[Endoscopic techniques in bronchogenic carcinoma. Changes in recent decades]. / Técnicas endoscópicas en carcinoma broncogénico. Cambios en las últimas décadas.

A 57-year old woman with arterial hypertension under treatment. She has smoked since she was 18 years old with an accumulated index of 70 years/pack. She was studied in our Respiratory Department due to constitutional syndrome, the X-ray showing an image of focal pulmonary lesion in the right upper lobe of more than 3cm of peripheral location. The computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the existence of a 3.3cm mass in the upper right lobe and detected paratracheal and subcarinal mediastinal abnormal lymph nodes. A subsequent Positron Emission Tomography (PET) confirmed pathological uptake of the mass and both lymph node locations. Which additional studies do you consider to be indicated for a correct diagnosis and mediastinal staging? Do bronchoscopy techniques alone establish the final diagnosis and staging of this patient?

Cambios en las indicaciones en la Unidad de Endoscopia Respiratoria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre en los últimos años / Changes in the type of bronchoscopies in last years in the endoscopy respiratory unit of university hospital 12 octubre

Los objetivos de este trabajo son estudiar y valorar si han existido cambios en las indicaciones de broncoscopia en la Unidad de Endoscopia Respiratoria (UER) del Hospital Universitario (H.U.) 12 de Octubre en los últimos años, puesto que se han observado cambios epidemiológicos en distintas patologías respiratorias y se han incorporado nuevas técnicas endoscópicas. Por otra parte y dado que el trasplante pulmonar se introdujo en este hospital en el año 2008, también hemos valorado las diferencias en cuanto a las indicaciones de broncoscopia entre los pacientes sometidos a trasplante frente al resto en un segundo periodo de tiempo. Para realizar el estudio se ha utilizado la base de datos de la Unidad de Endoscopia Respiratoria del H.U. 12 de Octubre. Se han comparado pacientes de dos periodos de tiempo similares de 5 años: 2003-2008 vs. 2013-2018. En este último grupo se han valorado las diferencias entre los pacientes con trasplante pulmonar frente al resto. En los últimos cinco años se ha observado un mayor requerimiento de técnicas diagnósticas más complejas, una utilización mayoritaria de la sedación y un mayor número de pacientes en régimen hospitalario. Los pacientes con trasplante pulmonar tienen mayor necesidad de exploraciones urgentes y en régimen hospitalario, con mayor requerimiento de técnicas como la biopsia transbronquial y el lavado broncoalveolar. Por tanto como conclusión podemos decir que se han producido cambios en las indicaciones con una mayor complejidad en los últimos cinco años (AU)

Since epidemiologic changes regarding bronchogenic carcinoma had been related and new endoscopic techniques are available, one of the objectives of this study is evaluate the changes in bronchoscopy indications in the Unity of Respiratory Endoscopy of the H.U. 12 de Octubre. On the other hand, since lung transplantation has been introduced in H.U. 12 de Octubre in 2008, another objective is evaluate the differences related to bronchoscopy indication between patients with lung transplantation and not. We have used the database from the Unity of Respiratory Endoscopy of the H.U. 12 de Octubre. We have compared patients from two different periods: 2003-2008 (Period 1) and 2013-2018 (Period 2). We have also evaluated the differences between lung transplantation and not during period 2. Along the last five years we have related the following changes: a larger requirement of diagnostic techniques (TBP, BAL), a main use of sedation and a larger number of patients under hospital admission. As a conclusion, the bronchoscopy has become more complex. Patients with lung transplantation have more necessity of urgent examination under hospital admission and a larger request of specific techniques such as transbronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage. Therefore, this patients had entailed changes in the complexity if the bronchoscopy techniques in the last five years (AU)

A case of dirhythmic breathing.

We describe a case of dirhythmic breathing in a 60-year-old man after neurosurgery. A large hemangioblastoma was removed from the cerebellum at the level of the fourth ventricle. The spirometric tracings showed two types of respiratory cycles: the rhythm. A was stable with a short inspiratory time; sometimes a second type of respiratory cycle, B, was present or erratically coupled with the A rhythm. It had very small tidal volume and mean inspiratory flow with phasic variations similar to those observed in Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern.

Safety of the transbronchial biopsy in outpatients.

The objective of our study was to determine the safety of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in nonhospitalized patients. The design was a prospective study of the consecutive cases from July 1987 until September 1988 in the setting of a university hospital of the third level with 1,800 beds. The patients were a consecutive sample of 169 patients who had 184 procedures of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with TBB performed. They suffered from different diseases: lung nodules or masses, diffuse interstitial disease, alveolar condensation, etc. An FOB with TBB was performed in immunocompetent outpatients, who were kept under observation for four hours and then had a chest roentgenogram taken afterwards. We contacted them again after 72 hours to rule out delayed complications. In three cases, more than 100 ml of blood were obtained during the FOB, without significant hemoptysis being recorded in those patients during the observation period; chest pain occurred in 15 patients during the TBB; pneumothorax occurred in two patients (1 percent), one of whom required admission to the hospital, without requiring chest tube drainage. Other complications are reported (bronchospasm, parenchymal hemorrhage, and pneumonia). In conclusion, we consider the TBB to be a technique with a low incidence of complications for outpatients, so therefore we do not believe that admission to the hospital is mandatory for this type of patient, although we do recommend a longer observation period.

[Fiber optic bronchoscopy in extraction of tracheo-bronchial foreign bodies in adults]. / La fibrobroncoscopia en la extracción de cuerpos extraños traqueobronquiales en adultos.

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical, radiologic and endoscopic characteristics of adults with tracheobronchial foreign bodies (FB), and to review the role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in extracting them. We reviewed the case histories and bronchoscopic reports for all patients over 14 years of age with FB treated between 1976 and 1995. Fifty-nine FB were removed from 56 patients; 68% were male and 48% were over 60 years of age. The most common clinical presentations were symptoms of respiratory infection and acute choking. In only in 28% could a risk factor for aspiration be identified. The X-ray was non specific and in 37% of cases the chest film was normal. In 66% FB aspiration was an unexpected endoscopic finding. The FB was removed from the right lung in 81.3%. FB were food items in 71% of cases. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was useful for removal in 95% of cases, with few and unimportant complications. Two cases were resolved with rigid bronchoscopy and only one patient required surgery. FB aspiration is common and diagnosis is difficult in the adult. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy resolved most aspirations in adults with no important complications. The rigid bronchoscope should be reserved for very specific cases.

[Tracheobronchial granular-cell tumors. A report of 8 cases]. / Tumores de células granulares traqueobronquiales. Presentación de 8 casos.

To describe the clinical and radiologic signs, evolution and response to treatment of patients diagnosed of tracheobronchial granular cell tumors (GCT) in our practice. Retrospective computerized review of all bronchoscopic procedures performed in our hospital from January 1974 through November 1996. Patients with GCT were identified and their case histories reviewed. Eight male patients with 9 GCT were identified. Mean age was 55 years. Only one was symptomatic (hemoptysis) and only one had radiologic signs (solitary pulmonary node). Six patients were diagnosed of tumors in other organs. With the exception of one GCT located in the trachea, all were found in the right bronchial system. Endoscopy revealed mucosal abnormalities in six patients and nodes in three. Treatment was conservative in four patients, endoscopic in three (2 mechanical endoscopic resections and one laser Nd-YAG resection in a patient with two tumors), and surgical in one. Disease evolution as treated was favorable during the observation period. Tracheobronchial GCT are rare tumors. Most patients were between 50 and 70 years old, were often asymptomatic and had few radiologic manifestations. They suffered accompanying neoplasia in other organs. GCT were located in central and segmentary bronchial and nodes or abnormal mucosa could be seen endoscopically. Treatment was conservative, endoscopic or surgical, depending on tumor size and patient characteristics.

[Profitability of the bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of focal pulmonary malignant lesions]. / Rentabilidad de la broncoscopia en el diagnóstico de lesiones pulmonares focales malignas.

INTRODUCTION: We define focal pulmonary lesion (FPL) as an intra-parenchymatous pulmonary lesion that is well circumscribed and completely surrounded by healthy lung. It is considered that the profitability of the fine needle aspiration puncture (FNAP) in FPL < or = 2 cm is better than that of the fibrobronchoscopy (FBC). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the diagnostic profitability of the FNAP in the malignant FPL and study if it varies according to site, size and histology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed all the FBCs of our Unit between 01/2000 and 12/2001 in patients with solitary FLP < or = 6 cm with a definitive diagnosis of malignancy. The diagnostic profitability by size, site and histology was analyzed with Pearson's chi(2) statistics. RESULTS: 124 patients. Mean FBC per patient was 1.3. A total of 101 cases (82%) were diagnosed with FBC, 15 by thoracotomy and 8 by FNAP. Global diagnostic profitability of the FBC was 0.82 and the transbronchial biopsy 0.76. There are no diagnostic profitability differences by size (< or = 2 cm vs > 2 cm) (0.81 vs 0.82 p = 0.96), site (peripheral vs central) (0.79 vs 0.85 p = 0.41) and histology (epidermoid vs adenocarcinoma) (0.89 vs 0.75 p = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Profitability of the FBC in malignant FPL in our hospital is elevated without differences by size, site or histology. In our site, the initial diagnostic approach of the FLP is done with FBC.

Metástasis endoluminales de la vía aérea en pacientes con melanoma maligno. Diagnóstico y tratamiento endoscópico / Endoluminal metastases of the airway in patients with malignant melanoma. Diagnosis and endoscopic treatment

Las metástasis endoluminales de la vía aérea por melanoma son bastante infrecuentes. Presentamos una serie de seis casos de metástasis en tráquea y árbol bronquial por melanoma maligno. De éstos, en cuatro casos se realizó una resección endoscópica y aplicación de láser por producir una obstrucción significativa de la vía aérea con síntomas asociados (AU)

Airway endoluminal Metastasis of malignant melanoma are rare. We present a group of six cases of metastatic malignant melanoma in trachea and bronchial tube, four of them required endoscopic resection and laser therapy to treat secondary symptomatic severe airway obstruction (AU)

Técnicas endoscópicas en carcinoma broncogénico. Cambios en las últimas décadas / Endoscopic techniques in bronchogenic carcinoma. Changes in recent decades

Mujer de 57 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial en tratamiento. Es fumadora habitual desde los 18 años con un consumo acumulado de 70 años/paquete. Fue estudiada en la consulta de neumología por clínica de síndrome constitucional objetivándose en la radiografía de tórax una imagen de lesión pulmonar focal en lóbulo superior derecho de más de 3cm de localización periférica. Se realizó una Tomografia Axial Computarizada (TAC) de tórax en el que se confirmó la existencia de una masa pulmonar de 3,3cm, con adenopatías mediastínicas paratraqueales y subcarinales. Posteriormente se realizó una Tomografía por Emisión de Positrones (PET) en la que se confirmó captación patológica de la masa y de ambas localizaciones ganglionares. ¿Qué estudios adicionales le parecen más adecuados para realizar un correcto diagnóstico y estadificación ganglionar? ¿Es posible solo con la broncoscopia establecer un correcto diagnóstico y estadificación del caso?(AU)

A 57-year old woman with arterial hypertension under treatment. She has smoked since she was 18 years old with an accumulated index of 70 years/pack. She was studied in our Respiratory Department due to constitutional syndrome, the X-ray showing an image of focal pulmonary lesion in the right upper lobe of more than 3cm of peripheral location. The computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the existence of a 3.3cm mass in the upper right lobe and detected paratracheal and subcarinal mediastinal abnormal lymph nodes. A subsequent Positron Emission Tomography (PET) confirmed pathological uptake of the mass and both lymph node locations. Which additional studies do you consider to be indicated for a correct diagnosis and mediastinal staging? Do bronchoscopy techniques alone establish the final diagnosis and staging of this patient?(AU)

Experiencia de los últimos 17 años en una unidad de endoscopia respiratoria / Respiratory endoscoscopy department experience in the last 17 years

Objetivo. Describir la actividad de una de las primeras unidades de endoscopia respiratoria (UER) de nuestro país analizando las indicaciones y técnicas de broncoscopia diagnóstica y terapéutica, y si se han modificado a lo largo de los años. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal de todas las broncoscopias realizadas en nuestra UER desde 01/1992 hasta 05/2009. Para analizar la evolución de las indicaciones dividimos a la población general en cuatro poblaciones agrupadas por orden cronológico según la fecha de la exploración. Para analizar las diferencias en la frecuencia de las distintas técnicas a lo largo del tiempo empleamos el coeficiente Chi cuadrado de Pearson, aceptando como significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados. 30.359 exploraciones (1.785 exploraciones/año); programadas 84,4% y urgentes 15,6%. De éstas, 26.277 (86,5%) fueron diagnósticas, 2.668 (8,8%) terapéuticas y 1.414 (4,6%) intubaciones. Se ha producido un descenso estadísticamente significativo del número de biopsias y cepillados bronquiales con un incremento significativo de las biopsias y punciones transbronquiales. Se han colocado 890 prótesis endoluminales y se han realizado tratamientos con láser en 429 casos. El porcentaje de complicaciones ha sido escaso (0,5%) y la tolerancia de los pacientes con anestesia local fue considerada buena en el 91,1% de casos. Conclusiones. El número de broncoscopias realizadas en nuestra UER es elevado, en especial las terapéuticas. Las indicaciones y técnicas realizadas se han modificado a lo largo de los años de acuerdo con la evolución de la técnica y los cambios de incidencia de diferentes patologías neumológicas (AU)

AIM. To describe the activity of one of the first Respiratory Endoscopy Departments in Spain, analyzing different techniques and indications of flexible and interventional bronchoscopy and its modifications over the years. Material and methods. Transversal study of all bronchoscopies carried out between 01/1992 and 05/2009. To analyze the different techniques along this period, the whole population was divided in four groups according to the date of the technique. The Pearson Chi square trend test was used for statistical comparisons, with p<0.05 considered to indicate a significant result. Results. 30,359 examinations (1,785 examination per year) were done; 84.4% programmed and 15.6% emergencies. For these 26,277 (86.5%) were diagnosis, 2,668 (8.8%) therapeutic and 1,414 (4.6%) intubations. There was a statistically significant decrease of bronchial biopsies and brushings and a statistically significant increase of transbronchial biopsies and punctures. 890 tracheobronchial endoprothesis were placed and 429 laser therapies were executed. Few complications were registered (0.5%) and thopic anaesthesia was well tolerated by most patients (91.1%). Conclusions. The global number of bronchoscopies done in our department is quiet large, especially therapeutic ones. Over the years, indications and different techniques have changed, according to technique evolution and different lung diseases (AU)

Rentabilidad de la broncoscopia en el diagnóstico de lesiones pulmonares focales malignas / Profitability of the bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of focal pulmonary malignant lesions

Introducción. Definimos lesión pulmonar focal (LPF)como lesión pulmonar intraparenquimatosa, biencircunscrita y completamente rodeada por pulmónsano. Se considera que la rentabilidad de la puncióncon aguja fina (PAAF) en LPF 2 cm es mejor quela de la fibrobroncoscopia (FBC).Objetivo. Analizar la rentabilidad diagnóstica de laFBC en la LPF maligna y estudiar si varía segúnlocalización, tamaño e histología.Material y métodos. Analizamos todas las FBC denuestra Unidad entre enero de 2000 y diciembrede 2001 en pacientes con LPF única 6 cmcon diagnóstico definitivo de malignidad. Larentabilidad diagnóstica por tamaño, localización ehistología se analizó con el estadístico χ2 de Pearson.Resultados. 124 pacientes. La media de FBC porpaciente fue de 1,3. 101 casos (82%) sediagnosticaron con FBC; 15, por toracotomía y 8,por PAAF. La rentabilidad diagnóstica global de laFBC fue 0,82 y de la biopsia transbronquial 0,76.No hay diferencias de rentabilidad diagnóstica portamaño ( 2 cm frente a > 2 cm) (0,81 frentea 0,82 p = 0,96), localización (periférico frente acentral) (0,79 frente a 0,85 p = 0,41) e histología(epidermoide frente a adenocarcinoma) (0,89 frentea 0,75 p = 0,21).Conclusión. La rentabilidad de la FBC en LPFmaligna en nuestro hospital es elevada sindiferencias por tamaño, localización o histología. Ennuestro centro la aproximación diagnóstica inicial dela LPF se realiza con FBC

Introduction. We define focal pulmonary lesion(FPL) as an intra-parenchymatous pulmonary lesionthat is well circumscribed and completelysurrounded by healthy lung. It is considered that theprofitability of the fine needle aspiration puncture(FNAP) in FPL 2 cm is better than that of thefibrobronchoscopy (FBC).Objective. To analyze the diagnostic profitability ofthe FNAP in the malignant FPL and study if it variesaccording to site, size and histology.Material and methods. We analyzed all the FBCs ofour Unit between 01/2000 and 12/2001 in patientswith solitary FLP 6 cm with a definitive diagnosisof malignancy. The diagnostic profitability by size,site and histology was analyzed with Pearson’s χ2statistics.Results. 124 patients. Mean FBC per patient was1.3. A total of 101 cases (82%) were diagnosed withFBC, 15 by thoracotomy and 8 by FNAP. Globaldiagnostic profitability of the FBC was 0.82 and thetransbronchial biopsy 0.76. There are no diagnosticprofitability differences by size ( 2 cm vs > 2 cm)(0.81 vs 0.82 p = 0.96), site (peripheral vs central)(0.79 vs 0.85 p = 0.41) and histology (epidermoidvs adenocarcinoma) (0.89 vs 0.75 p = 0.21).Conclusion. Profitability of the FBC in malignantFPL in our hospital is elevated without differencesby size, site or histology. In our site, the initial diagnostic approach of the FLP is done with FBC (AU)