistic perspective of transfer and biotransformation to assess the interactions among water, biomass components, and cellulase enzymes. Porous particle characteristics of biomass and its interface properties determine the water form and distribution state surrounding the particles, which are summarized in this review aiming to identify the water-driven multi-scale/multi-phase bioprocesses. Further aided by the cognition of rheological behavior of biomass slurry, solute transfer theories, and enzyme kinetics, the coupling effects of flow-transfer-reaction are revealed under high-solid conditions. Based on the above basic features, this review lucidly explains the causes of high-solid hydrolysis hindrances, highlights the mismatched issues between transfer and reaction, and more importantly, presents the advanced strategies for transfer and reaction enhancements from the viewpoint of process optimization, reactor design, as well as enzyme/auxiliary additive customization.

Lignin removal improves xylooligosaccharides production from poplar by acetic acid hydrolysis.

Organic acid hydrolysis is a potential method for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production from lignocelluloses. However, the effect of lignin content on XOS production using organic acid hydrolysis remains unclear. In this work, the effect of delignification on XOS production from poplar by acetic acid (AC) hydrolysis was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC) pretreatment catalyzed by 0-200 mM H2SO4 (HPAC0-HPAC200) removed 21.6-86.5% of lignin in poplar. HPAC pretreatment increased the xylan accessibility to AC solution, thus increasing the xylan removal during AC hydrolysis. An appropriate delignification (61.7%) resulted in the highest XOS yield of 37.4% by AC hydrolysis, increased by 29.9% compared to the optimal XOS yield (28.8%) from raw poplar. After alkaline post-incubation, the glucose yield of poplar residue rose from 57.1% to 78.6%. This work developed a delignification process to efficiently improve XOS and monosaccharides production from poplar.

Sodium hypochlorite and Cu-O-Mn/ columnar activated carbon catalytic oxidation for treatment of ultra-high concentration polyvinyl alcohol wastewater.

Complete degradation of high concentration polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is challenging. In this article, a two-stage process of NaClO pre-oxidation and columnar activated carbon (loaded with metal active components) catalytic oxidation was used to treat high concentration PVA wastewater. The degree of polymerization of PVA is 2400 and the water concentration is 15 wt %. In the first stage, NaClO efficiently broken long chain to short, the viscosity of PVA solution decreased from 45,100 mPaS to 4.65 mPaS. And in the second stage, the short chain was further oxidized to small molecules under H2O2 with catalysts. The solution COD decreased from 206,240 mg/L to 38.38 mg/L. The composition of catalysts and the reaction conditions were optimized, the degradation mechanism was discussed. According to the experimental results, small pore size (8-10 mesh) activated carbon loaded copper and manganese catalyst (C1M1AC-S) was the best choice. The optimal conditions of C1M1AC-S were: molar ratio of copper to manganese was 2:1, the loading rate was 25 wt% and the dosage was 9.76 mg/100 ml. The whole process is mild (25 °C-40 °C) and reaction time is short (100 min). Moreover, free radical scavenging experiments shown that the catalytic oxidation stage follows the mechanism of hydroxyl radical reaction.

High solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis of acetic acid-peroxide/acetic acid pretreated poplar and cellulase recycling.

High solid loading saccharification is the premise of preparing high-concentration sugar which is beneficial to bioethanol production, but the limited sugar concentration and high enzyme dosage are two challenges. In this work, the glucan-rich acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid (AC-HPAC)-pretreated poplar (85.8%) were prepared for enzymatic hydrolysis at 10%-40% solid loading and the strategies for reducing cellulase dosage were explored. Results showed that the maximum glucose concentration reached to 250.8 g/L at 40% solid loading, which was the highest concentration in previous literatures. As the solid loading was 20%, the addition of Tween 80 saved 50% of cellulase and the recycling of unhydrolyzed residue (0.2 g/g DM) saved another 25% of cellulase, resulting in 152.2 g/L of glucose concentration with yield of 79.9%. This work showed potential of poplar to produce the high concentration glucose solution with low enzyme loading through the recycling of enzyme bound onto unhydrolyzed residue.

Effect of sulfuric acid on production of xylooligosaccharides and monosaccharides from hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid-pretreated poplar.

Lignin is one of the main obstacles for enzymatic hydrolysis, which can be selectively removed by hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment (HPAC). In this work, the effects of sulfuric acid concentration on chemical composition, structural features, physical properties and enzymatic digestibility of HPAC pretreated poplar were investigated. The increased H2SO4 dosage enhanced the lignin removal of HPAC-pretreated poplar, resulting in the increased accessibility and decreased hydrophobicity. A satisfying glucose yield (91.84%) was obtained from HPAC pretreated poplar (100 mM H2SO4) at 5 FPU/g DM of cellulase loading with the addition of xylanase (30 U/g DM) and Tween 80 (3 g/L). The increment of H2SO4 concentration promoted the yield of xylooligosaccharides from 0.69% to 20.45% and monosaccharides from 5.76% to 92.89% respectively by two-step enzymatic hydrolysis. This work demonstrated that HPAC pretreatment played a critical role in efficient utilization of poplar carbohydrates by enzymatic hydrolysis.

Mild O2-aided alkaline pretreatment effectively improves fractionated efficiency and enzymatic digestibility of Napier grass stem towards a sustainable biorefinery.

Napier grass is a promising energy source on account of its strong adaptability and high productivity. Herein, an O2-aided alkaline pretreatment with mild operating conditions was developed to modify Napier grass stem structure for improving its fractionated efficiency and enzymatic digestibility. Compared with the conventional alkaline pretreatment, it could be proceeded at lower temperature (80 °C) and dilute NaOH solution (1%) to remove over 80% lignin and retain 92% cellulose. The recovered lignin possessed typical structures of native lignin and well-preserved molecular weight, anticipating feasible potential in preparation of biomaterials or aromatic chemicals. Coupled with the enzymatic hydrolysis managements of solid remain and hydrolysate after the pretreatment, the recovery yields of glucose and xylose based on the raw material feeds reached 89.7% and 90.2%, respectively. This contribution demonstrates a highly-reliable strategy to fractionate Napier grass stem for maximizing fermentation sugar production and valorizing lignin toward sustainable biorefinery processes.

The photothermal stability of CNFs/ZnAl-LDHs composited films: Influence of the crystal morphology of ZnAl-LDHs.

The existence of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups makes the photothermal stability of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) poor and thus limits its scale application. This problem could be solved by doping layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanopowders with opposite charge on the surface of CNFs. This work mainly focused on investigation of the influence of the crystal morphology of the inorganic ultraviolet shielding agent (i.e. ZnAl-LDHs) on the thermal stability of CNFs/ZnAl-LDHs composited films. The results showed that the morphology of LDHs was positively correlated with the photothermal stability of CNFs-based films. Specially, the ZnAl-LDHs with uniform crystal morphology could be prepared by controlling the molar ratio of Zn/Al at 3:1 and thus enhance the photothermal stability of CNFs-based films without any serious light transmittance deteriorating after doping. This work provided a practical and effective way for preparation of photothermal-stable CNFs-based transparent films for industrial application in the fields of photonics and electronics.

Production of xylo-oligosaccharides from poplar by acetic acid pretreatment and its impact on inhibitory effect of poplar lignin.

Recently, efficient production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from poplar by acetic acid (AA) pretreatment was developed; but the effect of residual lignin on subsequent cellulase hydrolysis was unclear. Herein, XOS was produced from poplar by AA pretreatment and the effect of AA pretreatment on lignin inhibition to cellulase hydrolysis was investigated. The results indicated that a high XOS yield of 55.8% was obtained, and the inhibition degree of lignin in poplar increased from 1.0% to 6.8% after AA pretreatment. Lignin was acetylated and its molecular weight decreased from 12,211 to 2871 g/mol after AA pretreatment. The increase of S/G ratio, phenolic hydroxyl, and condensed units of lignin after AA pretreatment might be reasons for this intensified inhibition. The results advanced our understanding of the structural and inhibitory properties of lignin after production of XOS from poplar with AA pretreatment, and provided references for efficient cellulase hydrolysis of poplar after AA pretreatment.

Catalytic conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid by metal chlorides.

The catalytic performance of various metal chlorides in the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid in liquid water at high temperatures was investigated. The effects of reaction parameters on the yield of levulinic acid were also explored. The results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides were not effective in conversion of cellulose, while transition metal chlorides, especially CrCl(3), FeCl(3) and CuCl(2) and a group IIIA metal chloride (AlCl(3)), exhibited high catalytic activity. The catalytic performance was correlated with the acidity of the reaction system due to the addition of the metal chlorides, but more dependent on the type of metal chloride. Among those metal chlorides, chromium chloride was found to be exceptionally effective for the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid, affording an optimum yield of 67 mol % after a reaction time of 180 min, at 200 degrees C, with a catalyst dosage of 0.02 M and substrate concentration of 50 wt %. Chromium metal, most of which was present in its oxide form in the solid sample and only a small part in solution as Cr3+ ion, can be easily separated from the resulting product mixture and recycled. Finally, a plausible reaction scheme for the chromium chloride catalyzed conversion of cellulose in water was proposed.

Lignin extracted by γ-valerolactone/water from corn stover improves cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis.

The impact of lignin extracted from γ-valerolactone/water (GVL/H2O) pretreatment of corn stover on the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated. Two lignin samples were separated and named as GL25 and GL75 according to the amounts of sulfuric acid (25 mM and 75 mM) used in the GVL/H2O pretreatment. With the addition of 2 g/L of GL25 and GL75, the glucan conversion of enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel improved markedly from 28.0% to 37.4% and 31.3%, respectively. Moreover, the improvement of glucan conversion increased when increasing the loadings of GL25 and GL75. A similar observation was made when GVL/H2O pretreated corn stover was the substrate. The results of the cellulase adsorption experiments showed that the GLs had a lower maximum cellulase adsorption capacity and binding strength compared to that of acid-insoluble lignin. Further structural characterization of the GLs revealed that they had a low zeta-potential and hydrophobicity, but a high Syringyl/Guaiacyl ratio.