[Cloning of gene fragment of estrogen receptor-beta and its expression in mouse embryo].

In order to study the expression and regulation effects of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) in the development of mouse embryo, the primer of ERbeta was designed, the ERbeta fragment was first obtained by RT-PCR and subcloned into plasmids pGEM- 3Z, then the recombinant plasmids were linearized with the restriction enzymes of EcoRand Hind. Using Sp6 and T7 RNA polymerase, the digoxigenin(dig) labeled sense and anti-sense probes were transcriped in vitro, respectively. Then the expression of ERbeta in mouse embryo was examined with the probes by whole-mount in situ hybridization. The results indicated that ERbeta is expressed in the brain, spinal neural tube, genital ridge, pericardium, limb bud and mandibular arch of 10.5 dpc embryo, and is also expressed in the telencephalon, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata, spinal cord and limb bud of 13.5 dpc embryo. These results suggest that ERbeta maybe play a role of regulation in sexual differentiation, primal differentiation of neural tube, further differentiation of three primary cerebral vesicles and spinal cord, generation and differentiation of bone and cartilage of limb bud, development of pericardium and configuration differentiation of mandibular in mouse embryo.

Hypoxia-responsive lipid-poly-(hypoxic radiosensitized polyprodrug) nanoparticles for glioma chemo- and radiotherapy.

Treatment of malignant glioma is a challenge facing cancer therapy. In addition to surgery, and chemotherapy, radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most effective modalities of glioma treatment. However, there are two crucial challenges for RT facing malignant glioma therapy: first, gliomas are known to be resistant to radiation due to their intratumoral hypoxia; second, radiosensitizers may exhibit a lack of target specificity, which may cause a lower concentration of radiosensitizers in tumors and toxic side effects in normal tissues. Thus, novel angiopep-2-lipid-poly-(metronidazoles)n (ALP-(MIs)n) hypoxic radiosensitizer-polyprodrug nanoparticles (NPs) were designed to enhance the radiosensitizing effect on gliomas. Methods: In this study, different degrees and biodegradabilites of hypoxic radiosensitizer MIs-based polyprodrug (P-(MIs)n) were synthesized as a hydrophobic core. P-(MIs)n were mixed with DSPE-PEG2000, angiopep-2-DSPE-PEG2000 and lecithin to self-assemble ALP-(MIs)n through a single-step nanoprecipitation method. The ALP-(MIs)n encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX) (ALP-(MIs)n/DOX) and provoke the release of DOX under hypoxic conditions for glioma chemo- and radiotherapy. In vivo glioma targeting was tested in an orthotopic glioma using live animal fluorescence/bioluminescence imaging. The effect on sensitization to RT of ALP-(MIs)n and the combination of chemotherapy and RT of ALP-(MIs)n/DOX for glioma treatment were also investigated both in vitro and in vivo. Results: ALP-(MIs)n/DOX effectively accumulated in gliomas and could reach the hypoxic glioma site after systemic in vivo administration. These ALP-(MIs)n showed a significant radiosensitizing effect on gliomas and realized combination chemotherapy and RT for glioma treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: In summary, we constructed a lipid-poly-(hypoxic radiosensitized polyprodrug) nanoparticles for enhancing the RT sensitivity of gliomas and achieving the combination of radiation and chemotherapy for gliomas.