RESUMEN
An understanding of the current right-wing national and transnational social movements can benefit from comparing them to the global and national conditions operating during their last appearance in the first half of the twentieth century and by carefully comparing twentieth-century fascism with the neofascist and right-wing populist movements that have been emerging in the twenty-first century. This allows us to assess the similarities and differences, and to gain insights about what could be the consequences of the reemergence of populist nationalism and fascist movements. Our study uses the comparative evolutionary world-systems perspective to study the Global Right from 1800 to the present. We see fascism as a form of capitalism that emerges when the capitalist project is in crisis. World historical waves of right-wing populism and fascism are caused by the cycles of globalization and deglobalization, the rise and fall of hegemonic core powers, long business cycles (the Kondratieff wave), and interactions with both Centrist Liberalism and the Global Left. We consider how crises of the global capitalist system have produced right-wing backlashes in the past, and how a future terminal crisis of capitalism could lead to a reemergence of a new form of authoritarian global governance or a reorganized global democracy in the future.
La compréhension des mouvements sociaux nationaux et transnationaux de droite actuels peut bénéficier de leur comparaison aux conditions mondiales et nationales qui avaient cours lors de leur dernière éclosion dans la première moitié du XXe siècle et en comparant soigneusement le fascisme du XXe siècle aux mouvements populistes néo-fascistes et de droite qui ont émergé au XXIe siècle. Cela nous permet d'évaluer les similitudes et les différences, et d'acquérir des perspectives quant à quelles pourraient être les conséquences de la réémergence du nationalisme populiste et des mouvements fascistes. Notre étude fait appel à la perspective évolutive comparative des systèmes mondiaux pour examiner la Droite Mondiale depuis 1800 jusqu'à nos jours. Nous considérons le fascisme comme une forme de capitalisme qui émerge lorsque le projet capitaliste est en crise. Les vagues historiques mondiales de populisme et de fascisme de droite sont occasionnées par les cycles de mondialisation et de démondialisation, la montée et la chute des principales puissances hégémoniques, les longs cycles économiques (le cycle Kondratieff), ainsi que par les interactions avec le Libéralisme Centriste et la Gauche Mondiale. Nous examinons comment les crises du système capitaliste mondial ont donné lieu à des contrecoups de la droite par le passé, et comment un crise terminale future du capitalisme pourrait mener à l'avenir à la réémergence d'une nouvelle forme de gouvernance mondiale autoritarienne ou à une démocratie mondiale restructurée.
RESUMEN
This paper presents the results of a consensus-driven process identifying 50 priority research questions for historical ecology obtained through crowdsourcing, literature reviews, and in-person workshopping. A deliberative approach was designed to maximize discussion and debate with defined outcomes. Two in-person workshops (in Sweden and Canada) over the course of two years and online discussions were peer facilitated to define specific key questions for historical ecology from anthropological and archaeological perspectives. The aim of this research is to showcase the variety of questions that reflect the broad scope for historical-ecological research trajectories across scientific disciplines. Historical ecology encompasses research concerned with decadal, centennial, and millennial human-environmental interactions, and the consequences that those relationships have in the formation of contemporary landscapes. Six interrelated themes arose from our consensus-building workshop model: (1) climate and environmental change and variability; (2) multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary; (3) biodiversity and community ecology; (4) resource and environmental management and governance; (5) methods and applications; and (6) communication and policy. The 50 questions represented by these themes highlight meaningful trends in historical ecology that distill the field down to three explicit findings. First, historical ecology is fundamentally an applied research program. Second, this program seeks to understand long-term human-environment interactions with a focus on avoiding, mitigating, and reversing adverse ecological effects. Third, historical ecology is part of convergent trends toward transdisciplinary research science, which erodes scientific boundaries between the cultural and natural.