Status of Hemoglobin Concentration and Serum Total Iron Binding Capacity among Iron Deficiency Anemic Adolescent Girls.

Adolescence may be defined as the period from 10 to 19 years of age. Adolescence is a significant period of human growth and maturation when various changes occur and requirement of nutrients is increased in girls due to increase demands for growth. This prospective type of analytical cross-sectional study was carried out to observe the status of Hb concentration and serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels among iron deficiency anemic adolescent girl. This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2019 to December 2020. For this purpose, 140 adolescent girl's age ranged from 10-19 years were selected in this study, among them, 70 healthy adolescent girls as control group (Group I) and 70 girls selected as study group (Group II) and they are iron deficiency anemic adolescent girls. Estimation of hemoglobin by cyanmethaemoglobin method and estimation of serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was determined by Ferrozine method using Globals iron and TIBC kit, UK. All data were expressed as mean ±SD and statistical significance of difference among the Group I and Group II were calculated by unpaired students''t' test. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration significantly lowers in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I), Result is highly significant (p<0.001). Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) significantly higher in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I), Result is highly significant p<0.001). Immediate, long term and sustainable public health intervention would require for overcome the situation.

Evaluation of Hemoglobin Concentration in Male Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. This study was done to evaluate the changes of hemoglobin concentration in COPD patients in comparison to healthy person. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. A total number of 160 male subjects, ages ranged from 30-70 years were included in this study. Among them, eighty (80) male COPD subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and eighty (80) age matched male healthy subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Hemoglobin concentration was estimated by cyanmethemoglobin method. Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of hemoglobin concentration of Group I and Group II were 13.79±1.08gm/dl and 11.63±1.33gm/dl respectively. The mean ±SD of hemoglobin concentration significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Patients with COPD with greater changes in hemoglobin concentration causes more frequent hospitalization and increased mortality and morbidity due to COPD related complications. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to COPD for leading a healthy life.

Status of Serum Iron and Fasting Serum Glucose in Reproductive Aged Women Taking Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill.

The oral contraceptive pill, 'the pill', was introduced in the beginning of the 1960s. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined oral hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. Oral contraceptive use has been associated with decreased menstrual blood losses; thus, can independently reduce the risk of anemia and iron deficiency in women. Manufacturers have recently started to include supplemental iron in the non-hormonal placebo tablets of some contraceptives. This study was done to evaluate the status of serum iron and fasting serum glucose in combined oral contraceptive pill users in comparison to non-users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. A total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. The mean±SD of serum iron of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 93.22±17.19µg/dl and 181.57±22.06µg/dl respectively. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 4.67±0.61mmol/L and 6.61±0.61mmol/L respectively. Serum iron and fasting serum glucose increased in study group in comparison to control group. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). So there from this study it can be concluded that there is significant association of serum iron and fasting serum glucose with oral contraceptives.

Study on Body Mass Index and Fasting Serum Glucose in Postmenopausal Women.

Menopause is a normal physiological period that is characterized by the completely stoppage of endometrial cycles in women between the age of 45-55 years due to lack of ovarian follicular function. Several postmenopausal syndromes such as hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, depression, irritability, headache, and sleep disturbance can occur more frequently in this period which hampers the standard of life. This study was done to assess body mass index and fasting serum glucose changes in postmenopausal women in contrast with reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Total 140 women subject's age ranged between 25-65 years were involved in this study. Among them 25-45 years aged 70 (Seventy) reproductive women were involved as control group (Group I) and 45-65 years aged 70 (Seventy) postmenopausal women were taken as study group (Group II). By Anthropometric measurements, Body Mass Index (BMI) such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively and fasting serum glucose was measured by GOD-PAP method. Results were expressed as mean (±SD) and by unpaired Student's 't' test, statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43kg/m² and 29.01±3.12kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is notably increase in study group in contrast with control group. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of control Group I and study Group II were 4.77±2.04mmol/l and 6.11±1.61mmol/l respectively. In study Group II fasting serum glucose was increased. Due to increased fasting serum glucose caused by lower level of female sex hormones specially estrogen hormone increased chance of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women. Assessment of these parameters are important for early detection and prevention of complication related to high BMI and fasting serum glucose level for leading a better life.

Evaluate the Changes of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill Users.

The oral contraceptive pill, 'the pill', was introduced in the starting of the 1960s. Presently, worldwide about 100 million women are current users of combined hormonal contraceptives (COC) most frequently used in the western world. The most frequently used agents are a combination of drugs containing both the estrogen and progesterone. This combination is considered to be highly efficacious, generally considered 99.9% and a use effectiveness of 97.0% to 98.0%. This study was done to evaluate the changes of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Blood pressure ( BP) in combined oral contraceptive pill users in comparison to non- users. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. Total number of 120 reproductive aged women, age ranged from 15-55 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) combined oral contraceptive pill users subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) age matched oral pill non users subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired students' 't' test and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The mean±SD of BMI of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 22.50±1.50 kg/m² and 27.64±1.28 kg/m² respectively. In study group (Group II) BMI was increased. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). The mean±SD of systolic blood pressure of control group (Group I) and study group (Group II) were 111.17±8.51 mm of Hg and 127.50±6.14 mm of Hg respectively. In this study the mean±SD of diastolic blood pressure of control group (Group I and study group (Group II) were 75.58±5.05mm of Hg and 87.00±4.89 mm of Hg respectively. In study group (Group II) diastolic blood pressure was increased. Result is statistically highly significant (p<0.001). So the assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to combined oral contraceptive pill use for leading a healthy life.

Study on Body Mass Index, Serum Total Cholesterol and Serum Triglycerides in Adult Male Hypertensive Patients.

Hypertension or elevated blood pressure is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30-79 years worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries. An estimated 46.0% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. In Bangladesh, 21.3 million of the adult population has hypertension and that is 21.0% of total population. About half of them (48.7%) with hypertension are diagnosed and 34.9% are under treatment. One of the global targets for non communicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 33.0% between 2010 and 2030. This study was done to evaluate the effects of hypertension and to find out the major complications occurring due to hypertension. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. A total number of 120 male subjects, age ranged from 20-59 years was included in this study. Among them, sixty (60) hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and sixty (60) ages matched normotensive adult male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). The results were calculated and analyzed by using Statistical package for social science (SPSS). Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were taken in meter and kilogram respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by Aneroid Sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan), laboratory analysis of fasting serum total cholesterol by CHOD-POD method, fasting serum triglycerides by GPO-POD method. In this study we found that in study group Mean±SD of body mass index (29.36±2.60, p<0.001), fasting serum total cholesterol (232.05±11.18, p<0.001) and fasting serum triglycerides (180.67±19.44, p<0.001) which were significantly increased with comparison to control group. It's concluded from this study we recommended that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complication related to hypertension for leading a healthy life.

A Comparative Study of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure between Sedentary and Non-Sedentary Workers.

Sedentary lifestyle are spreading worldwide because of lack of available spaces for exercise, increased occupational sedentary behaviors such as office work and the increased prevalence of television and video devices. Increased incidence of sedentary lifestyle and obesity in developed and developing countries is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This study was undertaken to analyze the differences in anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters in sedentary and non-sedentary male subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2021 to June 2022. This study consisted 50 male employees of 25-60 years who worked in an office were study group (Group II) and control group Group-I) consisted of 50 male age matched physical laborers. BMI was calculated as weight in kilogram divided by the height in meter square i.e. kg/m². Blood Pressure was measured by indirect auscultatory method with an aneroid sphygmomanometer. Statistical analysis was done by using Student's un-paired 't' test. Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P value was taken as significant at 5 percent confidence level. The mean±SD BMI in kg/m² of Group I and Group II were 21.90±2.22 and 29.32±3.13 respectively. The mean±SD systolic blood pressure of Group I and Group II were 112.20±6.79 and 145.10±8.11 and mean±SD diastolic blood pressure of Group I and Group II were 72.80±5.73 and 91.00±5.05 respectively. The BMI and blood pressure were increased in sedentary group compared to non-sedentary group. From the study, it appears that the risk for cardiovascular disease is increased in sedentary workers.

Evaluation of the Status of Glycated Haemoglobin in Male type 2 Diabetic Patients.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in Bangladesh with its attendant complications. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is broadly used as an index of mean glycaemia. This study was planned to evaluate the status of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in male type 2 diabetic patients. This cross-sectional analytical study was executed in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2019 to June 2020. This study included in total 200 male subjects who are above 40 years in age. Among them, one hundred (100) male type 2 diabetic patients were taken as study group (Group I) and one hundred (100) age matched healthy male subjects were taken as control group (Group II). Glycated haemoglobin was assessed by ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Mean±SD was used to express data and unpaired Student's 't' test was used to calculate the statistical significance of difference amongst the groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to correlate the relationship between serum fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin. The mean±SD of fasting serum glucose of Group I and Group II were 9.79±2.88mmol/L and 5.23±0.48mmol/L respectively. The mean±SD of glycated haemoglobin of Group I and Group II were 8.38±1.28mmol/L and 5.19±0.46mmol/L respectively. The mean±SD of glycated haemoglobin is found to be significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group and there is a positive correlation between fasting serum glucose and glycated haemoglobin. So, routine estimation of this parameter (HbA1c) is important for prevention of complications related to type 2 diabetes mellitus for leading healthy life.

Study of Serum Troponin-I Level in Non-diabetic Hyperglycemic ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients.

The most common cause of premature death in developing countries like Bangladesh is ischaemic heart disease. Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) is 100 percent tissue specific for the myocardium which has been shown to be a very sensitive and specific biomarker for acute myocardial infarction. As acute myocardial infarction is a stressful condition so, plasma glucose level may also increase in this condition which is stress hyperglycemia and also plasma glucose level may be used for prediction of outcome as it is a cheap and easy available test. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of the elevation of troponin-I level with plasma glucose level of non-diabetic patients in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This study which was comparative type of analytical and cross- sectional study carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Data was collected from Cardiology Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh. A total number of 70 subjects participated in this study and were grouped as normoglycemic ST elevation myocardial infarction- Control group (Group I) and non-diabetic hyperglycemic ST elevation myocardial infarction- Study group (Group II). The results were calculated and analyzed by using SPSS. Serum troponin-I was measured by Fluorescence Immunoassay (FIA) and plasma glucose estimated by GOD-PAP method. Data were expressed in mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the groups were calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. The correlation between different parameter was done by Pearson's correlation coefficient test. In this study, the result suggests that there is significant positive association between serum troponin-I and plasma glucose level in study group (hyperglycemic non-diabetic STEMI) in comparison to control group (normoglycemic STEMI). So, by this study we recommend that routine estimation of these parameters is important for prevention of complications related to acute myocardial infarction.

Relationship between Body Mass Index and Serum Alanine Transaminase Concentration in Obese Female.

The serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT) activity has been regarded as a reliable and sensitive marker of liver disease. In the context of obesity ALT may also be a good indicator of overall health. Obesity has been reported as a risk factor associated with elevation of ALT, which is a surrogate marker of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Elevated ALT may correlate with the severity of NAFLD in obese female. This study was done to evaluate the changes of serum ALT in obese female age ranged 30-60 years in comparison to normal healthy female of same age. At the same time we can know the relationship between body mass index and serum ALT concentration in obese female. This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. A total number of 100 female subjects were included in this study. Among them fifty (50) normal healthy female were taken as control group (Group I) and fifty (50) obese female were taken as study group (Group II). The level of serum ALT was determined by Ultra violet (UV) method. Data were expressed as mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of serum ALT with BMI by using SPSS (version 21.0). During interpretation of results, p values of <0.001 were considered as statistically highly significant. In this study, serum level of ALT was significantly higher (p<0.001) in obese female compared to those of healthy control female. In addition, there is a positive correlation of serum ALT with BMI. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that, elevated ALT was significantly associated with high BMI as well as with other feature of NAFLD.

Study on Body Mass Index and Serum Calcium Level in Postmenopausal Women.

Menopause is one of the natural parts of women's life when menstrual cycle stops due to lack of estrogen, which occurs in middle age. Various health problems occur in this period which hampers quality of life. This study was done to evaluate the changes of body mass index and serum calcium level in post-menopausal women in comparison to reproductive women. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. A total number of 140 female subjects age ranged from 25-65 years were included in this study. Among them 70 (seventy) postmenopausal woman (45-65 years) were taken as study group (Group II) and 70 (seventy) reproductive women (25-45 years) were taken as control group (Group I). Body mass index was measured by Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight taken in meter and kilogram respectively and Serum calcium level was measured by colorimetric method with O-Cresolftalein-complexone (OCC). Data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired Student's 't' test. The mean±SD of BMI of Group I and Group II were 23.05±4.43 kg/m² and 29.01±3.12 kg/m² respectively. The mean±SD of body mass index is significantly higher in study group in comparison with control group. Serum calcium of Group I and Group II were 10.95±0.77 mg/dl and 7.99±0.55 mg/dl respectively. The mean±SD of serum calcium level was significantly lower in study group in comparison with control group. Post-menopausal women with low serum calcium level have a chance of development of osteoporosis. So, assessment of this parameter is important for early detection and prevention of complication related to low serum calcium level for leading a sound life.

Status of Serum Ferritin Level among Iron Deficiency Anemic Adolescent Girls in Bangladesh.

Adolescence explained as a period of age between 10 to 19 years. This is a major contributing period to build up the health of girls. Ferritin is an intracellular protein that contains iron and releases it in a controlled fashion and it reflects body iron stores and systemic inflammation during adolescent period. It is considered the best single test for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia during adolescent because its concentration is directly proportional to total body iron stores in adolescent period. This study was done in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate the changes of serum ferritin levels among iron deficient anemic adolescent girls in comparison to healthy adolescent girls in Bangladesh. This was a cross sectional, prospective, analytical type of study. This study ranged from 10-19 years of adolescent girls. Seventy (70) healthy adolescent girls, as control group (Group I). Seventy (70) iron deficiency anemic adolescent girls as study group (Group II). Serum ferritin was estimated by Micro-particle Enzyme Immunoassay Test Kit. Data were expressed as mean (±SD). Statistical significance of difference among the Group I and Group II were calculated by unpaired students 't' test. The mean±SD level of serum ferritin among Group I and Group II were 26.22±4.03µg/L and 13.33±3.18µg/L respectively. Mean values ±SD of serum ferritin significantly lower in (Group II) in comparison with (Group I). Higher numbers of adolescent girls are still suffering from anemia along with low level of serum ferritin in Bangladesh. For combat this situation, immediate, sustainable and long term public health intervention and nutritional supplementation must be required.

Level of Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance Rate in Obese Female.

The prevalence of obesity continues to increase worldwide day by day causing a serious health problem and impose a significant impact on the National Health Service (NHS) budget. Obesity usually arises from the interactions of multiple genes and lifestyle factors. This study was done to evaluate changes of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate in obese female age ranged 30-60 years in comparison to normal healthy female of same age. This study, a cross-sectional analytical type, was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh between the period from January 2020 to December 2020. A total number of 100 female subjects were included in this study. Among them fifty (50) normal healthy female were taken as control group (Group I) and fifty (50) obese female were taken as study group (Group II). To see the level of serum creatinine determined by Kinetic Colorimetric method and creatinine clearance rate was calculated from serum creatinine by Cockcroft-Gault equation. Data was calculated by unpaired Student's't' test and were expressed as mean (±SD). Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance rate with BMI. In this study we found that mean serum Creatinine and Creatinine clearance rate were higher in obese female in comparison to normal healthy female. Again, serum Creatinine and Creatinine clearance rate were positively correlated with BMI. Therefore, to prevent obesity related complications and leading a healthy life we suggest estimations of these parameters routinely.

Association of Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure with Age: A Cross Sectional Study in Elderly Male.

The aim of the study was to assess the status of body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in elderly male in comparison to younger male and to study the association of BMI and blood pressure with age. This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 140 male subjects were included in this study. Among them seventy (70) younger males were taken as control group (Group I) and seventy (70) elderly males were taken as study group (Group II). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m²). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by aneroid sphygmomanometer (ALPK2, Japan). Data were expressed as Mean±SD and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was done to find the correlation of BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) & diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with age. In this study we found that mean BMI, systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in elderly male persons in comparison to younger male. Although the magnitude of correlation differed, we found that BMI, systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure were positively correlated with age of the subjects. Based on the study carried out it can be concluded that due to aging process geriatric populations are more prone to development of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications than younger individuals.

Relation of Serum Iron Level with Serum Zinc Level among Adolescent Girls with Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Bangladesh.

Adolescent girls are vulnerable in underdeveloped and developing countries due to having public health problems regarding iron deficiency anaemia. As zinc acts as a cofactor in iron metabolism, so the deficiency of this trace element is associated with iron deficiency anaemia. This study was done to evaluate the changes of serum iron and serum zinc levels among iron deficient anaemic adolescent girls in comparison to healthy adolescent girls in Bangladesh. This prospective type of analytical cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2019 to December 2020. Total number of 140 adolescent girl's age ranged from10-19 years included in this study. Among them, 70 healthy adolescent girls, were taken as control group (Group I). Remaining 70 Adolescent girls with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) were taken as study group (Group II). Estimation of serum iron was determined by Ferrozine method using Globals iron kit, UK. Serum zinc levels were determined by colorimetric method with reagents. All data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group I ( healthy adolescent girls) and group II (adolescent girls with iron deficiency anaemia) were calculated by unpaired students' 't' test. Correlation of serum iron with serum zinc was done by Pearson's correlation coefficient test. The mean values (±SD) of serum iron level of Group I and Group II were 69.06±18.11µg/dl & 15.61±9.12µg/dl respectively. Mean values (±SD) of serum iron significantly lower in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I). The mean (±SD) of serum zinc level of Group I and Group II were 75.48±14.26µg/dl & 33.27±12.94µg/dl respectively. Mean value (±SD) of serum zinc levels were significantly lower in study group (Group II) in comparison with control group (Group I). Serum zinc level was positively correlated with serum iron and that was statistically significant. The deficiency of iron does not occur alone; rather it is typically associated and developed with hypozincemia. The study suggests on supplementing iron along with zinc to correct the deficiency especially in adolescent girls when their metabolic demand is high.

Endometriosis association research center.

Endometriosis, the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, is a progressive, estrogen-dependent disease and occurs nearly exclusively in menstruating women of reproductive age. Pain syndrome, however, represents the major clinical problem of this disease, manifested as dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, lower abdominal pain, and dyspareunia. About 32 literatures are reviewed in recent advancement for diagnosis of endometriosis. The magnifications of its managements are understood. In outdoor, the management is only depending on clinical findings and on some non invasive procedures without any definitive diagnosis. So, research activities should be done on the basis of recent advancement of endometriosis.