Effectiveness of Oral Antiseptics on Tooth Biofilm: A Study in vivo.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of five different mouthwashes through measurement of the plaque index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty subjects took part in this blind study, randomized into blocks of five groups according to the active ingredient of the mouthwash: CHX group (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate), essential oils (EO) group, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) group, Tri group (triclosan) and Hamamelis virginiana (HV) group. All subjects were evaluated for a reduction in the bacterial plaque index at 7, 14 and 21 days. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the mean plaque index during the period of evaluation (p < 0.01), and the reduction during the period of evaluation was different between mouthwashes (p < 0.01). The reduction in the plaque index at the end of 21 days was, in decreasing order, CHX > EO > CPC > Tri > HV. CONCLUSION: The reduction in the plaque index during the period of evaluation was different between the types of mouth-wash. The mouthwash containing the active ingredient chlorhexidine was the most effective, followed by the essential oil, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan and H. virginiana.

Electrospun Membranes Based on Schizophyllan-PVOH and Hamamelis Virginiana Extract: Antimicrobial Activity Against Microorganisms of Medical Importance.

Electrospinning is a micrometric or nanometric scale fiber manufacturing technique with structural factors such as greater contact surface and pore size that allows the incorporation of biological agents in its structure, increasing their potential for medical applications. Due to the conditions required for the electrospinning process, such as high voltage, in the present work, the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of schizophyllan-based membranes elaborated by electrospinning at 20 kV incorporated with Hamamelis virginiana was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The schizophyllan production was 1.97 gL-1 from strain Schizophyllum commune ScIBL1. The conditions for the process were standardized for voltage, feed flow, and the distance from the injector to the collector. Membranes with smooth-edged fibers, diameter of 819 nm without the presence of beads were obtained. However, it was found that the membranes lost antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms evaluated, whereas, bioassays showed that null toxicity was presented.

The potential of commercially available phytotherapeutic compounds as new photosensitizers for dental antimicrobial PDT: A photochemical and photobiological in vitro study.

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of extracts of commercially available Curcuma longa, Citrus lemon, Hamamelis virginiana and Hypericum perforatum as photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). Each photosensitizer (PS) was analyzed in a spectrophotometer between 350 and 750 nm to determine the ideal light source. Once the absorption bands were determined, three light sources were selected. To determine the concentration of use, the compounds were tested at different concentrations on bovine dentin samples to evaluate the risk of staining. Once the concentration was determined, the PSs were evaluated for dark toxicity and phototoxicity on fibroblast and bacteria culture. Each compound was then irradiated with each light source and evaluated for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The bacterial reduction was tested on E. faecalis culture in planktonic form and on biofilm using an energy of 10 J and an Energy Density of 26 J/cm2. The tested compounds exhibited light absorption in three bands of the visible spectrum: violet (405 nm), blue (460 nm) and red (660 nm). At a 1:6 concentration, none of the compounds caused tooth staining as they did not exhibit significant toxicity in the cells or bacterial suspension. Additionally, significant ROS production was observed when the compounds were irradiated at each wavelength. When aPDT was performed on the plactonic and biofilm bacteria, significant microbial reduction was observed in both cases, reaching a reduction of up to 5Logs. In conclusion, extracts of Curcuma longa, Citrus lemon, Hamamelis virginiana and Hypericum perforatum exhibited potential for use as photosensitizing agents in aPDT.

Accidental sodium hypochlorite-induced skin injury during endodontic treatment.

A case of accidental skin injury caused by leakage of sodium hypochlorite solution from the rubber dam during root canal preparation is reported. After placement of a rubber dam and initiation of root canal treatment, the patient complained of a burning sensation with sodium hypochlorite irrigation. The complaints were ignored by the practitioner, and a skin rash developed on and around the patient's chin, followed by scab formation. The patient required medical treatment with topical Hamamelis virginiana extract for 2 weeks, with full recovery.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum L e Hamamelis virginiana L. sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa / In vitro Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum L and Hamamelis virginiana L. on multiresistant clinical straines of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

O conhecimento dos efeitos dos extratos naturais de plantas vem cada vez mais se mostrando um campo promissor. Extratos de Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum e Hamamelis virginiana apresentam propriedades analgésicas, anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes e potencial antimicrobiano que deve ser aprofundado. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar ação antimicrobiana dos extratos glicólicos em culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de cepas padrão e clínicas de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foi realizado o teste de microdiluição em caldo segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) dos extratos. Foram realizados biofilmes monotípicos, nos tempos de contato de 5 min e 24 h, utilizando o teste de MTT. A CIM e CMM variaram de 1,56 a 50 mg/mL para todas as cepas avaliadas. C. annuum (50 mg/mL) apresentou redução de 0,25% entre 8,60% para cepa ATCC de P. aeruginosa (5 min) e em 24 h redução de 99,89% entre 99,99%, destacando-se os extratos de C. annuum (100 mg/mL) e os de C. officinalis. C. annuum (200 mg/mL) apresentou redução de 18% de K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352). Em 24 h houve redução de 8,86%-75,74%, para o extrato de C. annuum (100 mg/mL). Os extratos apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios quando expostos aos tratamentos de 24 horas. As cepas clínicas K1, K2 e K3 responderam ao tratamento de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL) (p>0,05%). Para cepa clínica K4, os extratos de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL) e C. officinalis (12,5 mg/mL) promoveram redução de viabilidade semelhante a clorexidina 2% (p>0,05%). O extrato de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL), promoveu a redução de viabilidade de P1 e P2, enquanto o extrato de C. officinalis (25 e 50 mg/mL), reduziu P1 (p>0,05%). Para as cepas P3 e P4 o extrato de 50 e 100 mg/mL de C. annuum, apresentaram resultados semelhantes a clorexidina. Conclui-se que todos os extratos apresentaram ação antimicrobiana em cultura planctônica, no entanto, o extrato de C. annuum foi o que apresentou importante ação antibiofilme (24 h) sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de K. pneumoniae e P. aeruginosa, podendo ser considerado um potencial agente antimicrobiano.

Empirical knowledge of natural plant extracts is increasingly proving to be a promising field. Extracts of Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum and Hamamelis virginiana have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential that should be further developed. This research objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of glycolic extracts in planktonic cultures and biofilms of standard and clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The broth microdilution test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Microbicide Concentration (MMC) of the extracts. Tests were performed on monotypic biofilms, at contact times of 5 min and 24 h, using the MTT test. The MIC and CMM of the extracts ranged from 1.56 to 50 mg/mL for all strains evaluated. C. annuum (50 mg/mL) showed a reduction of 0.25% between 8.60% for the ATCC strain of P. aeruginosa (5 min) and in 24 h a reduction of 99.89% between 99.99%, highlighting extracts from C. annuum (100 mg/mL) and from C. officinalis. C. annuum (200 mg/mL) showed an 18% reduction in K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352). In 24 h there was a reduction of 8.86% between 75.74% for the extract of C. annuum (100 mg/mL). The extracts showed more satisfactory results when exposed to 24-hour treatments. Clinical strains K1, K2 and K3 responded to the treatment of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL) (p>0.05%). For clinical strain K4, extracts of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL) and C. officinalis (12.5 mg/mL) promoted a reduction in viability similar to chlorhexidine 2% (p>0.05%). The extract of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL), reduced the viability of P1 and P2, while the extract of C. officinalis (25 and 50 mg/mL), reduced P1 (p>0.05% ). For strains P3 and P4, the extract of 50 and 100 mg/mL of C. annuum showed similar results to chlorhexidine. It is concluded that all extracts showed antimicrobial action in planktonic cultures, however, the extract of C. annuum was the one that showed an important antibiofilm action (24 h) on multiresistant clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and can be considered a potential antimicrobial agent

Cross-linked collagen sponges loaded with plant polyphenols with inhibitory activity towards chronic wound enzymes.

Collagen sponges loaded with polyphenols from Hamamelis virginiana were investigated as active materials for chronic wound dressings, evaluating in vitro the inhibition of two major enzymes that impair the wound healing process - myeloperoxidase (MPO) and collagenase. Prior to polyphenols loading, collagen was cross-linked with genipin to improve its biostability. The effect of genipin cross-linking and polyphenol concentration in the development of mechanically and enzymatically stable sponges was studied. The tensile strength of the cross-linked collagen increased with the increase of the cross-linking degree, coupled to decrease in the elongation and the swelling capacity of the sponges. The stability of the sponges to collagenase digestion reached maximum when 1 mM genipin was used. However, the biostability decreased more than 10-fold after loading the sponges with polyphenols (0.5 mg/mL), nevertheless, this effect was partially overcome using higher concentration of polyphenols (1 and 2 mg/mL) to inhibit collagenase. Moreover, the polyphenols released from the sponges were sufficient for complete inhibition of MPO activity. No considerable cytotoxicity of the genipin cross-linked collagen loaded with polyphenols was observed evaluating the NIH 3T3 fibroblasts viability.

Extratos de romã e hamamélis: existe ação antimicrobiana sobre cepas clínicas de Acinetobacter baumannii e Klebsiella pneumoniae multirresistentes? / Pomegranate and witch hazel extracts: is there antimicrobial action on clinical strains of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Acinetobacter baumannii e Klebsiella pneumoniae são patógenos prioritários globais resistentes a antibióticos, portanto, é relevante encontrar métodos alternativos para controlá-los, e os fitoterápicos têm sido investigados para essa finalidade. Em vista disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme do extrato glicólico de Hamamelis virginiana (hamamélis) e do extrato hidroalcóolico de Punica granatum (romã) isolados e em combinação sobre cepas ATCC e clínicas de A. baumannii e K. pneumoniae. Primeiramente, foi determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) pelo teste de microdiluição em caldo, segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), após, o potencial antimicrobiano da combinação entre esses extratos foi analisado sobre esses micro-organismos por meio da técnica "checkerboard". Posteriormente, a redução da atividade metabólica dos biofilmes foi avaliada pelo teste de MTT (contato de 5 min e 24h), para tanto a CMM e as duas concentrações acima dela foram utilizadas. A concentração correspondente a 2X a CMM dos extratos combinados foi utilizada no teste de MTT para o tratamento dos biofilmes no tempo de 5 min e 24h. Os extratos isolados e combinados apresentaram ação microbicida contra A. baumannii e K. pneumoniae na forma planctônica. O extrato de romã apresentou CMM de 1,71 a 3,43 mg/mL para A. baumannii e de 3,43 a 13,75 mg/mL para K. pneumoniae, enquanto que Hamamélis exibiu CMM de 12,5 a 25 mg/mL para A. baumannii e de 25 a 50 mg/mL para K. pneumoniae. O uso combinado dos extratos resultou em treze concentrações aditivas para A. baumannii e quinze para K. pneumoniae. A redução de viabilidade em biofilmes de A. baumannii chegou a 64,94% para o extrato de romã, e 83,45% para o extrato de Hamamélis. K. pneumoniae apresentou redução máxima de 75,66% com extrato de Romã e de 76,56% com o extrato de Hamamelis. A redução do biofilme variou conforme a concentração e cepa quando tratado com a combinação dos extratos. Com isso, pode-se concluir que os extratos apresentam importante ação antibacteriana e antibiofilme sobre os patógenos avaliados, podendo ser considerados potenciais agentes terapêuticos para o combate destes patógenos.

Pomegranate and witch hazel extracts: is there antimicrobial action on clinical strains of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae? [dissertation]. São José dos Campos (SP): São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology; 2021. ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are global priority antibiotic resistant pathogens, therefore, it is relevant to find alternative methods to control them, and herbal medicines have been investigated for this purpose. In view of this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the glycolic extract of Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel) and the hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) isolated and in combination on ATCC and clinical strains of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae. First, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Microbicide Concentration (MMC) were determined by the broth microdilution test, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), after which the antimicrobial potential of the combination of these extracts was analyzed on these microorganisms through the "checkerboard" technique. Subsequently, the reduction of the metabolic activity of biofilms was evaluated by the MTT test (5 min and 24h contact), for both the CMM and the two concentrations above it were used. The concentration corresponding to 2X the CMM of the combined extracts was used in the MTT test for the treatment of biofilms in a time of 5 min and 24h. The isolated and combined extracts showed microbicidal action against A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae in the planktonic form. The pomegranate extract showed MMC from 1.71 to 3.43 mg/mL for A. baumannii and from 3.43 to 13.75 mg/mL for K. pneumoniae, while Witch Hazel exhibited MMC from 12.5 to 25 mg µg/ml for A. baumannii and from 25 to 50 mg/ml for K. pneumoniae. The combined use of the extracts resulted in thirteen additive concentrations for A. baumannii and fifteen for K. pneumoniae. The viability reduction in A. baumannii biofilms reached 64.94% for the pomegranate extract, and 83.45% for the Witch Hazel extract. K. pneumoniae showed a maximum reduction of 75.66% with Pomegranate extract and 76.56% with Hamamelis extract. Biofilm reduction varied according to concentration and strain when treated with the combination of extracts. Thus, it can be concluded that the extracts have an important antibacterial and antibiofilm action on the evaluated pathogens, and can be considered potential therapeutic agents to combat these pathogens.

Polymeric proanthocyanidins from the bark of Hamamelis virginiana.

Polymeric proanthocyanidins were isolated from the bark of Hamamelis virginiana L. in yields of about 5 %. Fractionation yielded fractions with similar structures but different molecular weights with DP between 17-29 (thiolysis) and 11-20 (GPC). Polymers were composed predominantly of epicatechin and epigallocatechin as chain extension units at ratio of about 1.3:1. Terminal chain units were catechin (approximately 95 %) and gallocatechin (approximately 5 %). All chain extension units were completely galloylated at position O-3, while chain terminating units were not galloylated. Predominant interflavan linkages were 4 --> 8-bonds.

Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against periodontopathic bacteria.

This study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Althaea officinalis L. roots, Arnica montana L. flowers, Calendula officinalis L. flowers, Hamamelis virginiana L. leaves, Illicium verum Hook. fruits and Melissa officinalis L. leaves, against anaerobic and facultative aerobic periodontal bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Veilonella parvula, Eikenella corrodens, Peptostreptococcus micros and Actinomyces odontolyticus. The methanol extracts of H. virginiana and A. montana and, to a lesser extent, A. officinalis were shown to possess an inhibiting activity (MIC < or = 2048 mg/L) against many of the species tested. In comparison, M. officinalis and C. officinalis extracts had a lower inhibiting activity (MIC > or = 2048 mg/L) against all the tested species with the exception of Prevotella sp. Illicium verum methanol extract was not very active though it had a particular good activity against E. corrodens. The results suggest the use of the alcohol extracts of H. virginiana, A. montana and A. officinalis for topical medications in periodontal prophylactics.