[Effects of physical exercise on aerobic fitness and cognition in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada.

BACKGROUND: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. AIM: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

Test-Retest Reliability of an Isometric and Isometric/Vibratory Muscular Strength Protocol with Functional Electro-Mechanical Dynamometry.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the test-retest reliability of an isometric and isometric/vibratory muscular strength protocol in the bilateral seated bench press (BSBP), bilateral seated rowing (BSR), unilateral seated right knee extension (USKER), and left knee extension (USKEL) tests controlled using functional electromechanical dynamometry (FEMD) in healthy young adults. A repeated measures design was used to determine the reliability of a muscular strength protocol in isometric and isometric vibration modes with FEMD. No significant differences were found in test-retest analysis (p > 0.05; ES < 0.20); and high reliability (CV = 4.65-5.02%; ICC = 0.99-0.98) was found for BSBP measures, and acceptable reliability (CV = 3.71-9.61%; ICC = 0.98-0.95) was found for BSR, USKER, and USKEL. Furthermore, the coefficients between the two measures were strong (r = 0.963-0.839) and highly significant (p = 0.001) for maximal strength in the isometric and maximal isometric/vibratory assessment of muscle strength in all muscle strength tests. This study demonstrates that isometric and maximal isometric/vibratory strength in the BSBP, BSR, USKER, and USKEL tests can be measured with high reliability and reproducibility using the FEMD.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento de marcha sobre las capacidad aeróbica y la función cognitiva en mujeres diabéticas de edad avanzada / Effects of physical exercise on aerobic fitness and cognition in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. Aim: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERRIAL AND METHODS: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. RESULTS: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

[SLEEP QUALITY, EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS AND INSOMNIA IN CHILEAN PARALYMPIC ATHLETES]. / CALIDAD DEL SUEÑO, SOMNOLENCIA E INSOMNIO EN DEPORTISTAS PARALÍMPICOS DE ELITE CHILENOS.

INTRODUCTION: the sleep takes part in diverse biological and physiological functions, associating his restriction, with minor performance in the sport, nevertheless the quantity and quality of sleep is not known in paralympic athletes. OBJECTIVE: to determine the sleep quality, insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in Chilean paralympic athletes. METHODS: descriptive transverse Study, the sample included 33 paralympic athletes (24.2% women), those who were practicing swimming, tennis of table, football 5, powerlifting and tennis chair. The studied variables measured up across two surveys of dream: the Questionnaire of Insomnia and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: the paralympic athletes sleep were 6.9 } 1.4 hours, 27.7% presents daytime sleepiness, 69.6 % insomnia (Survey of insomnia =7), whereas 78.7 % exhibits a bad sleep quality. The age showed a positive correlation with latency to the sleep (r=0.417 *), the insomnia with latency to the sleep (r=0.462 **), the Pittsburg score was correlated negatively by the sleep duration (r =-0.323) and latency to the sleep is correlated positively by the Pittsburgh score (r=0.603 **). CONCLUSION: the chilean paralympic athletes, present a low sleep quality, insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness, situation that might influence negatively the sports performance.

Introducción: el sueno participa en diversas funciones biologicas y fisiologicas, asociando su restriccion con menor rendimiento en el deporte; sin embargo, se desconoce la cantidad y calidad del sueno en deportistas paralimpicos. Objetivo: determinar la calidad del sueno, el insomnio y la somnolencia diurna en deportistas paralimpicos de elite chilenos. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra incluyo 33 deportistas paralimpicos (24,2% mujeres), quienes practicaban natacion, tenis de mesa, futbol 5, powerlifting y tenis silla. Las variables estudiadas se midieron a traves de dos encuestas de sueno: el Cuestionario de Insomnio y el Indice de Calidad del Sueno de Pittsburgh. Resultados: los deportistas paralimpicos chilenos duermen 6,9 } 1,4 horas, un 27,7% presenta somnolencia diurna excesiva y el 69,6% insomnio (Encuesta de insomnio ≥7), mientras que el 78,7% exhibe una mala calidad del sueno. La edad mostro una correlacion positiva con latencia al sueno (r=0,417*), el insomnio con latencia al sueno (r=0,462**), el puntaje de Pittsburgh se correlaciono negativamente con la cantidad de sueno (r= -0,323) y latencia al sueno se correlaciona positivamente con el puntaje de Pittsburgh (r=0,603**). Conclusión: los deportistas paralimpicos chilenos presentan una baja calidad del sueno, insomnio y somnolencia diurna excesiva, situacion que podria influir negativamente sobre el rendimiento deportivo.

¿Revisión sistemática?, ¿metaanálisis? o ¿resumen de revisiones sistemáticas? / ¿Systematic review?, ¿meta-analysis? or ¿overview?

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Hábitos alimentarios y volumen de entrenamiento en atletas paralímpicos chilenos / Food habits and volume of training in chilean paralympic athletes

Introducción: Es importante que los atletas presenten buenos hábitos alimentarios y adecuadas cargas de entrenamiento que garanticen una adecuada preparación para enfrentar las competencias. Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de consumo de alimentos y el volumen de entrenamiento de atletas paralímpicos chilenos. Métodos: Se evaluaron 27 atletas paralímpicos chilenos (29,6% mujeres), quienes practicaban natación (n=8), tenis de mesa (n=6), futbol 5 (n=1), powerlifting (n=8) y tenis silla (n=4). La recolección de datos se obtuvo por medio de dos encuestas: una sobre hábitos alimentarios y otra relativa al volumen de entrenamiento deportivo. Resultados: Un 50% de los hombres cumple con las porciones recomendadas para el consumo de frutas y comida casera; un 100% de las mujeres consume desayuno, pero con baja ingesta de frutas, pescado, leguminosas y alimentos integrales. Además, la ingesta de bebidas azucaradas es elevada, especialmente en mujeres, y sal en hombres. Tanto hombres como mujeres, dedican más sesiones semanales al entrenamiento técnico-táctico (hombres 4,17 ± 3,03; mujeres 4 ± 3,67) respecto a la preparación física (hombres 3,22 ± 3,13; mujeres 1,63 ± 0,52); siendo la velocidad el componente menos abordado por semana (hombres: 0,92 ± 1,29; mujeres: 2 ± 2,12) y la flexibilidad la más considerada (hombres: 4 ± 4,59; mujeres: 6 ± 5,89), aunque con menos horas de entrenamiento ( hombres 1,9 ± 1,91 h.; mujeres 2 ± 2 h.). Conclusión: Los atletas paralímpicos chilenos presentan malos hábitos alimentarios, mientras que la distribución del volumen de entrenamiento se aprecia con mayor precisión al observar la variable horas de trabajo (AU)

Introduction: It is important that athletes present good eating habits and adequate training loads to ensure adequate preparation to face the competition. Objective: To determine food consumption patterns and volume of training of Chilean Paralympians. Methods: were evaluated 27 Paralympians Chileans (29.6% women), who practiced swimming (n = 8), table tennis (n = 6), soccer 5 (n = 1), powerlifting (n = 8) and wheelchair tennis (n = 4). Data collection was obtained by two surveys: one on eating habits and another on the volume of sports training. Results: 50% of men meet the recommended intake of fruits and homemade food portions; 100% of women consume breakfast, but with low intake of fruits, fish, legumes and whole grain foods. In addition, the intake of sugary drinks is high, especially in women, and salt in men. Both men and women spend more weekly sessions to technical and tactical training (men 4,17 ± 3,03; Women 4 ± 3.67) compared to physical preparation (men 3,22 ± 3,13; 1,63 women ± 0.52); the velocity component addressed less per week (men: 0.92 ± 1.29, women: 2 ± 2.12) and flexibility the most considerate (men: 4 ± 4.59; women: 6 ± 5.89 ), although with fewer hours of training (men 1.9 ± 1.91 h.; women 2 ± 2 h.). Conclusion: Chilean Paralympians have poor eating habits and distribution of training volume that has more precision when considering working hours (AU)

Calidad del sueño, somnolencia e insomnio en deportistas paralímpicos de elite chilenos / Sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia in Chilean paralympic athletes

Introducción: el sueño participa en diversas funciones biológicas y fisiológicas, asociando su restricción con menor rendimiento en el deporte; sin embargo, se desconoce la cantidad y calidad del sueño en deportistas paralímpicos. Objetivo: determinar la calidad del sueño, el insomnio y la somnolencia diurna en deportistas paralímpicos de elite chilenos. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. La muestra incluyó 33 deportistas paralímpicos (24,2% mujeres), quienes practicaban natación, tenis de mesa, futbol 5, powerlifting y tenis silla. Las variables estudiadas se midieron a través de dos encuestas de sueño: el Cuestionario de Insomnio y el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh. Resultados: los deportistas paralímpicos chilenos duermen 6,9 +- 1,4 horas, un 27,7% presenta somnolencia diurna excesiva y el 69,6% insomnio (Encuesta de insomnio >=7), mientras que el 78,7% exhibe una mala calidad del sueño. La edad mostró una correlación positiva con latencia al sueño (r=0,417*), el insomnio con latencia al sueño (r=0,462**), el puntaje de Pittsburgh se correlacionó negativamente con la cantidad de sueño (r= -0,323) y latencia al sueño se correlaciona positivamente con el puntaje de Pittsburgh (r=0,603**). Conclusión: los deportistas paralímpicos chilenos presentan una baja calidad del sueño, insomnio y somnolencia diurna excesiva, situación que podría influir negativamente sobre el rendimiento deportivo (AU)

Introduction: the sleep takes part in diverse biological and physiological functions, associating his restriction, with minor performance in the sport, nevertheless the quantity and quality of sleep is not known in paralympic athletes. Objective: to determine the sleep quality, insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness in Chilean paralympic athletes. Methods: descriptive transverse Study, the sample included 33 paralympic athletes (24.2% women), those who were practicing swimming, tennis of table, football 5, powerlifting and tennis chair. The studied variables measured up across two surveys of dream: the Questionnaire of Insomnia and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: the paralympic athletes sleep were 6.9 ± 1.4 hours, 27.7% presents daytime sleepiness, 69.6 % insomnia (Survey of insomnia =7), whereas 78.7 % exhibits a bad sleep quality. The age showed a positive correlation with latency to the sleep (r=0.417 *), the insomnia with latency to the sleep (r=0.462 **), the Pittsburg score was correlated negatively by the sleep duration (r =-0.323) and latency to the sleep is correlated positively by the Pittsburgh score (r=0.603 **). Conclusion: the chilean paralympic athletes, present a low sleep quality, insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness, situation that might influence negatively the sports performance (AU)