Host feces, olfactory beacon guiding aggregation of intestinal parasites Gasterophilus pecorum (Diptera: Gasterophilidae).

The aim of this study was to identify the aggregation sites and transmission characteristics of Gasterophilus pecorum, the dominant pathogen of endangered equines in desert steppe. Therefore, we tested with a four-arm olfactometer the olfactory response of the G. pecorum adults to the odors that have a great impact on their life cycle, and also investigated the occurrence sites of the adults in the area where the Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) roam frequently during the peak period of G. pecorum infection. The results of four-directional olfactory test showed that the fresh horse feces had a stronger attraction rate on both male (50.4%) and female flies (38.2%). Stipa caucasica, the only oviposition plant where G. pecorum lay eggs, had a better attraction effect on females than that on males. And the attraction rates of S. caucasica to G. pecorum females in the early growth stage (Stipa I) and mid-growth stage (Stipa II) were 32.8% and 36.8%, respectively. In addition, the two-directional olfactory test showed that the attraction rate of males to fresh horse feces (68.90%) was higher than that to Stipa II (31.10%), and females also showed similar olfactory responses. Moreover, in our field investigation, 68.29% of G. pecorum adults were collected from around the horse feces. The results of laboratory test and field investigation implied that the location mechanism of G. pecorum aggregation for mating is related to the orientation of horse feces. The horse feces and the vicinity are the key contamination areas of G. pecorum, and it is also the areas where horses are seriously infected with G. pecorum. Those fresh feces, which gather abundant information about the host, naturally had the greatest chance of contacting with the host; G. pecorum adults create the opportunity to enter directly into the host's mouth and infect the host by laying eggs on S. caucasica, which is the most favorite plant of the host in this area. These characteristics are one of the main reasons why G. pecorum has become the dominant species under the condition of sparse vegetation in desert steppe.

Endoparasite survey of free-swimming baleen whales (Balaenoptera musculus, B. physalus, B. borealis) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) using non/minimally invasive methods.

A number of parasitic diseases have gained importance as neozoan opportunistic infections in the marine environment. Here, we report on the gastrointestinal endoparasite fauna of three baleen whale species and one toothed whale: blue (Balaenoptera musculus), fin (Balaenoptera physalus), and sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) from the Azores Islands, Portugal. In total, 17 individual whale fecal samples [n = 10 (B. physalus); n = 4 (P. macrocephalus); n = 2 (B. musculus); n = 1 (B. borealis)] were collected from free-swimming animals as part of ongoing studies on behavioral ecology. Furthermore, skin biopsies were collected from sperm whales (n = 5) using minimally invasive biopsy darting and tested for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Besnoitia besnoiti DNA via PCR. Overall, more than ten taxa were detected in whale fecal samples. Within protozoan parasites, Entamoeba spp. occurred most frequently (64.7%), followed by Giardia spp. (17.6%) and Balantidium spp. (5.9%). The most prevalent metazoan parasites were Ascaridida indet. spp. (41.2%), followed by trematodes (17.7%), acanthocephalan spp., strongyles (11.8%), Diphyllobotrium spp. (5.9%), and spirurids (5.9%). Helminths were mainly found in sperm whales, while enteric protozoan parasites were exclusively detected in baleen whales, which might be related to dietary differences. No T. gondii, N. caninum, or B. besnoiti DNA was detected in any skin sample. This is the first record on Giardia and Balantidium infections in large baleen whales.

Tegumental ultrastructure of adult Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis (Trematoda: Notocotylidae): an intestinal parasite of muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus).

Ten adult Quinqueserialis quinqueserialis specimens were removed from the intestine of a naturally infected muskrat, and scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological characteristics of the trematodes. The mature trematode, which was easy to recognize by the monostome holdfast organ, with no anterior cone, measured 2200-2500 µm in length by 900-1050 µm in width. The body was elongated and tapering at the anterior end, but the posterior end was rounded, and in some specimens was slightly truncated. The mouth opening lay at the anterior end and was surrounded by the oral sucker, which was round, small to medium in size, and subterminal. The tegument of the rim and inside of the oral sucker was smooth and had two types of papillae, domed and rosette papillae. Around the oral sucker, tegument was covered with sharp, pointed spines. The common genital pore was located on the median line of the body, posterior to the oral sucker. The cirrus had smooth tegument at the base and was armed with numerous conical spines throughout its length. The ventral surface was concave and provided with five distinct longitudinal rows of ventral papillae, which extended from the anterior to the posterior end of the body. Each row consisted of 15 to 20 papillae, making 81 to 88 papillae in all. These papillae were variable in size. In most specimens, the papillae were simple knob-like structures, but in some cases, they appeared to be bi- or trifurcate. The tegument at the base of each ventral papilla showed minute spiny pattern, but it was smooth or folded on top and had small rosette and ciliated papillae. Tegument at the edges of the worm was smooth in the mid-parts, spiny on lateral parts, and included rosette papillae. The dorsal surface of the worm was smooth and slightly convex, and the tegument was provided with two large domed papillae in one third of the anterior end of the dorsal part, few thick spines in the mid-part, and excretory pore at the level just posterior to the end. No spines or papillae were seen around the excretory pore.

The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic Process on the Incidence of Intestinal Parasites; Aydin Province Example

OBJECTIVE: The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which started in our country in March 2020, has caused a sudden and dramatic change in our habits. As a result of the pandemic measures directly effective in the transmission of parasites, it has become important to investigate the possible effect of the COVID-19 pandemic process on the incidence of intestinal parasites. METHODS: In order to examine the situation before and after the pandemic, all stool and cellophane tape test results examined from March 11, 2018 to March 11, 2022 in Aydin Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine Parasitology Laboratory were evaluated retrospectively. The relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics of the cases, the distribution of the months and years of diagnosis and the prevalence of parasites were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 13,036 stool samples examined, 67.42% belong to the pre-pandemic and 32.58% belong to the post-pandemic period. In total, 1.959 stool samples were positive for at least one parasite, of which 71.41% were from the pre-pandemic. Blastocystis spp. was the most frequently detected parasite both before (14.63%) and after the pandemic (12.59%). Of the 3.194 cellophane tape examined, 72.32% belonged to the pre-pandemic and 27.68% post-pandemic period, and Enterobius vermicularis eggs were detected in 246 (7.70%) of all. The majority of E. vermicularis positive samples (82.11%) were belonged to the pre-pandemic period. The number and positivity rates of stool and cellophane tape samples examined in the post-pandemic period showed a significant decrease (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was observed that the incidence of intestinal parasites decreased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Important developments in terms of public health, such as measures such as social distance and quarantine during the pandemic process, increased sensitivity to personal hygiene, and informing the public through various tools during the pandemic, are thought to be the reason for the decrease in the prevalence of intestinal parasites.

Intestinal parasites of Apodemus mystacinus along altitudinal stratification of Ibrahim River, Mount Lebanon.

This study documents the diversity of intestinal parasites in the eastern broad-toothed field mouse (Apodemus mystacinus) along the altitudinal gradient of Ibrahim River in Mount Lebanon during the spring and autumn of 2017. A total of 190 A. mystacinus were trapped in seventeen sites (6 riparian, 11 non-riparian) and examined for intestinal parasites. Eight intestinal parasites were identified including Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Trichuris muris, Syphacia frederici, Protospirura muris, and Aspiculuris tetraptera (nematodes), Hymenolepis diminuta (cestode), Brachylaima spp. (trematode), and Eimeria alorani (coccidian). Most of the trapped mice (85%) were infected with intestinal parasites and 38.84% showed concurrent infection with at least two parasitic species. The season had a significant effect on mice infection with Syphacia frederici, and mice are most likely to have infection with this nematode in spring season. The vegetation zone had a significant overall impact on mice infection with the nematodes Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Trichuris muris while gender did not influence significantly mouse infection with intestinal parasites. This is the first study that has been carried out to identify the intestinal parasite community in A. mystacinus of Ibrahim River region. The findings pave the way for future studies on intestinal parasites in rodents and the environmental variations affecting their dynamics.

Oxyuricassis ekstromi n. sp. (Oxyurida: Pharyngodonidae) from Lasiancistrus saetiger (Siluriform: Loricariidae) from the Eastern Amazon.

Oxyuricassis ekstromi n. sp. is the third species of the genus described from the intestine of Lasiancistrus saetiger Armbruster in Brazil. This species can be easily differentiated from its congeners by the presence of a tooth-like sclerotized piece that occupies half of the stoma and absence of spine projections on the tail of both males and females. Also, males of the new species lack caudal alae present in Oxyuricassis coronatus and Oxyuricassis hexaspinatus. Additionally, we observed a different number and pattern of the distribution of cloacal papilla; males of O. coronatus and O. hexaspinatus have 1 pair of pre-cloacal and 2 pairs of post-cloacal papillae; while the new species has 1 pre-cloacal and 3 post-cloacal pairs of papillae.

Description of Piscicapillaria bursata sp. nov. (Capillariidae) and Redescription of Parascarophis sphyrnae Campana-Rouget, 1955 (Cystidicolidae), Two Nematode Parasites of Hammerhead Sharks (Sphyrna spp.) off Australia.

PURPOSE: Data on helminth parasites in hammerhead sharks are scarce and, therefore, new examinations of these hosts are needed to recognize the species composition of their parasites, including nematodes. METHODS: Helminthological examinations of hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini (Griffith et Smith) (209 specimens) and Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell) (57 specimens) (Sphyrnidae, Carcharhiniformes), from off the northern coast of Australia revealed one new and one insufficiently known species of intestinal nematode parasites. These were studied with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Both nematode species are described. Piscicapillaria bursata sp. nov. (Capillariidae) from S. mokarran (type host) and S. lewini differs from its congeners mainly in the spicule length (330 µm), body length of gravid females 12.80-21.26 mm and in possessing a subterminal female anus. The specimens of Parascarophis sphyrnae Campana-Rouget, 1955 (Cystidicolidae) (type species of Parascarophis Campana-Rouget, 1955) collected from S. lewini made it possible to redescribe the female and, for the first time, to describe the male; the same species was also found in S. mokarran. Amended diagnosis of Parascarophis is provided. Parascarophis is mainly characterized by the presence of lateral alae, a unique feature within the Cystidicolidae, and by the cephalic structures (presence of a cuticular hood and a pair of anterolateral plate-like structures in the mouth). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the discovery of a new nematode species, Pi. bursata sp. nov., the finding of Pa. sphyrnae in Australian waters represents a new geographical record of this parasite outside the Atlantic Ocean. The species of Parascarophis previously described from teleosts, P. bharatii Agrawal, 1965, P. oteroi Arya, 1992 and P. mulloidi Imam, Tawfik et Abdel Hady, 1982, are designated as species inquirendae and incertae sedis. The finding of P. sphyrnae in Australian waters represents a new geographical record of this parasite outside the Atlantic Ocean. Pa. sphyrnae had not been reported previously from beyond the Atlantic Ocean.

Evaluation of the effect of eprinomectin in young dairy heifers sub-clinically infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on grazing behaviour and diet selection.

Inappetence is commonly associated with parasitism and has been observed in both housed and pastured ruminants. In seeking a functional explanation for these observations, it has been hypothesised that parasitized animals may feed more selectively in order to proportionally increase the protein content of their diet and thus partially compensate for their reduced feed intake. Support for this theory is found principally in studies in housed animals under carefully controlled experimental conditions. Grazing animals face a far more heterogeneous environment and a multiplicity of potentially confounding factors that could influence diet selection. Controlled grazing of adjacent monocultures of grass and clover can mitigate some of these variables and was used in the current study to examine the dietary preference of dairy heifers with sub-clinical parasitic gastroenteritis when compared to those receiving regular anthelmintic treatments. Grazing behaviour and herbage intake rates were determined through the use of jaw-movement recorders, direct observation and short-term liveweight change. Consistent with previous observations and despite evidence that nematode burdens were low in the untreated control heifers, a reduction in daily grazing time of 56min (P=0.054) was observed in the control animals. There was, however, no evidence that the control heifers showed greater preference for clover compared with ryegrass: partial preference for clover was 73.0% in the untreated controls and 75.5% in the treated heifers. Furthermore control heifers were observed grazing the clover swards significantly (P=0.032) less frequently than the treated heifers. This study provides additional evidence in grazing cattle for parasite-induced inappetence, manifest as a reduction in grazing time and in subtle changes in ingestive behaviour. The observed partial preference for clover in both treated and control cattle was not significantly affected by the level of parasitism.

A new rhabdochonid from the blue striped chub Sectator ocyurus (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae) in Chamela Bay, Mexico.

Megachona chamelensis n. gen., n. sp. is described from the intestinal cecae of blue striped chub Sectator ocyurus (Kyphosidae, Perciformes), from Chamela Bay, Mexico. Megachona n. gen. most closely resembles Beaninema Caspeta-Mandujano, Moravec, and Salgado-Maldonado, 2001; Fellicola Petter and Køie, 1993; and Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916. The main characters that distinguish the new genus from all other rhabdochonids include a longer than wide funnel-shaped prostom and cuticular longitudinal ridges of prostom forming anteriorly subterminal massive toothlike structures followed posteriorly by irregularly arranged smaller teeth. This finding brings the total number of genera of Rhabdochonidae of marine fish in Mexico to 2. The new species is characterized by having a smaller number of cuticular longitudinal ridges in the male prostom than in the female prostom, forming massive toothlike structures in its subterminal portion, followed by more minute teeth in the female than in the male, a slender tail end with a broad tip, the distal part of the left spicule with a lanceolate end, a straight right spicule without a dorsal barb, 1 pair of precloacal and 3 pairs of postcloacal papillae, and a smooth egg surface.

The potential usefulness of the modified Kato thick smear technique in the detection of intestinal sarcocystosis during field surveys.

A total of 479 stool specimens were collected from rural communities of Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand and examined by two techniques: the modified Kato thick smear and the direct smear. The prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini (14.8%), hookworm (10.2%), Sarcocystis spp (4.6%), Taenia spp (2.9%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.1%), Giardia lamblia (1.2%), Echinostoma spp (0.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.4%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.2%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.2%) and Endolimax nana (0.2%) were determined. The morphology of the Sarcocystis spp sporocysts examined by both procedures looked similar and was found to be easily recognizable. Among these specimens, 22 cases (4.6%) were positive for Sarcocystis infection detected by the modified Kato technique, whereas only one case (0.2%) was detected by both techniques. These differences were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating that the modified Kato technique was decidedly more sensitive than the direct smear procedure in identifying Sarcocystis infection. An epidemiological survey was conducted in Khon Kaen Province involving 1124 stool samples using the modified Kato technique. The greatest frequency was Opisthorchis viverrini at 32.0% while the second highest was Sarcocystis spp at 8.0%. The prevalences of hookworm, Echinostoma spp, Taenia spp, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis were 2.7, 2.1, 1.0, 0.2 and 0.2%, respectively. Other than opisthorchiasis, northeastern Thailand may be an endemic area for sarcocystosis. This is the first report of the applicability and potential usefulness of the Kato thick smear technique for the diagnosis of Sarcocystis infection in a field survey.

A New Rictulariid (Nematoda: Spirurida) in Xenarthrans from Argentina and New Morphological Data of Pterygodermatites ( Paucipectines) Chaetophracti.

Pterygodermatites is a cosmopolitan genus of nematodes from mammals, and it is frequently encountered in the parasite fauna of armadillos (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata). In this work, a new species, Pterygodermatites ( Paucipectines) argentinensis, is described, and new morphometric data, new host records, and the geographical distribution of Pterygodermatites ( Paucipectines) chaetophracti are provided. We examined 109 hosts belonging to Chaetophractus vellerosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Cabassous chacoensis, Dasypus hybridus, Tolypeutes matacus, and Zaedyus pichiy, from several regions of Argentina. Pterygodermatites ( Paucipectines) argentinensis can be distinguished from P. ( P.) chaetophracti by the morphology and size of esophageal teeth of both sexes, by subequal and longer spicules, by having only 1 precloacal cuticular semicircular fan in males, and by a greater number of cuticular processes in females. Cabassous chacoensis and Zaedyus pichiy are new hosts for Pterygodermatites ( P.) chaetophracti.

Platelet dysfunction-eosinophilia syndrome in parasitized Venezuelan children.

Platelet dysfunction was detected in six children with purpura and eosinophilia. We conducted clinical evaluations, hematologic and platelet function tests, clotting studies (bleeding time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, factor XIII, factor VIII, and von Willebrand factor), assays for IgG and IgM antibodies to platelets, and a search for stool parasites. Mild bleeding phenomena (ecchymoses, petechiae, epistaxis, and gingival) were transient. All children showed intestinal parasites and marked eosinophilia (mean count = 2,615.2 cells/muL, 95% confidence interval = 1,259.6-5,429.8). Main abnormalities included prolonged bleeding times (50%) and defective aggregation with collagen (100%) adrenaline (66%), or ADP (66%). Antibodies to platelets were not detected. Anti-parasite therapy reversed the hemorrhagic manifestations and normalized eosinophil counts and platelet alterations. No relationship could be established between excess eosinophils, intensity of bleeding, or type and degree of platelet abnormalities. Thrombocytopathic features mimicked the intrinsic defect of storage pool disease. The possible pathogenic roles of eosinophilia and parasitism are reviewed. This is the first report of this pathologic combination in Latin American children.

New species of Falcaustra (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) from Heosemys grandis (Testudines: Emydidae).

Falcaustra kinsellai n. sp. from the intestines of the turtle Heosemys grandis is described and illustrated. Falcaustra kinsellai represents the 30th Oriental species assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae (6 precloacal, 6 adcloacal, 10 postcloacal, and 1 median), length of spicules (427-451 microm), presence of a pseudosucker, and presence of a toothed chamber between vestibule and pharynx.

Two pharyngodonid nematodes, Alaeuris mexicana n. sp. and Ozolaimus ctenosauri, from the iguanid lizard Ctenosaura pectinata from Nayarit, Mexico.

Two species of nematodes, Alaeuris mexicana n. sp. and Ozolaimus ctenosauri Caballero, 1938, were found in the iguanid lizard Ctenosaura pectinata (Wiegmann) from Aguamilpa, Nayarit, central Mexico (Pacific region). The new species, A. mexicana, differs from all congeners mainly in the length of the spicule (0.228-0.233 mm) and in the shape and size of the tail and caudal alae. Ozolaimus ctenosauri (syn. Ozolaimus prolixa Caballero et Cerecero, 1943) is considered a valid species parasitic in Ctenosaura spp. Scanning electron microscopic studies of both species revealed substantial differences in the structure of the mouth, which were used for the separation of the closely related genera Ozolaimus and Alaeuris.

[Parasitic metazoans of Stenella coeruleoalba (Cetacea: Delphinidae) stranded along the coast of Latium, 1985-1991]. / Metazoi parassiti di Stenella coeruleoalba (Cetacea: Delphinidae) spiaggiata lungo le coste laziali dal 1985 al 1991.

The striped dolphin represents the most common species of cetacean stranded along the Italian coasts. A parasitological survey on 17 specimens of Stenella coerulecaiba stranded along coasts of Latium from 1985 to 1991, has been carried out. The morphological study enabled the identification of the following parasites. The sites are reported in brackets. DIGENEA: Campula rochebruni (liver), Campula palliata (liver), Pholeter gastrophilus (pyloric stomach). CESTODA: Tetrabothrium forsteri (intestine), Strobilocephalus triangularis (intestine), Monorygma grimaldii, larvae (abdominal cavity, mesentery, testes), Phyliobothrium delphini, larvae (subcutaneous fat). NEMATODA: Skrjabinalius sp. (lungs). COPEPODA: Pennella sp. (skin). ISOPODA: Ceratothoa parallela (mouth, stomach). AMPHIPODA: Syncyamus aequus (blowhole).

Two new nematodes, Paraseuratoides ophisterni gen. et sp. n. (Quimperiidae) and Philometra ophisterni sp. n. (Philometridae), from the swamp-eel Ophisternon aenigmaticum in Mexico.

Two new nematodes, Paraseuratoides ophisterni gen. et sp. n. (Seuratoidea: Quimperiidae) and Philometra ophisterni sp. n. (Dracunculoidea: Philometridae) are described based on specimens recovered from the intestine and mesentery, respectively, of the swamp-eel Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen et Greenwood (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) from a canal of the Papaloapan River in Tlacotalpan, State of Veracruz, Mexico. The genus Paraseuratoides is mot similar to Paraseuratum Johnston et Mawson, 1940, differing from it mainly in the absence of a bulbous inflation on the anterior end of the oesophagus and in the structure of the mouth (presence of 6 spines in addition to 6 oesophageal teeth). Neoquimperia Wang, Zhao, Wang et Zhang, 1979 and Wuinema Yu et Wang, 1992 are synonymised with Ezonema Boyce, 1971 and Paragendria Baylis, 1939, respectively, and Haplonema hamulatum Moulton, 1931 is considered a junior synonym of Ichthyobronema conoura Gnedina et Savina, 1930. Philometra ophisterni (only females) is mainly characterised by minute cephalic papillae, a greatly developed anterior oesophageal bulb separated from the cylindrical part of the oesophagus, anterior extension of the oesophageal gland anterior to the nerve ring, and by the character of large caudal projections. This is the first Philometra species recorded from inland fishes in Mexico.

Effects of grazing undrenched weaner deer on chicory or perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture on the viability of gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms.

This study determined the in vitro effects on the viability of internal parasites of grazing undrenched weaner deer on either chicory (Cichorium intybus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture. One experiment investigated the hatching and development of gastrointestinal nematode eggs and larvae, and the development and motility of L1 lungworm (Dictyocaulus eckerti) larvae, and a second experiment used larval migration inhibition assays to test the viability of L1 lungworm larvae extracted from the faeces of weaner deer grazed on either chicory or pasture when they were incubated with rumen and abomasal fluids from fistulated deer also grazing on chicory or pasture. The incubations were undertaken with and without added condensed tannins purified from chicory and with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG) to bind the tannins. Chicory had no effect on the hatching and development of gastrointestinal nematode eggs and larvae. Grazing chicory reduced the number of lungworm larvae developing to the L3 stage, and L1 lungworm larvae from the faeces of chicory-grazed deer were less viable in rumen and abomasal fluid than larvae from pasture-grazed animals. Abomasal fluid was significantly (P < 0.001) less inhibitory to the migration of L1 lungworms than rumen fluid. When the larvae were incubated in rumen and abomasal fluids from chicory-grazed deer, their passage through sieves was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced in comparison with when they were incubated in the fluids from pasture-grazed deer Adding condensed tannins to rumen fluid increased the inhibition of the migration of L1 lungworm larvae but PEG removed this inhibition; this effect was not observed with abomasal fluid.

The effect of increasing levels of insoluble dietary fibre on the establishment and persistence of Oesophagostomum dentatum in pigs.

This investigation compared the effect of diets with increasing content of insoluble dietary fibre (DF) on the establishment and persistence of Oesophagostomum dentatum in growing pigs. Twenty-eight worm-free pigs, from a specific pathogen-free farm were randomly divided to four groups of seven animals. The animals were assigned to the following diets: diet A, barley flour plus protein mixture (70%:30%); diet B, barley flour, oat husk meal plus protein mixture (65%:7%:28%); diet C, barley flour, oat husk meal plus protein mixture (60%:14%:26%) and diet D, barley flour, oat husk meal plus protein mixture (55%:21%:24%). The diets were formulated to provide increasing content of DF but constant levels of digestible protein per feeding unit for pigs. All pigs were experimentally inoculated with 6,000 infective O. dentatum larvae and followed coprologically for 11 weeks post infection, whereafter they were slaughtered. The experimental diets influenced the mean transit time and the metabolism in the large intestine significantly. Diets C and D, with highest content of insoluble DF, provided favourable conditions for establishment of O. dentatum, but diets A and B led to a significant lower worm numbers and fecundity.

[Strongyloidosis. Part VIII. Parasitological diagnosis]. / Wegorczyca (strongyloidosis). Czesc VIII. Diagnostyka parazytologiczna.

The effectiveness and safety of the methods of detecting Strongyloides stercoralis, by passing larvae from the faeces to water, in duodenal fluid (duodenal intubation, Enterotest), in sputum and other body fluids, have been estimated. The author recommend Baermann technique for detecting S. stercoralis in individual examinations and Dancescu technique in mass field examinations. The detection of S. stercoralis larvae by the two methods ought to be checked by Fülleborn agar Petri dish technique in order to identify parasite to the species level.

[Co-occurrence of parasites sensu lato in alimentary tract of patients hospitalised in lower Silesia]. / Wspól wystepowanie pasozytów sensu lato w przewodzie pokarmowym pacjentów wybranych dolnoslaskich szpitali.

Up to now, the co-occurrence of parasites sensu stricto and fungi were confirmed mostly in the oral cavity. The aim of the present parallel parasitological and mycological investigations was to determine co-occurrence of protozoa, helminths and fungi (parasites sensu lato) both in smears from cavity and in stool samples of 93 patients undergoing the non-parasitological treatment in two hospitals of Lower Silesia (Poland). Among the examined patients parasites sensu lato (13 species) were found in 62 cases (63%). Trofozoites of Trichomonas tenax and/or Entamoeba gingivalis as well as fungi (Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. pseudotropicalis) occurred in 10% of the examined patients. Almost all infected cases (90%) were joined with infection of common invasion of protozoa and fungi. In stool common invasion of parasites sensu lato (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia sp., Enterobius vermicularis as well as Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. pseudotropicalis, C. guilliermondii and Rhodotorula sp.) were found in 12% of the patiens. The co-occurrence of parasites and fungi was stated in the half of invasions. C. albicans was the most often co-occurring species in alimentary tract.