Nutritional and non-nutritional habits and occurrence of malocclusions in the mixed dentition.

Malocclusions are changes in the development of craniofacial structures of high prevalence. Associated risk factors are diverse and nutritional and non-nutritional suction habits are the most reported. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of malocclusions in the mixed dentition and to study possible association with practices of breastfeeding and suction habits among Brazilian schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study involving a sample of 664 6-year-old children and their families was carried out. Data collection was done through interviews with mothers in the homes and oral examinations of children in schools. Multivariate analyses were performed using the Poisson regression with a robust estimator. The prevalence of overjet over 4 mm was 21.1% and of posterior crossbite was 12.2%; 91.9% of the children were breastfed, 79.0% used a nursing bottle and 49.4% used a pacifier. Significant and independent associations were observed between father's unemployment, private school, interruption of breastfeeding before the fourth month and pacifier use with certain malocclusions. High rates of malocclusion were found in the studied sample. Socioeconomic conditions, breastfeeding practices and suction habits were shown to be statistically associated with their occurrence.

Malocclusion in Brazilian Schoolchildren: High Prevalence and Low Impact.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and severity of malocclusion and test a possible association with negative impacts on quality of life of schoolchildren in Tubarão, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample (n = 389) of schoolchildren. Data on oral health-related quality of life were obtained through the Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP) scale. The malocclusion indicator was the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Prevalence ratios were estimated using log-linear Poisson regression with a robust estimator. RESULTS: The prevalence of class II, III, and IV malocclusion was 57.3%. The most common dental condition was overjet greater than 3 mm. Girls and older schoolchildren showed statistically significantly higher prevalence of all classes of malocclusion. There were no statistically significant associations between the most frequent malocclusions and dimensions of the impact indicator, except for the presence of overjet greater than 3 mm that was associated the 'cleaning teeth' dimension. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malocclusion was high, but was not statistically significantly associated with impact on oral health-related quality of life.

Dental pain in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence, intensity and associated factors of dental pain in 7- and 8-year-old schoolchildren in a Southern Brazilian city. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving a representative sample (n=401) of schoolchildren of Tubarão, Brazil. The data were obtained through oral examinations, following WHO criteria. Dental pain was analysed using a specific questionnaire developed to measure it. Prevalence and intensity of spontaneous pain and pain caused by cold and hot food and liquids were analysed. Association studies were carried out using chi-square test followed by nonconditional multiple logistic regression analysis to test for independence of association between outcomes and explanatory variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of spontaneous dental pain and dental pain caused by cold and hot food and liquids was 31.7 and 28.1%, respectively. Females and schoolchildren who had visited the dentist at least once showed statistically higher prevalence of spontaneous pain and pain caused by cold and hot food and liquids. Eight-year-old schoolchildren and those presenting cavities in the primary dentition also showed higher prevalence of spontaneous dental pain. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and intensity of dental pain were considered high. The prevalence showed to be associated with female gender, higher age, the presence of cavities in the primary dentition and dental visit.

Malocclusion, dental aesthetic self-perception and quality of life in a 18 to 21 year-old population: a cross section study.

BACKGROUND: Aesthetic alterations in the face can be self-perceived and can affect quality of life. For young people, physical attractiveness is an important factor affecting social relationships. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of malocclusion, identify the most common types and test its association with oral aesthetic self-perception in 18 to 21 year-old population of male young adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 138 Brazilian Army soldiers. Data collection included socio demographic profile, malocclusion status through the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and oral aesthetic self-perception as indicated by the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS). The chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to test for homogeneity of proportions. The stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test for the relationship between the poorer oral aesthetic self-perception and parental and soldier's education, per capita income, history of caries in all teeth and only on anterior teeth, dental trauma, previous orthodontic treatment and malocclusion. RESULTS: The prevalence of malocclusion was 45.6%. Incisor teeth crowding and misalignment of lower incisors were the most common types of malocclusions. A statistically significant and independent association between malocclusion and poorer oral aesthetic self-perception in the multivariate analysis was observed. Subjects with severe malocclusion conditions showed 88% higher prevalence [prevalence ratio =1.88 (95% CI, 1.30 - 2.72); p = 0.001] of poorer aesthetic self-perception comparing to those with minor malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of malocclusion was observed. The young adults presenting severe malocclusion had a higher and independent prevalence of poorer oral aesthetic self-perception.

Prenatal, neonatal and postnatal factors and the developmental defects of dental enamel.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of developmental defects in dental enamel and its possible association with prenatal, neonatal and postnatal conditions in six-year-old schoolchildren in a southern Brazilian municipality. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 655 six-year-old schoolchildren. Sociodemographic and health data were collected through interviews with mothers and children's oral examinations at schools. Multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust estimator. RESULTS: The prevalence of developmental defects of enamel was 44.0%. Demarcated opacities were the most prevalent, followed by diffuse opacities. Late pregnancy, maternal schooling less than eight years, female gender and child's white skin color were independently associated with the prevalence of demarcated opacities. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of developmental defects in dental enamel was 44.0%. Late pregnancy, maternal schooling less than eight years, female gender and child's white skin color were associated with the prevalences.

Impact of traumatic dental injuries on the quality of life of schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the impact of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) on children's quality of life is sparse. AIM: To determine the association between TDI and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among schoolchildren aged 11-14 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving a representative sample of 409 schoolchildren from 13 municipalities in the Midwest Region of the Brazilian Southern State of Santa Catarina. Clinical examination included the presence and type of TDI and the treatment provided (or needed) according to criteria used in the UK Children's Dental Health Survey. Dental caries in anterior teeth and malocclusion status were also collected according to WHO criteria. OHRQoL was assessed using the short form of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), and the outcome was the prevalence of one or more adverse impacts on quality of life occurring often/very often. RESULTS: The prevalence of TDI was 16.6% (95% CI 13.0-20.2). The prevalence of one or more adverse impacts occurring often/very often was 46.6% (95% CI 41.7-51.5). Logistic regression modeling for the outcome indicated an independent and significant association between the prevalence of one or more adverse impacts occurring often/very often and the presence of TDI even after adjustment for gender, presence of dental caries in anterior teeth and malocclusion. A prevalence ratio of 1.79 (95% CI 1.16-2.76) of one or more adverse impacts occurring often/very often in schoolchildren with TDI was found, compared to those without TDI. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic dental injuries appear to affect schoolchildren's OHRQoL.

Performance and cross-cultural comparison of the short-form version of the CPQ11-14 in New Zealand, Brunei and Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) is a self-report instrument developed to measure oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in 11-14-year-olds. Earlier reports confirm that the 16-item short-form version performs adequately, but there is a need to determine the measure's validity and properties in larger and more diverse samples and settings. AIM: The objective of this study was to examine the performance of the 16-item short-form impact version of the CPQ11-14 in different communities and cultures with diverse caries experience. METHOD: Cross-sectional epidemiological surveys of child oral health were conducted in two regions of New Zealand, one region in Brunei, and one in Brazil. Children were examined for dental caries (following WHO guidelines), and OHRQoL was measured using the 16-item short-form item-impact version of the CPQ11-14, along with two global questions on OHRQoL. Children in the 20% with the greatest caries experience (DMF score) were categorised as the highest caries quintile. Construct validity was evaluated by comparing the mean scale scores across the categories of caries experience; correlational construct validity was assessed by comparing mean scores and children's global ratings of oral health and well-being. RESULTS: There were substantial variations in caries experience among the different communities (from 1.8 in Otago to 4.9 in Northland) and in mean CPQ11-14 scores (from 11.5 in Northland to 16.8 in Brunei). In all samples, those in the most severe caries experience quintile had higher mean CPQ11-14 scores than those who were caries-free (P < 0.05). There were also greater CPQ scores in those with worse self-rated oral health, with the Otago sample presenting the most marked gradient across the response categories for self-rated oral health, from 'Excellent' to 'Fair/Poor' (9.6 to 19.7 respectively). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the 16-item short-form item impact version of the CPQ11-14 performs well across diverse cultures and levels of caries experience. Reasons for the differences in mean CPQ scores among the communities are unclear and may reflect subtle socio-cultural differences in subjective oral health among these populations, but elucidating these requires further exploration of the face and content validity of the measure in different populations.

Association between maternal schooling and caries prevalence: a cross-sectional study in southern Brazil.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence and severity of dental caries among 12-year-old schoolchildren and to examine its possible association with maternal schooling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving a representative sample (n = 253) of the 12-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in 14 schools of the municipality of Curitibanos, Brazil was carried out in 2006. Clinical information was obtained through the World Health Organization criteria. Non-clinical data were obtained through interviews with schoolchildren. Associations were analysed using chi-square test or Fisher exact test followed by non-conditional multiple logistic regression analysis to test the independence of associations between outcome and explanatory variables. P-values were set at < 0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 81.7% and the mean decayed, missing or filled teeth score was 4.08. Prevalence was significantly higher among girls, with a prevalence ratio of 2.58 (95% CI 1.25, 5.32) (P = 0.010); among schoolchildren from mothers with lower education level, with a prevalence ratio of 3.26 (95% CI 1.32, 8.06) (P = 0.010); and among schoolchildren who had ever visited a dentist, with a prevalence ratio of 2.91 (95% CI 1.14, 7.62) (P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and severity of caries were higher than the Brazilian national average. The prevalence was statistically associated with maternal schooling, had visited a dentist, and gender.

Differential item functioning related to ethnicity in an oral health-related quality of life measure.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether an oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL)measure showed differential item functioning (DIF) by ethnicity. METHODS: A simple random sample of 12- and 13-year-old schoolchildren enrolled in the Taranaki District Health Board's school dental service, New Zealand. Each child (n = 430) completed the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ(11-14)) in the dental clinic waiting room, prior to a dental examination. The dataset included age, gender, ethnicity, and deprivation status. The general principle of the analytic plan was that equal scores from each CPQ(11-14) item were expected from both non-Mäori and Mäori groups regardless of their ethnic group. Ordinal logistic regression was performed. The dependent variables were the CPQ(11-14) items. The ethnicity group and each CPQ(11-14) domain score were the independent variables. Non-uniform DIF was assessed through adding an interaction term for each CPQ(11-14) sub-scale. RESULTS: Non-uniform DIF was found in two items, one in the Functional Limitations sub-scale and another in the Social Well-being sub-scale. Uniform DIF was found in one item of the Emotional Well-being sub-scale. CONCLUSION: Both non-uniform and uniform DIF by ethnicity was found in three of 37 items of the CPQ(11-14) questionnaire, showing it is important to perform DIF analysis when applying OHRQoL measures.

Adaptation of the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score (OASIS) questionnaire for perception of oral aesthetics in Brazil.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess the cross-cultural adaptation and reliability and validity of the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score (OASIS) for the perception of oral aesthetics in Brazilian adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation was developed in agreement with internationally recommended methodology. The psychometric properties were assessed by application of the Brazilian version of the OASIS in 304 adolescents aged 13 to 19 years who were enrolled at two public schools and one private school in Tubarão, Brazil. The internal consistency of the instrument was measured using Cronbach's alpha. The reliability was estimated through stability and homogeneity, using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and the Bland-Altman agreement. Validity was determined by comparing the OASIS-Brazil with the aesthetic component of the instrument Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) using the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS: The internal consistency obtained was 0.52. Inter-observer and intra-observer correlations were strong, 0.87 and 0.83, respectively. The correlation with the aesthetic part of OIDP was 0.44. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the process of cross-cultural adaptation was successful and the adapted instrument showed good psychometric properties.

The influence of titanium base abutments on peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and marginal bone loss: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Some techniques in implant dentistry have been suggested that may potentially alter peri-implant soft and hard tissue parameters. PURPOSE: To evaluate the peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters and crestal bone loss around titanium base abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty two implants were placed in 21 patients and restored by single crowns. Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups: cement-retained abutment (n = 24) and titanium base (n = 28). Peri-implant probing depth, and mesial and distal marginal bone loss (MBL) were evaluated at implant loading (T1), 6 and 12 months (T2 and T3, respectively). Peri-implant bleeding-on-probing was evaluated at T2 and T3. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, Tukey test, Man Whitney, and Pearson correlation were performed for statistical analysis at P < .05. RESULTS: The mean difference of peri-implant MBL from implant installation to 12 months in function was 1.15 ± 0.82 mm for the cement-retained group, and 1.23 ± 0.79 mm for the titanium base group. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups for clinical and radiographic peri-implant evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Titanium base abutments present no negative effect on peri-implant soft tissue and MBL. When used to support single crowns, both approaches performed likewise regarding clinical and radiographic parameters.

Rasch model of the child perceptions questionnaire in multi-country data.

OBJECTIVE: To be fit-for-purpose, oral health-related quality of life instruments must possess a range of psychometric properties which had not been fully examined in the 16-item Short Form Child Perceptions Questionnaire for children aged 11 to 14 years (CPQ11-14 ISF-16). We used advanced statistical approaches to determine the CPQ's measurement accuracy, precision, invariance and dimensionality and analyzed whether age range could be extended from 8 to 15 years. METHODS: Fit to the Rasch model was examined in 6648 8-to-15-year-olds from Australia, New Zealand, Brunei, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Germany, United Kingdom, Brazil and Mexico. RESULTS: In all but two items, the initial five answer options were reduced to three or four, to increase precision of the children's selection. Items 10 (Shy/embarrassed) and 11 (Concerned what others think) showed an 'extra' dependency between item scores beyond the relationship related to the underlying latent construct represented by the instrument, and so were deleted. Without these two items, the CPQ was unidimensional. The three oral symptoms items (4 Food stuck in teeth, 3 Bad breath and 1 Pain) were required for a sufficient person-item coverage. In three out of 14 items (21 %), Europe and South America showed regional differences in the patterns of how the answer options were selected. No differential item functioning was detected for age. CONCLUSION: Except for a few modifications, the present analysis supports the combination of items, the cross-cultural validity of the CPQ with 14 items and the extension of the age range from 8 to 15 years. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The valid, reliable, shortened and age-extended version of the CPQ resulting from this study should be used in routine care and clinical research. Less items and a wider age range increase its usability. Symptoms items are needed to precisely differentiate between children with higher and lower quality of life.

Knowledge of lay people and dentists in emergency management of dental trauma.

The multidisciplinary nature of the follow-up evaluations of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) requires that both the lay public and practitioners possess knowledge of the treatment strategies involved. The aim of this paper was to assess the level of knowledge of elementary public schoolteachers, parents and dentists of the city of Joaçaba, Southern Brazil, about the emergency management of TDI. Three independent cross sectional studies were carried out involving samples of elementary public schoolteachers (n = 245), parents (n = 107) and dentists (n = 85) in the city in 2001. Data were collected through structured interviews for schoolteachers and dentists, and questionnaires for parents, containing questions about socio-demographic characteristics and about incidents resulting in TDI. The responses in the three studies showed a wide variability of indicated procedures for the situations of TDI proposed. The results of association studies showed that older schoolteachers (P = 0.003), older dentists (P = 0.013) and dentists who had graduated more recently (P = 0.032) chose significantly more correct answers in some TDI incidents. The answers of schoolteachers, parents and dentists showed a wide variability of indicated procedures for the situations proposed. The great majority of them would not follow the approaches most recommended in the literature. A greater importance should be placed on TDI through educational campaigns aiming schoolteachers and parents and also through undergraduation and postgraduation dental curricula in order of improving its management.

The oral impact on daily performances and self-reported quality of life in elderly people in Florianópolis, Brazil.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate the oral impact on daily performances (OIDPs) and its association with self-reported quality of life, sociodemographic and oral health conditions, self-reported oral symptoms and access to a clinician in elderly people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed involving individuals over the age of 59 years, resident in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil. A sample of 180 individuals selected in a two-stage approach was examined and interviewed. The World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to collect data on self-reported quality of life. The OIDP questionnaire was used to collect data on oral impact on daily performances. The criteria for the clinical data were those proposed by the World Health Organization. The dependent variable was the oral impact on daily performances. The chi-square test was used to examine the association between the dependent and the exploratory variables. Variables were inserted in a model of multiple logistic regression. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The proportion of individuals who reported oral impact on daily performances was 45.6%. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only the altered condition of the oral mucosa and the social domain of the WHOQOL-BREF maintained an independent association with oral impact on daily performance. CONCLUSION: Of the investigated elderly individuals 45.6% reported oral impact on daily performances. Those who presented altered oral mucosa and had a lower performance in the WHOQOL-BREF social domain were more likely to report such an impact.

Low maternal schooling and severity of dental caries in Brazilian preschool children.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and severity of caries and of early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool children from the municipality of Capivari de Baixo, Brazil. Furthermore, the aim was to ascertain the association between these prevalences and the level of maternal schooling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed involving all children aged 3 to 5 years enrolled in all municipal schools of Capivari de Baixo, Brazil. The clinical information was obtained using the World Health Organization criteria. For ECC, it was observed if the child presented with lesions with acute evolution, whitening clinical aspect and softened consistency. Non-clinical data were obtained by means of interviews with the child's mothers, by investigating the child and through questions relating to the maternal age, the maternal level of schooling and the time of weaning. Tests of association were performed using the chi-square test followed by unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis to test the independence of the association between the outcomes and the explanatory variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries was 64.3%, the mean dmft was 1.24 and the prevalence of ECC was 4.9%. A child was more likely to present with severe caries (dmft > or = 2) if aged 47 months or above. Low maternal schooling made the occurrence of both severe caries and ECC more likely. CONCLUSIONS: The population that was studied presented levels of oral health better than those found in other Brazilian population groups, although groups remain with a high severity of caries associated with low maternal schooling.

Incidence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in the School Period in a Municipality in Southern Brazil

Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence of dental caries and associated factors in the school period from six/seven to ten years of age. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study involving 168 children was followed up between 2015 and 2019 in the municipality of Palhoça, Brazil. The dependent variable was the caries incidence rate in the mixed dentition. The independent variables included information regarding demographic and socioeconomic status. Multivariate analyzes were carried out using Poisson Regression with a robust estimator. Variables with p <0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the adjusted model. Relative risks were estimated, as well as 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 168 followed schoolchildren, 32 developed the disease, providing an incidence rate of 19.0%. Female children had a 10% higher risk [RR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.03; 1.18)] of developing caries than males. Also, children born from fathers with ≤ 8 years of schooling at baseline had a 9% higher risk [RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.01; 1.16)] of developing dental caries compared to fathers with higher education. Conclusion: The incidence of dental caries in a four-year period was 19.0%. Females and children born from fathers with a lower level of education showed higher incidence rates.

Prenatal, neonatal and postnatal factors and the developmental defects of dental enamel / Fatores pré-natais, neonatais e pós-natais e defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of developmental defects in dental enamel and its possible association with prenatal, neonatal and postnatal conditions in six-year-old schoolchildren in a southern Brazilian municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 655 six-year-old schoolchildren. Sociodemographic and health data were collected through interviews with mothers and children's oral examinations at schools. Multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust estimator. Results: The prevalence of developmental defects of enamel was 44.0%. Demarcated opacities were the most prevalent, followed by diffuse opacities. Late pregnancy, maternal schooling less than eight years, female gender and child's white skin color were independently associated with the prevalence of demarcated opacities. Conclusions: The prevalence of developmental defects in dental enamel was 44.0%. Late pregnancy, maternal schooling less than eight years, female gender and child's white skin color were associated with the prevalences.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário e sua possível associação com fatores pré-natais, neonatais e pós-natais em escolares de seis anos de idade em um município do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo transversal envolvendo 655 escolares de seis anos de idade. Os dados sociodemográficos e de saúde foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com as mães e exames bucais das crianças nas escolas. As análises multivariadas foram realizadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com estimador robusto. Resultados: A prevalência de defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte foi de 44,0%. As opacidades demarcadas foram as mais prevalentes, seguidas das difusas. Gravidez tardia, escolaridade materna inferior a oito anos, sexo feminino e cor da pele branca da criança foram independentemente associados à prevalência de opacidades demarcadas. Conclusões: A prevalência de defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte dentário foi de 44,0%. Gravidez tardia, escolaridade materna inferior a oito anos de estudo, sexo feminino e cor da pele branca da criança estiveram associados às prevalências.

Incidence of dental trauma among adolescents: a prospective cohort study.

We estimated the incidence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in a 2-year follow-up of adolescents with and without previous dental trauma and verified the hypothesis that individuals with previous trauma are more prone to recurrent TDI events. The present study was developed in three phases. First, a dental trauma cross-sectional study was carried out with 2260 schoolchildren aged 11-13 years in Biguaçu, southern Brazil. In the second phase, a case-control study was developed to identify risk factors associated with dental trauma. The third step was a 2-year longitudinal observational study with the participants of the second phase of the study. The exposed group of individuals with previous dental traumatism (208) and a non-exposed group (208) of participants who had no previous signs of dental trauma were followed up for 2 years. Descriptive, univariate, simple and conditional multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. The greatest incidence of dental trauma was identified among adolescents with previous dental trauma (11.9%-11.44/1000 incisors) when compared with those without previous dental trauma (2.7%-2.45/1000 incisors) (P < 0.001). In the study period, adolescents with previous dental trauma showed a 4.85 times greater odds ratio for presenting further dental trauma when compared with adolescents without previous dental trauma (P = 0,005) after adjusting for incisal overjet, lip coverage and mother's schooling. A notable difference was observed regarding the incidence of TDI between the case and control groups. Individuals with previous dental trauma had greater chances of developing develop further dental trauma in a 2-year follow-up.

First Thousand Days of Child Life and the Development of Risk Factors for Malocclusions

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the association between individual and socioeconomic factors during the first thousand days of the child's life and the occurrence of risk behaviors for the development of malocclusions. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study. A sample of 655 6-year-old schoolchildren and families was included. Interviews with mothers were performed at home. The dependent variables were risk behaviors to the development of malocclusions. Independent variables were socioeconomic conditions, aspects of gestation, birth and health of the child up to two years of age. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed through Poisson regression. Results: Maternal education of less than eight years was independently associated with the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding until the fourth month (PR=1.58 CI 95%; 1.07; 2.37). Occupation of the mother with income [PR=1.26; 1.02; 1.56)], occupation of the father without income [PR=1.46 (1.01; 2.14)] were associated fwith interruption of breastfeeding until the sixth month. Pregnancy in adolescence [PR=0.83 (0.70; 0.98)] and nursery attendance [PR=1.15 (1.02; 1.28)] were associated with bottle use. Nursery attendance [PR=1.27 (1.01; 1.59)], hospitalization in the first 29 days of life [PR=1.34 (1.01; 1.80)], occurrence of reflux [PR=1.30 (1.01; 1.70)] were associated with pacifier using. Conclusion: Variables related to the period of the first thousand days of life are associated with higher risk behaviors for the occurrence of malocclusions.

Traumatic dental injuries in adolescents from a town in southern Brazil: a cohort study.

PURPOSE: To estimate the incidence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and determining risk factors in adolescents in Luzerna, Brazil, over a period of three years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was carried out with adolescents born in 1988 and 1989 attending the schools of the city. Two examinations were performed in the adolescents in the year 2001 and 2004. The sample size was 176 individuals; however, it was decided to invite all 246 students enrolled in 2001. Clinical examinations were carried out through criteria for TDI used in the National Survey, UK, in 1994. RESULTS: The incidence ratio was of 13.2% (CI 95% 7.9-18.5). The incidence among males was 15.1% (CI 95% 7.6-22.6) and among females 11.0% (CI 95% 3.9-18.1) (p = 0.440) with a relative risk (RR) of 1.38 (CI 95% 0.60-3.14). In relation to increased incisal overjet, the incidence ratio in the exposed individuals was found to be 21.2% (CI 95% 7.3-35.1) and in the nonexposed 11.1% (CI 95% 5.7-16.8) (p = 0.122). Individuals exposed to an increased incisal overjet presented an RR of 1.91 (CI 95% 0.84-4.34). The incidence in the individuals exposed to inadequate lip coverage was 12.5% (CI 95% 2.3-22.7) and in the non-exposed it was 13.4% (CI 95% 7.4-19.5) (p = 0.879). The RR among the exposed was 0.93 (CI 95% 0.36-2.38). CONCLUSION: The incidence of TDI was 13.2%. For males, having increased incisal overjet and inadequate lip coverage were not considered as risks factors.