Polyacrylamide/Alginate double-network tough hydrogels for intraoral ultrasound imaging.

HYPOTHESIS: Intraoral ultrasound is a safer and economical approach to image dento-periodontal tissues and diagnose periodontal diseases compared with X-ray. A gel pad is often used as a couplant between the transducer and oral tissue to delay the ultrasound signals for better identification. However, the current commercial couplant, such as Aquaflex gel pad (AF), face many challenges, including low stability in water, poor mechanical properties, low coefficient of friction, and potential cytotoxicity issues. Polyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAM/Alginate) double-network (DN) tough hydrogel could address these issues as the potential couplant for intraoral ultrasound imaging. EXPERIMENTS: Different critical properties required for intraoral ultrasound imaging, including stability in water, mechanical properties, frictional properties, ultrasound properties and biocompatibility of PAM/Alginate DN tough hydrogels were evaluated and compared with those of AF. FINDINGS: The PAM/Alginate DN hydrogel not only possesses better stability in water as well as improved mechanical properties and higher coefficients of friction than AF but also can provide similar ultrasound image quality as AF does. Moreover, the PAM/Alginate DN hydrogel shows lower cytotoxicity to both cancer (Hela) and fibroblast cells (MRC-5). With all these significant features, such tough hydrogels serve as a proof-of-concept ultrasound couplant with great potential in intraoral ultrasound imaging.