Fluorescence spectroscopy as tool for bone development monitoring in newborn rats.

Autofluorescence of the mandible and femur bones taken from newborn rats (7-, 14- and 28-day old) was studied. Endogenous fluorophores were excited with 231 nm, 291 nm, 340 nm and 360 nm wavelengths. Modifications in content and microenvironment of both noncolagenous and collagenous constituents of bone tissue as well as metabolic coenzymes during the bone formation with age were reflected in fluorescence emission spectra. The increase of emission from peptide bonds and tryptophan residues was noted with rat age while for collagen and metabolic coenzymes at the first 2 weeks only. After maternal administration of indinavir the changes in fluorescence intensity and shifts in position of peak maximum were found. The distinct drop of emission from peptide bonds and tryptophan residues in studied bones was detected. In the case of collagen and metabolic coenzymes the red shift of peak maximum was revealed. Fluorescence spectroscopy could be used to follow bone development in newborn rats and effect of maternal indinavir administration on offspring.

Enhanced transdermal delivery of an anti-HIV agent via ethanolic liposomes.

Indinavir, as a protease inhibitor with a short biological half life, variable pH-dependent oral absorption, and extensive first-pass metabolism, presents a challenge with respect to its oral administration. The current work aims to formulate and characterize indinavir-bearing ethanolic liposomes (ethosomes), and to investigate their enhanced transdermal delivery potential. The prepared ethanolic liposomes were characterized to be spherical, unilamellar structures having low polydispersity, nanometric size range, and improved entrapment efficiency over other delivery formulations. Permeation studies of indinavir across human cadaver skin resulted in enhanced transdermal flux from ethanolic liposomes that was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that with ethanolic drug solution, conventional liposomes, or plain drug solution. Additionally, the ethanolic liposomes showed the shortest lag time for indinavir, thus presenting a suitable approach for transdermal delivery of this protease inhibitor. From the clinical editor: This study characterizes indinavir bearing ethanolic liposomes (ethosomes), and investigate their enhanced transdermal delivery potential, demonstrating a potentially a suitable approach for transdermal delivery of this protease inhibitor for HIV treatment, which typically has been associated with limited bioavailability via the oral route.

The changes in bone organic and inorganic matrix in newborn rats after maternal application of antiretroviral agents: Indinavir and zidovudine.

This work presents results concerning influence of indinavir (protease inhibitor, PI(1)) and zidovudine (nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, NRTI) administered to pregnant Wistar rat females on organic and mineral constituents of bones and teeth (mandibles, skulls, tibiae, femurs, and incisors) of their offspring at the age of: 7, 14, and 28 days studied by means of induced laser and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy supported by digital radiography. Influence of indinavir administered to pregnant female rats on bone of their offspring revealed mainly in changes of mineral concentration: lowered Ca concentration and disturbances of trace elements. Zidovudine influenced organic matter more than inorganic matrix which was seen in enhancement of LIF fluorescence. However, there was also an unexpected increase of bone density for rats from zidovudine group, unlike indinavir group, observed. Our studies suggest that studied antiretroviral agents given to pregnant women, may have different destructive impact on bone state of their offspring in the first period of life. Maternal administration of zidovudine may delay development of organic matrix, while indinavir may have adverse effects on inorganic structure.

Enhanced anti-HIV efficacy of indinavir after inclusion in CD4-targeted lipid nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND: Combination drug therapy has reduced plasma HIV to undetectable levels; however, drug-sensitive virus persists in patients' lymphoid tissue. We have reported significant lymphoid tissue drug localization with indinavir-associated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Our current objective is to evaluate whether additional enhancement is achievable by targeting these particles to CD4-HIV host cells. METHODS: We characterized 2 peptide-coated (CD4-BP2 and CD4-BP4) drug-associated LNPs and demonstrated CD4-cell specificity. Drug-associated LNPs expressing polyethyleneglycol were exposed on HIV-2-infected cells under dynamic conditions that emulated lymph node physiology for 15, 30, and 60 minutes at concentrations from 0 to 25 µM and evaluated for antiviral activity and cell-associated drug concentrations. The specificity of CD4-mediated enhancement of indinavir LNPs antiviral activity was evaluated by blocking with anti-CD4 antibody. RESULTS: Inclusion of CD4-binding peptides on LNPs enhanced antiviral activity for all incubation conditions, compared with control particles or soluble drug (eg, 60 minutes exposure, EC50 = 0.12-0.13 vs. 0.46 µM for targeted nanoparticles vs. soluble drug). The CD4-BP4 peptide exhibited higher efficiency in eliciting antiviral activity than CD4-BP2-coated particles (EC50 = 7.5 µM vs. >25 µM at 15 minutes drug exposure). This enhancement seems to be driven by CD4 availability and cell-associated indinavir concentrations, as blocking of CD4 significantly ablated indinavir efficacy in targeted particles and indinavir concentrations reflected the observed anti-HIV activity. CONCLUSIONS: We constructed CD4-targeted LNPs that provide selective binding and efficient delivery of indinavir to CD4-HIV host cells. Inclusion of polyethyleneglycol in LNPs would minimize immune recognition of peptides. The enhancement of anti-HIV effects is effective even under limited time exposure.