Saliva amylase as a measure of sympathetic change elicited by autogenic training in patients with functional somatic syndromes.

The aim of this study was to discuss the effect of autogenic training (AT) on patients with functional somatic syndrome (FSS) using salivary amylase, the skin temperature of the finger, subjective severity of symptoms, and psychological characteristics as measures. We assessed 20 patients with FSS and 23 healthy controls before and after AT. Baseline levels of salivary amylase prior to an AT session were significantly higher in the FSS group than in the control group. However, this difference was not significant after AT. The skin temperature of the finger increased after AT in both the FSS and control groups. AT contributed to the improvement of somatic symptoms in patients with FSS. Our results regarding psychological characteristics suggest that mood disturbances are deeply involved in the pathology of FSS. Individuals with FSS exhibited elevated levels of sympathetic activity compared with healthy controls. Our data indicates that AT eased dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system in patients with FSS. Thus, salivary amylase may be a useful index of change induced by AT in patients with FSS.

Mindfulness-based focused attention training versus progressive muscle relaxation in remitted depressed patients: Effects on salivary cortisol and associations with subjective improvements in daily life.

Major Depression is a stress-related disorder characterized by altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Mindfulness-based interventions have shown to improve subjective parameters of stress and to reduce relapse rates in depressed patients. However, research on their effects on diurnal patterns of cortisol and associations with subjective outcomes is lacking. The present Ambulatory Assessment study investigated possible changes in daily rhythm cortisol parameters (cortisol awakening response (CAR), daily slope, total cortisol) in currently remitted individuals with recurrent depression who were randomized to a four-week mindfulness-based focused attention training (MBAT, n = 39) or a progressive muscle relaxation training (PMR, n = 39). A second aim was to investigate whether changes in cortisol were linked to improvements in affective and cognitive daily life states. On three weekdays before and after the intervention, seven saliva cortisol samples per day were collected. For analysis, multilevel models were applied. Results revealed no group-specific or general change in CAR and daily slopes from pre- to postintervention. In contrast, total cortisol increased across groups, which was however moderated by group and subjective improvement status. While cortisol increased irrespective of subjective improvement in PMR participants, MBAT participants with larger reductions in negative affect and rumination maintained their initial cortisol levels, whereas those with lower improvement paralleled the PMR group. Thereby, MBAT appeared to buffer an increase in overall cortisol secretion over time, but only in patients showing marked improvements in those affective and cognitive states that constitute core elements for depressive relapses in the vulnerability model of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

A randomized controlled trial of the effects of hypnosis with 3-D virtual reality animation on tiredness, mood, and salivary cortisol.

Case studies suggest hypnosis with a virtual reality (VR) component may be an effective intervention; although few follow-up randomized, controlled trials have been performed comparing such interventions with standard hypnotic treatments. Thirty-five healthy participants were randomized to self-hypnosis with VR imagery, standard self-hypnosis, or relaxation interventions. Changes in sleep, cortisol levels, and mood were examined. Self-hypnosis involved 10- to 20-min. sessions visualizing a healthy immune scenario. Trait absorption was also recorded as a possible moderator. Moderated regression indicated that both hypnosis interventions produced significantly lower tiredness ratings than relaxation when trait absorption was high. When trait absorption was low, VR resulted in significantly higher engagement ratings, although this did not translate to demonstrable improvement in outcome. Results suggest that VR imagery may increase engagement relative to traditional methods, but further investigation into its potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy is required.

Técnicas alternativas para la reducción del estrés producido por la práctica profesional del cirujano dentista: el entrenamiento autógeno y la terapia racional emotiva / Alternative techniques for reducing the stress produced by the professional practice of the dental surgeon: autogenic training and rational-emotive therapy

El presente trabajo surge a partir del interés generado por la evaluación obtenida sobre los rasgos de personalidad del cirujano dentista (Ramírez & Eguiarte, 1995). Los datos encontrados muestran un alto índice de estrés como efecto de una práctica sedentaria y como conductas colaterales, irritabilidad, manías, depresión, ingestión de alcohol e inadecuada relación familiar, entre otras. En este trabajo se presentan como alternativas de afrontamiento al estrés: el entrenamiento autógeno y la terapia racional emotiva, consideradas como técnicas efectivas de autoayuda y fáciles de implementar en la vida diaria. Al mismo tiempo, se considera que al ir avanzando en la reducción del estrés, disminuirán paralelamente aquellas conductas emocionales de evasión y esto, proporcionará al individuo un estilo de vida más gratificante