RESUMO
Recent advances in the field of endodontics have greatly improved the outcome and success rate of dental materials. For last three decades, there has been great interest in the development of bioactive dental material with the ability to interact and induce surrounding dental tissues to promote regeneration of pulpal and periradicular tissues. As these bioactive materials are mainly based on calcium silicates, they are also referred to as Calcium Silicate materials. The first material introduced was Mineral Tri-oxide Aggregate, which, due to its favourable biological properties, gained importance initially. However, later, due to its drawbacks, liked is colouration, long setting time and difficult manipulation, several modifications were done and newer bioactive materials, such as Biodentine, BioAggregate, Endosequence, Calcium-Enriched Mixture etc., were developed. The main applications of these materials are for pulp capping (direc t/indirec t), pulpotomy, perforation repair, resorption defects, apexogenesis and as retrograde filling materials, apexification and endodontic sealers. This review discusses the various types of bioactive materials, their composition, setting mechanism, and literature evidence for current applications.
Assuntos
Materiais Dentários , Endodontia Regenerativa , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/farmacologia , Compostos de Cálcio/farmacologia , Hidróxido de Cálcio/classificação , Hidróxido de Cálcio/farmacologia , Materiais Dentários/classificação , Materiais Dentários/farmacologia , Humanos , Hidroxiapatitas/classificação , Hidroxiapatitas/farmacologia , Endodontia Regenerativa/métodos , Endodontia Regenerativa/tendências , Silicatos/classificação , Silicatos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Due to the special characteristics, autologous bone for bone grafting remains the gold standard for defect filling. Besides allogenic bone transplants, as an alternative a set of bone substitutes has been established. An overview of the bone substitutes presently on the market is almost lost due to the abundance of products. The present paper gives a review of the materials available on the market. Different classification systems regarding origin, vitality, biological priority and chemical composition are described as well as the individual materials including the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a description of tissue engineering and gene therapy gives a view of future prospective.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas/cirurgia , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Fraturas Ósseas/cirurgia , HumanosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The clinical outcomes of blowout fracture repair classified by 2 types of orbital implants (Macropore and Medpor) were compared. PROCEDURES: The medical records of 331 patients with orbital fractures that were treated surgically by 1 surgeon at Gachon University Gil hospital, from March 2007 to March 2009, were reviewed. Patients who had diplopia or limited extraocular motion, significant enophthalmos (>2 mm), or a large fracture on a computed tomographic scan (>50% of the floor area) were enrolled. The clinical outcomes were compared between patients who received surgical repair using Macropore and those who had surgical repair using Medpor. RESULTS: One hundred six patients had surgical repair using Macropore and 225 patients were surgically treated with Medpor. Both the Macropore (n = 106) and the Medpor groups (n = 225) showed significant clinical improvement. The degree of preoperative/postoperative diplopia and limited extraocular motion was not different between the 2 groups. In addition, there was no difference in the preoperative/postoperative enophthalmos between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both Macropore and Medpor were associated with equally safe and satisfactory patient outcomes without notable complications.
Assuntos
Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Fraturas Orbitárias/cirurgia , Implantes Absorvíveis , Adulto , Substitutos Ósseos/química , Túnica Conjuntiva/cirurgia , Diplopia/cirurgia , Enoftalmia/cirurgia , Movimentos Oculares/fisiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Transtornos da Motilidade Ocular/cirurgia , Órbita/cirurgia , Implantes Orbitários/classificação , Periósteo/cirurgia , Poliésteres/química , Polietilenos/química , Infecções Relacionadas à Prótese/etiologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Segurança , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Autograft is considered as the "gold standard" for bone reconstruction. It provides osteoinductive factors, osteogenic cells, and appropriate osteoconductive scaffold. Donor site morbidity is the main limitation of autograft. Donor disease transmission limits the use of allograft. Synthetic bone substitutes still lack osteoinductive or osteogenic properties. Composite bone substitutes combining synthetic scaffold and biochemical substances initiating proliferation and cell differentiation, and possibly osteogenesis. Bone substitutes and grafts intended for clinical use are listed.
Assuntos
Materiais Biocompatíveis/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Animais , Transplante Ósseo , Fosfatos de Cálcio , Sulfato de Cálcio , Cerâmica , Terapia Genética , Substâncias de Crescimento , Humanos , Polímeros , Células-Tronco , Alicerces TeciduaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This histomorphometric study compared the efficacy of a new bone graft substitute (N-HA) derived from hen eggshell, consisted of submicron scale porous hydroxyapatite structure, in the healing of 8 mm diameter critical size defects in rat calvaria. We compared N-HA alone or in combination with calcium sulfate (CS), with a commercial bone substitute, anorganic bovine bone (Bio-Oss, BO). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Critical size defects were created in calvaria of 56 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were divided into four groups and treated with (1) unfilled defects, (2) N-HA grafts, (3) BO grafts and (4) N-HA/CS grafts. The percentage of new bone formed (NB%) was evaluated histomorphometrically after 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: The N-HA group exhibited more new bone formation compared with other groups at 6 and 12 weeks. Histomorphometric analysis showed greater NB% in N-HA group (11.2% at 4 weeks and 19.2% at 12 weeks) compared with those in unfilled (3.9% at 6 weeks and 6.4% at 12 weeks), BO-treated (6.4% at 6 weeks and 8.2% at 12 weeks) and N-HA/CS-treated (6.3% at 6 weeks and 12.6% at 12 weeks) groups. The N-HA group showed significant differences in NB% compared with unfilled group at 6 weeks (P=0.016), unfilled and BO-treated groups at 12 weeks (P=0.001). The addition of CS did not enhance the NB% compared with defects grafted with N-HA alone. CONCLUSION: N-HA was an osteoconductive bone substitute for treating osseous defects in critical size defects of rat calvaria.
Assuntos
Regeneração Óssea/fisiologia , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Durapatita/uso terapêutico , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Crânio/anatomia & histologia , Implantes Absorvíveis , Análise de Variância , Animais , Substitutos Ósseos/química , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Carbonato de Cálcio/química , Carbonato de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Sulfato de Cálcio/química , Sulfato de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Galinhas , Craniotomia/métodos , Durapatita/química , Casca de Ovo/química , Masculino , Minerais/química , Minerais/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/instrumentação , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Crânio/fisiologia , Crânio/cirurgia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
Part I of "Revisiting the Hopeless Ridge" highlighted the higher complication rates, greater resorption profile, and lower implant success rates associated with autogenous block grafts. The conclusions described in that article were based on a comprehensive literature review, rather than an individual clinician's experience in clinical practice. Additionally, the idea that such grafts were the gold standard for traditional dental implant-associated bone regeneration was challenged. This article explores the advantageous properties of new commercially available allograft bone in a variety of clinical applications. One such product that combines demineralized bone with lecithin is reviewed, and two case reports using it are presented.
Assuntos
Perda do Osso Alveolar/cirurgia , Aumento do Rebordo Alveolar/métodos , Matriz Óssea/transplante , Regeneração Óssea , Implantação Dentária Endóssea/métodos , Transplante Homólogo/métodos , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Implantes Dentários para Um Único Dente , Restauração Dentária Permanente/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Osteomyelitis is a common occurrence in orthopaedic surgery, which is caused by different bacteria. Treatment of osteomyelitis patients aims to eradicate infection by debridement surgery and local and systemic antibiotic therapy. Local treatment increases success rates and can be performed with different antimicrobial bone graft substitutes. This review is performed to assess the level of evidence of synthetic bone graft substitutes in osteomyelitis treatment. According to the PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews, different types of clinical studies concerning treatment of osteomyelitis with bone graft substitutes are included. These studies are assessed on their methodological quality as level of evidence and bias and their clinical outcomes as eradication of infection. In the fifteen included studies, the levels of evidence were weak and in ten out of the fifteen studies there was a moderate to high risk of bias. However, first results of the eradication of infection in these studies showed promising results with their relatively high success rates and low complication rates. Due to the low levels of evidence and high risks of bias of the included studies, these results are inconclusive and no conclusions regarding the performed clinical studies of osteomyelitis treatment with antimicrobial bone graft substitutes can be drawn.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Transplante Ósseo , Osteomielite/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Infecciosos/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Humanos , Osteomielite/microbiologia , Osteomielite/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The conventional biomimetic apatite coating process can be accelerated by immersing substrates into concentrated simulated body fluid (5 x SBF) at 37 degrees C to form an initial coating of apatite precursor spheres, and transform the precursors into plate-like apatite structures. Depending on processing parameters, different apatite structures can be created over the same substrate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the different apatite microenvironment on cell spreading, viability, proliferation, and gene expression. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were cultured on five surfaces: conventional apatite (CA), precursor apatite spheres (PreA), large plate-like apatites (LgA), small plate-like apatites (SmA), and tissue culture grade polystyrene (TCPS). PreA induced significantly higher cell death during the first two weeks. TCPS supported more uniform spreading (1 day) and higher proliferation (2 weeks) than CA, LgA, and SmA. Apatites restricted spreading and promoted the extension of cellular projections along the textured surfaces under confocal microscopy observation. By 3 weeks, LgA induced highest expression of mature osteogenic markers osteocalcin (OCN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) in both regular and osteogenic culture media based on quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The results of this study suggest differential cell responses to subtle changes in apatite microenvironment.
Assuntos
Apatitas/química , Materiais Biomiméticos/química , Substitutos Ósseos/química , Osteoblastos/citologia , Osteoblastos/fisiologia , Osteogênese/fisiologia , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Células 3T3 , Animais , Apatitas/classificação , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/classificação , Líquidos Corporais/química , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células , Tamanho Celular , Matriz Extracelular/fisiologia , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Teste de Materiais , Camundongos , Conformação MolecularRESUMO
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is reclassifying tricalcium phosphate (TCP) granules for dental bone repair from class III to class II (special controls), classifying into class II (special controls) other bone grafting material for dental indications, and revising the classification name and identification of the device type. Bone grafting materials that contain a drug that is a therapeutic biologic will remain in class III and continue to require a premarket approval application. The classification identification includes materials such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, polylactic and polyglycolic acids, or collagen. This action is being taken to establish sufficient regulatory controls that will provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of these devices. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of the guidance document that will serve as the special control for the class II devices.
Assuntos
Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Fosfatos de Cálcio/classificação , Materiais Dentários/classificação , Transplante Ósseo , Colágeno/classificação , Durapatita/classificação , Segurança de Equipamentos/classificação , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/classificação , Ácido Poliglicólico/classificação , Polímeros/classificação , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
Bone grafts are medical devices that are in high demand in clinical practice for substitution of bone defects and recovery of atrophic bone regions. Based on the analysis of the modern groups of bone grafts, the particularities of their composition, the mechanisms of their biological effects, and their therapeutic indications, applicable classification was proposed that separates the bone substitutes into "ordinary" and "activated." The main differential criterion is the presence of biologically active components in the material that are standardized by qualitative and quantitative parameters: growth factors, cells, or gene constructions encoding growth factors. The pronounced osteoinductive and (or) osteogenic properties of activated osteoplastic materials allow drawing upon their efficacy in the substitution of large bone defects.
Assuntos
Regeneração Óssea , Transplante Ósseo/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , HumanosRESUMO
Fourteen different synthetic or biological bone substitution materials were characterised by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Thus, the main parameters chemical composition, crystallinity, and morphology were determined. The results are compared with natural bone samples. The materials fall into different classes: Chemically treated bone, calcined bovine bone, algae-derived hydroxyapatite, synthetic hydroxyapatite, peptide-loaded hydroxyapatite, and synthetic beta-TCP ceramics.
Assuntos
Substitutos Ósseos/química , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Osso e Ossos/química , Osso e Ossos/ultraestrutura , Fosfatos de Cálcio/química , Fosfatos de Cálcio/classificação , Teste de Materiais/métodos , Animais , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Bovinos , Humanos , Conformação Molecular , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
The most common cause of failure of cemented and cementless total hip arthroplasties is aseptic loosening, a slow but progressive process that often results in loss of bone stock. The diagnosis of loosening of the prosthetic component is difficult and depends mainly on migration and change in position of the prosthesis and the appearance of clear zones around the prosthesis on X-ray photographs. The key problem in revision surgery is how to manage the periprosthetic bone loss. Controversy exists about the best treatment for bone stock defects. The various techniques are directed at restoration of the hip mechanics, restoration of the defects in the osseous wall, replacement of the resorbed bone and thus restoration of the functional stability of the joint.
Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril/métodos , Falha de Prótese , Reabsorção Óssea/diagnóstico , Reabsorção Óssea/prevenção & controle , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Cimentação/métodos , Prótese de Quadril/classificação , Humanos , Masculino , Osteonecrose/diagnóstico , Desenho de Prótese , ReoperaçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two bone substitute materials for socket preservation after tooth extraction. Extraction sockets in 10 patients were filled with either inorganic bovine bone material (Bio-Oss) or with synthetic material consisting of hydroxyapatite and silicon dioxide (NanoBone). Extraction sockets without filling served as the control. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented protocol for socket preservation and that the choice of a suitable bone substitute material is crucial. The dimensions of the alveolar ridge were significantly better preserved with Bio-Oss than with NanoBone or without treatment. Bio-Oss treatment resulted in better bone quality and quantity for successful implant placement.
Assuntos
Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Extração Dentária , Alvéolo Dental/cirurgia , Idoso , Processo Alveolar/patologia , Aumento do Rebordo Alveolar/métodos , Animais , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Matriz Óssea/transplante , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Bovinos , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico/métodos , Implantação Dentária Endóssea/métodos , Combinação de Medicamentos , Durapatita/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Seguimentos , Gengiva/patologia , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Minerais/uso terapêutico , Osseointegração/fisiologia , Dióxido de Silício/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Substitutos Ósseos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos , Ortopedia , Regeneração Óssea , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Consolidação da Fratura , Humanos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/métodos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/tendências , Ortopedia/métodos , Ortopedia/tendênciasRESUMO
Bone graft is the second most common transplantation tissue, with blood being by far the commonest. Autograft is considered ideal for grafting procedures, providing osteoinductive growth factors, osteogenic cells and an osteoconductive scaffold. Limitations, however, exist regarding donor site morbidity and graft availability. Allograft on the other hand poses the risk of disease transmission. Synthetic graft substitutes lack osteoinductive or osteogenic properties. Composite grafts combine scaffolding properties with biological elements to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation and eventually osteogenesis. We present here an overview of bone graft substitutes available for clinical application in large cancellous voids.
Assuntos
Doenças Ósseas/cirurgia , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Ósseas/patologia , Regeneração Óssea/fisiologia , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Transplante Ósseo/efeitos adversos , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Fosfatos de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Cerâmica/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Transplante Autólogo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Since the founding of the osseointegration concept, the characteristics of the interface between bone and implant, and possible ways to improve it, have been of particular interest in dental and orthopaedic implant research. Making use of standardized tools of analysis and terminology, we present here a standardized characterization code for osseointegrated implant surfaces. This code describes the chemical composition of the surface, that is, the core material, such as titanium, and its chemical or biochemical modification through impregnation or coating. This code also defines the physical surface features, at the micro- and nanoscale, such as microroughness, microporosity, nanoroughness, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanopatterning and fractal architecture. This standardized classification system will allow to clarify unambiguously the identity of any given osseointegrated surface and help to identify the biological outcomes of each surface characteristic.
Assuntos
Substitutos Ósseos/química , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/classificação , Próteses e Implantes/classificação , Substitutos Ósseos/normas , Materiais Revestidos Biocompatíveis/normas , Humanos , Próteses e Implantes/normasRESUMO
The restoration of bony defects has followed an interesting course through history. From the early use of animal materials to bone grown in the laboratory, the goal of restoring bony defects has generated ingenuity in solving these significant clinical challenges.
Assuntos
Aumento do Rebordo Alveolar/métodos , Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/uso terapêutico , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Transplante Ósseo/métodos , Humanos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Pré-Protéticos Bucais , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Preservação de Tecido/métodosAssuntos
Substitutos Ósseos/uso terapêutico , Transplante Ósseo , Substitutos Ósseos/classificação , Transplante Ósseo/efeitos adversos , Transplante Ósseo/legislação & jurisprudência , Cartilagem/transplante , França , HIV/efeitos da radiação , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Temperatura Alta/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Legislação de Medicamentos , Doses de Radiação , Esterilização/métodos , Bancos de Tecidos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bancos de Tecidos/organização & administração , Doadores de Tecidos , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/legislação & jurisprudência , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/organização & administração , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
Osteoarthritic symptoms following articular cartilage injuries are the most common musculoskeletal system disease. The treatment possibilities search for methods to restore and bring back the function of injured joint surfaces. Recent trend heads for creation of biocompatible matrices (scaffolds) based on natural and synthetic polimers. This study presents currently used biomaterials in the sphere of their usefulness in articular cartilage lesions repair. Both natural and synthetic materials have been researched in experimental and clinical studies. Naturally- derived protein polymers, such as collagen, fibrin, gelatin and carbohydrate polymers containing polylactide and polyglycolic acid, hialuronan, agarose, alginate, chitosan can be distinguished. Synthetic materials are represented by carbon fibers, Dacron and Teflon matrices. Scaffolds fabrication techniques include fiber-bonding, particulate leaching, freeze- drying and particles aggregation. Due to different polymers' properties selection of a scaffold depends on an appropriate matrix parameters. The most valuable characteristics are biocompatibility, porosity, mechanical resistance and bioabsorbability. Notwithstanding, several experimental and clinical studies there still exists the need for one simple and inexpensive polymer- based method that would bring satisfactory results in the area of joint cartilage repair.