Gender differences regarding intention to use mHealth applications in the Dutch elderly population: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In light of the increasing demands in health care, a call has been made for the development of new strategies. One of these strategies is placing a higher emphasis on individuals, who are expected to better manage their own health and illness. mHealth applications could increase this self-management behaviour among older adults. However, it is crucial to know the intention to use mHealth of older adults before implementing these services. Even less is known regarding differences between genders on factors influencing this intention to use mHealth applications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to study the gender differences regarding the relationship between technology acceptance factors and the intention to use mHealth applications in the Dutch elderly population. METHODS: We conducted a quantitative cross-sectional study using questionnaires. The participants were 65 years or older, lived independently or in a senior living facility, without cognitive impairment. Logistic regression with interaction terms was done to determine gender differences in the relationship between the intention to use mHealth applications and technology acceptance factors. RESULTS: While we found that half of the studied population had intention to use medical applications (50.3%) a notable difference was observed within gender groups which showed more men had intention to use medical applications rather than women (59.4% vs. 43.4% respectively). Adjusted logistic regression analysis per factor on the male and female part of the study population respectively showed that the factors Perceived usefulness (OR 21,69 and 2,39, resp.), Perceived ease of use (OR 7,21 and 2,74), Attitude toward use (OR 24,61 and 4,94), Sense of control (OR 4,12 and 2,67), Personal innovativeness (OR 2,54 and 1,58), Self-perceived effectiveness (OR 3,21 and 2,34), Service availability (OR 4,38 and 2,51) and Facilitating circumstances (OR 3,04 and 2,18) had a statistically significant influence on intention to use in both models. Logistic regression with interaction terms showed that two of the technology acceptance factors differed statistically significant in their relationship with intention to use when comparing females to males, namely Perceived usefulness (OR 0,11) and Attitude toward use (OR 0.24). Both factors were more strongly associated with intention to use for men compared to women. CONCLUSION: Policymakers and interventions aiming to stimulate the uptake of mHealth applications should acknowledge gender differences. Interventions based on improving the Perceived usefulness and Attitude toward use among female users could be a means to stimulate the full potential of medical applications and improve the uptake.

Study protocol ROTATE-trial: anterior cruciate ligament rupture, the influence of a treatment algorithm and shared decision making on clinical outcome- a cluster randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a very common knee injury in the sport active population. There is much debate on which treatment (operative or non-operative) is best for the individual patient. In order to give a more personalized recommendation we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a treatment algorithm for patients with a complete primary ACL rupture. METHODS: The ROTATE-trial is a multicenter, open-labeled cluster randomized controlled trial with superiority design. Randomization will take place on hospital level (n = 10). Patients must meet all the following criteria: aged 18 year or older, with a complete primary ACL rupture (confirmed by MRI and physical examination) and maximum of 6 weeks of non-operative treatment. Exclusion criteria consists of multi ligament trauma indicated for surgical intervention, presence of another disorder that affects the activity level of the lower limb, pregnancy, and insufficient command of the Dutch language. The intervention to be investigated will be an adjusted treatment decision strategy, including an advice from our treatment algorithm. Patient reported outcomes will be conducted at baseline, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Physical examination of the knee at baseline, 12 and 24 months. Primary outcome will be function of the knee measured by the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire. Secondary outcomes are, among others, the Tegner activity score, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9). Healthcare use, productivity and satisfaction with ((non-)operative) care are also measured by means of questionnaires. In total 230 patients will be included, resulting in 23 patients per hospital. DISCUSSION: The ROTATE study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a treatment algorithm for patients with a complete primary ACL rupture compared to current used treatment strategy. Using a treatment algorithm might give the much-wanted personalized treatment recommendation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam and prospectively registered at the Dutch Trial Registry on May 13th, 2020. Registration number: NL8637.

eHealth Applications to Support Independent Living of Older Persons: Scoping Review of Costs and Benefits Identified in Economic Evaluations.

BACKGROUND: eHealth applications are constantly increasing and are frequently considered to constitute a promising strategy for cost containment in health care, particularly if the applications aim to support older persons. Older persons are, however, not the only major eHealth stakeholder. eHealth suppliers, caregivers, funding bodies, and health authorities are also likely to attribute value to eHealth applications, but they can differ in their value attribution because they are affected differently by eHealth costs and benefits. Therefore, any assessment of the value of eHealth applications requires the consideration of multiple stakeholders in a holistic and integrated manner. Such a holistic and reliable value assessment requires a profound understanding of the application's costs and benefits. The first step in measuring costs and benefits is identifying the relevant costs and benefit categories that the eHealth application affects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to support the conceptual phase of an economic evaluation by providing an overview of the relevant direct and indirect costs and benefits incorporated in economic evaluations so far. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search covering papers published until December 2019 by using the Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, and CINAHL EBSCOhost databases. We included papers on eHealth applications with web-based contact possibilities between clients and health care providers (mobile health apps) and applications for self-management, telehomecare, telemedicine, telemonitoring, telerehabilitation, and active healthy aging technologies for older persons. We included studies that focused on any type of economic evaluation, including costs and benefit measures. RESULTS: We identified 55 papers with economic evaluations. These studies considered a range of different types of costs and benefits. Costs pertained to implementation activities and operational activities related to eHealth applications. Benefits (or consequences) could be categorized according to stakeholder groups, that is, older persons, caregivers, and health care providers. These benefits can further be divided into stakeholder-specific outcomes and resource usage. Some cost and benefit types have received more attention than others. For instance, patient outcomes have been predominantly captured via quality-of-life considerations and various types of physical health status indicators. From the perspective of resource usage, a strong emphasis has been placed on home care visits and hospital usage. CONCLUSIONS: Economic evaluations of eHealth applications are gaining momentum, and studies have shown considerable variation regarding the costs and benefits that they include. We contribute to the body of literature by providing a detailed and up-to-date framework of cost and benefit categories that any interested stakeholder can use as a starting point to conduct an economic evaluation in the context of independent living of older persons.

Intention to use Medical Apps Among Older Adults in the Netherlands: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The increasing health service demand driven by the aging of the global population calls for the development of modes of health service delivery that are less human resource-intensive. Electronic health (eHealth) and medical apps are expected to play an important role in this development. Although evidence shows mobile medical apps might be effective in improving the care, self-management, self-efficacy, health-related behavior, and medication adherence of older adults, little is known about older adults' intention to use these technologies when needed, or the factors influencing this intention. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of technology acceptance factors and intention to use mobile medical apps among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Data was collected using questionnaires. The factors selected from the literature have been validated using Cronbach α and tested for significance using logistic regressions. RESULTS: Almost half (49.7%) of the included older adults reported no intention to use medical apps. Adjusted logistic regression analysis per factor showed that the factors Attitude toward use (odds ratio [OR] 8.50), Perceived usefulness (OR 5.25), Perceived ease of use (OR 4.22), Service availability (OR 3.46), Sense of control (OR 3.40), Self-perceived effectiveness (OR 2.69), Facilities (OR 2.45), Personal innovativeness (OR 2.08), Social relationships (OR 1.79), Subjective norm (OR 1.48), and Feelings of anxiety (OR 0.62) significantly influenced the intention to use mobile medical apps among older adults, whereas the factor Finance (OR 0.98) did not. When considered together, a controlled multivariate logistic regression yielded high explained variances of 0.542 (Cox-Snell R2) and 0.728 (Nagelkerke R2). CONCLUSIONS: The high odds ratios and explained variance indicate that the factors associated with the intention to use medical apps are largely understood and the most important factors have been identified. To advance the evidence base, experimental controlled research should investigate the causality between the factors, intention to use, and actual use. For this purpose, our evidence suggests that policies designed to improve Attitude toward use appear most effective, followed by policies addressing Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, Service availability, and Sense of control.

Efficiency of Clinical Decision Support Systems Improves with Experience.

Efficiency, or the resources spent while performing a specific task, is widely regarded as one the determinants of usability. In this study, the authors hypothesize that having a group of users perform a similar task over a prolonged period of time will lead to improvements in efficiency of that task. This study was performed in the domain of decision-supported medication reviews. Data was gathered during a randomized controlled trial. Three expert teams consisting of an independent physician and an independent pharmacist conducted 150 computerized medication reviews on patients in 13 general practices located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Results were analyzed with a linear mixed model. A fixed effects test on the linear mixed model showed a significant difference in the time required to conduct medication reviews over time; F(31.145) = 14.043, p < .001. The average time in minutes required to conduct medication reviews up to the first quartile was M = 20.42 (SD = 9.00), while the time from the third quartile up was M = 9.81 (SD = 6.13). This leads the authors to conclude that the amount of time users needed to perform similar tasks decreased significantly as they gained experience over time.

Health information-seeking behavior of seniors who use the Internet: a survey.

BACKGROUND: The Internet is viewed as an important source for health information and a medium for patient empowerment. However, little is known about how seniors use the Internet in relation to other sources for health information. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to determine which information resources seniors who use the Internet use and trust for health information, which sources are preferred, and which sources are used by seniors for different information needs. METHODS: Questions from published surveys were selected based on their relevance to the study objectives. The Autonomy Preference Index was used to assess information needs and preferences for involvement in health decisions. Invitation to participate in this online survey was sent to the email list of a local senior organization (298 addresses) in the Netherlands. RESULTS: There were 118 respondents with a median age of 72 years (IQR 67-78 years). Health professionals, pharmacists, and the Internet were the most commonly used and trusted sources of health information. Leaflets, television, newspapers, and health magazines were also important sources. Respondents who reported higher use of the Internet also reported higher use of other sources (P<.001). Use of health professionals, pharmacists, leaflets, telephone, television, and radio were not significantly different; use of all other resources was significantly higher in frequent Internet users. When in need of health information, preferred sources were the Internet (46/105, 43.8%), other sources (eg, magazines 38/105, 36.2%), health professionals (18/105, 17.1%), and no information seeking (3/105, 2.8%). Of the 51/107 respondents who indicated that they had sought health information in the last 12 months, 43 sought it after an appointment, 23 were preparing for an appointment, and 20 were deciding if an appointment was needed. The source used varied by the type of information sought. The Internet was used most often for symptoms (27/42, 64%), prognosis (21/31, 68%), and treatment options (23/41, 62%), whereas health professionals were asked for additional information on medications (20/36, 56%), side effects (17/36, 47%), coping (17/31, 55%), practical care (12/14, 86%), and nutrition/exercise (18/30, 60%). CONCLUSIONS: For these seniors who use the Internet, the Internet was a preferred source of health information. Seniors who report higher use of the Internet also report higher use of other information resources and were also the primary consumers of paper-based resources. Respondents most frequently searched for health information after an appointment rather than to prepare for an appointment. Resources used varied by health topic. Future research should seek to confirm these findings in a general elderly population, investigate how seniors seek and understand information on the Internet, and investigate how to reach seniors who prefer not to use the Internet for health information.

Occlusal Characteristics of the Primary Dentition Revisited.

The occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition of 130 children 3 to 6 years old were examined. Variables were the terminal plane relationship, primary canine occlusion, spacing, overjet and overbite relationships. The flush terminal plane was the most common finding. A Class I relationship of the primary canine occurred in 85% of the subjects. Spaced dentitions occurred 81% of the time, while the presence of primate spaces occurred in at least one of the four quadrants. The overjet relationship varied from +1 mm to 4 mm in all subjects, and the majority of children were considered to have a normal overbite.

Co-prescription of gastroprotective agents and their efficacy in elderly patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a systematic review of observational studies.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Guidelines recommend prescribing gastroprotective agents (proton pump inhibitors, misoprostol) to older patients (primarily ≥65 years old) taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to prevent gastrointestinal ulcers. Older individuals are underrepresented in clinical trials of these agents. We systematically reviewed evidence from observational studies on the use of gastroprotective agents in elderly patients and their ability to prevent NSAID-related ulcers in this population. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of Embase and MEDLINE and identified 23 observational studies that focused on elderly patients and reported data on co-prescription of gastroprotective agents and NSAIDs and/or the effectiveness of the agents in preventing gastrointestinal events in NSAID users. We collected data on rates of co-prescription and NSAID-related gastrointestinal events in patients with and without gastroprotection. RESULTS: A median of 24% (range, 10%-69%) of elderly patients taking NSAIDs received a co-prescription for gastroprotective agents; this percentage was only slightly higher in the oldest age groups. All studies of efficacy showed a positive effect of gastroprotection. However, the adjusted results were not suitable for synthesis, and the 5 studies reporting unadjusted results were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis (I(2) = 97%). The studies differed in outcomes, definitions of co-prescription, and differences in baseline risk factors between patients with and without gastroprotection. None of the studies assessed adverse effects of gastroprotective agents. The 2 cost-effectiveness studies reached opposing conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: In a systematic review, the observational evidence for the efficacy of gastroprotective agents in preventing NSAID-associated gastrointestinal events was in agreement with results of randomized controlled trials. However, because of heterogeneity of included studies, it is not clear what the effect would be if more patients were treated, or at what age gastroprotection should be recommended. We offer suggestions to facilitate comparison with other work and address the questions of risk and benefit in relation to age.

Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of p21 (WAF1/CIP1) gene and its impact on expression and role of polymorphism in the risk of breast cancer.

p21 (Waf-1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that plays essential roles in cell growth arrest, terminal differentiation, and apoptosis. Statistically significant difference in the level of methylation of p21/CIP1 (p < 0. 05) between the patients with breast cancer and the healthy controls was observed. Risk of breast cancer was increased in patients with hypermethylated p21/CIP1 promoter by 2.31-fold (OR = 2.31, 95 % CI 1.95-2.74). The downregulation of p21/CIP1 mRNA expression was statistically significant in patients with methylated promoter (p < 0.00) in comparison to patients with unmethylated genes. Downregulation of mRNA expression of p21/CIP1 was up to 79% due to promoter hypermethylation. We examined several p21/CIP1 genotypes in the patients with breast cancer and found that there is no significant association of these p21/CIP1 genotypes with the risk of developing breast cancer. However, a significant 2.21-fold increase in the chance of developing breast cancer was observed in the candidates carrying at least one allele Arg mutant in p21/CIP1 genotype (i.e., Ser/Arg + Arg/Arg) with age >50 (OR = 2.21; 95 % CI 1.03-4.79).

Promoter hypermethylation of tumour suppressor genes (p14/ARF and p16/INK4a): case-control study in North Indian population.

The epigenetic modifications have been reported to be key factors in breast carcinogenesis. In the current study, it has been tried to determine the methylation status of two tumour suppressor genes p14/ARF and p16/INK4a in 150 breast cancer patients as well as 150 controls by using MSP-PCR. There was, highly significant difference in methylation of p14/ARF and p16/INK4a (P=0.000) between patients and controls. Methylation of both the genes together significantly increased the risk of breast cancer by 12.31 folds. The present study concludes that hypermethylation of p14/ARF and p16/INK4a promoters demonstrate significant association with the risk of breast cancer, hence indicating these as important tumour suppressor genes involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in North Indian population (i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh as well as Union Territory of Chandigarh).

Frequency and nature of drug-drug interactions in the intensive care unit.

PURPOSE: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may compromise patient safety. However, there are no good estimates of their frequency or understanding of their nature in the intensive care unit (ICU). The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and nature of potential DDIs (pDDIs) in the ICU when assessed in light of documented and perceived clinical relevance. METHODS: We developed a computerized algorithm to identify pDDI occurrence in ICU admissions with medication administration, on the basis of the Dutch national drug database. A panel of nine local pharmacists and intensivists completed questionnaires to classify the perceived relevance of the identified pDDI types for the ICU. A focus group discussed the conflicting classifications of relevance to reach consensus. For the pDDI types classified as relevant, we calculated their number and frequency per admission days. RESULTS: Out of 9644 admissions, 3892 had at least one pDDI. The pDDIs corresponded to 85 types, 36 of which were deemed relevant on the basis of the survey and focus group. These 36 types corresponded to 16,122 pDDIs (rate: 33.6 per 100 admission days) and 1084 unique admissions. PDDIs occurred in 11% of admissions to the general ICU, after limiting analysis to severe and relevant DDI types. The most frequently encountered drug classes were antithrombotic agents and antibacterials for systemic use. CONCLUSIONS: There are many potential DDIs with high perceived relevance in the ICU that appear to require attention and follow-up. Computerized decision support may help reduce the number of pDDIs but needs to be tailored to the environment in which it operates.

Attitudes and experience of Dutch general practitioners regarding computerized clinical decision support.

UNLABELLED: Dutch general practices have a high adoption rate for computerized patient records and clinical decision support. We sought to measure the attitudes and experience of Dutch general practitioners towards clinical decision support. METHODS: A preliminary survey was created based on questions from published surveys, modified with the results of interviews. The final web-based survey was administered to 43 general practitioners in a practice area where a decision support implementation is planned. RESULTS: Thirty general practitioners (70%) completed the survey. Most felt that decision support is a good idea (23/30), although fewer reported positive experience with decision support (10/30). Participants were supportive of rules and guidelines, but commonly had the sense that there were too many alerts. CONCLUSION: Dutch clinicians are positive about decision support, but future efforts should try to reduce the perception of overload, for example by ensuring that alerts are relevant and choosing less interruptive forms of notification for less severe alerts.

The intention to use mHealth applications among Dutch older adults prior and during the COVID pandemic.

Background: Mobile health (mHealth) applications are widely valued for their potential to increase self-management among older adults and reduce their healthcare demands. However, the intention to use mHealth of Dutch older adults before the COVID-19 pandemic was modest. Healthcare access was considerably reduced during the pandemic and mHealth services substituted for in person health services. As older adults utilize health services more frequently and have been particularly vulnerable to the pandemic, they can be viewed to have especially benefitted from the transition toward mHealth services. Furthermore, one might expect their intention to use these services and reap the potential benefits has increased, especially during the pandemic. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether the intention of Dutch older adults to use medical applications increased during the COVID pandemic and how the explanatory power of the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) developed for this purpose was affected by the onset of the pandemic. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using two samples collected before (n = 315) and after (n = 501) the onset of the pandemic. Data was collected using questionnaires which were distributed digitally and on paper, by convenience sampling and snowballing. Participants were 65 years or older, lived independently or in a senior living facility, without cognitive impairment. A controlled analysis was performed to test for significant differences in the intention to use mHealth. The before and after differences in extended TAM variables and their relationship with intention to use (ITU) were analyzed using controlled (multivariate) logistic and linear regression models. These models were also used to explore whether the onset of the pandemic had an effect on ITU not captured by the extended TAM model. Results: While the two samples differed in ITU (p = 0.017; uncontrolled) there was no statistically significant difference in ITU in the controlled logistic regression analysis (p = 0.107). The scores of the extended TAM variables explaining intention to use were all significantly higher, except for Subjective norm and Feelings of Anxiety. The relationships of these variables with intention to use before and after the onset of the pandemic were similar, except for Social relationships which lost its significance. We found no indications of effects of the pandemic on intention to use not captured by our instrument. Conclusion: The intention to use mHealth applications of Dutch older adults has not changed since the onset of the pandemic. The extended TAM model has robustly explained intention to use, with only minor differences after the first months of the pandemic. Interventions targeting facilitation and support are likely to promote the uptake of mHealth. Follow-up studies are needed to investigate whether the pandemic has had long term effects on the ITU of the older adult.

An analysis of the distribution and spectrum of alpha thalassemia mutations in Rasht City, North of Iran.

Background: Alpha thalassemia is one of the most common hereditary hemoglobin disorders worldwide, particularly in the Middle East, including Iran. Therefore, determining the spectrum and distribution of alpha thalassemia mutation is a fundamental component of preventive approaches and management strategies. Methods: The present study reviews the genetic testing and blood laboratory results of 455 candidates eligible for marriage who were suspected of being thalassemia carriers and on whom genetic testing was performed from 21 March 2013 to 31 December 2020 in Rasht City. Results: A total of 114 (25.05%) alpha thalassemia cases were identified. Fifteen different alpha mutations were found. The most common mutation among the study population was -α3.7 deletion in 55 patients (48.24%), followed by Hb Constant Spring (C.S) in 21 patients (18.42%) and poly A2 in 16 (14.03%). Also, most of the patients were silent carriers. The deletion type of mutation was much more common than non-deletion mutations. Conclusion: Our study reveals genetic heterogeneity and alpha thalassemia diversity among the Rasht City population. We expect that these findings will help guide premarital screening and genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia, preventive strategy development, as well as a compilation of the alpha thalassemia catalog in Guilan province.

Evaluation of the use of a Renal Health application by kidney transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the use of a renal health application by kidney transplant recipients. METHOD: a retrospective, observational study with a sample composed of individuals registered in the kidney transplant section of the application from July of 2018 to April of 2021. Demographic data, data entry, time of use, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, creatinine, medication schedules, appointments, and tests were the variables collected. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS: eight hundred and twenty-three downloads of the application were identified, and 12.3% of those were registered as kidney transplant recipients, the majority from southeastern Brazil (44.9%), 36±11 years old, and female (59.1%). Of the sample, 35.1% entered information such as creatinine (62%), weight (58.2%), and blood pressure (51.8%). Most used the application for one day (63.3%) and 13.9% for more than one hundred days. Those who used it for more than one day (36.7%) recorded weight (69%), medication intake (65.5%) and creatinine (62%), and scheduled appointments (69%). CONCLUSION: the kidney transplant recipient section of the Renal Health application generated interest in the young population, but showed low adherence throughout the assessed months. These results offer a relevant perspective on the implementation of mHealth technologies in kidney transplantation.

Genetic variants of EGFR (142285G>A) and ESR1 (2014G>A) gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. The estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been known to play a vital role in development and progression of breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship, if any, between genetic polymorphism in (ESR1) 2014G>A (T594T) and (EGFR) 142285G>A (R521K) with risk of breast cancer and the prognosis in a heterogeneous North Indian population that is known for its diverse ethnicity. A case-control study in a total of 300 individuals comprising of 150 breast cancer patients and 150 normal controls was performed. PCR-RFLP was employed for genotyping. The G/A heterozygous genotype EGFR R521K, was slightly higher in cases (56.7 %) than in controls (48.3 %) (P = 0.20). The results indicated that EGFR polymorphism does not show any significant association with breast cancer in this population. On the other hand, the mutant A/A genotype ESR1 codon 594, showed a 6.4-folds risk for breast cancer and this association was highly significant (P = 0.00) as compared to wild GG genotype, the heterozygous G/A genotype also showed a significant association with disease (P = 0.00, OR = 2.03). In addition, the frequency of A allele was also higher in cases (36 %) than in controls (19 %) and a highly significant difference was observed with wild G allele (63.3 % in cases and 6.6 % in controls). This clearly indicates that there appears to be an influence of ESR1 codon 594 genotypes on genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Further a significantly higher risk was observed in individuals who had diabetes {OR = 3.04 (1.68-5.50), P = 0.00} and females with ESR polymorphism in pre-menopause patients that had undergone menopause above the age of 50 years {OR = 3.58 (1.86-6.90), P < 0.05}. The different ethnic backgrounds and geographical locations have complimented the present genotypic analysis and have highlighted the influence of ethnicity, race and geographic location in genetic predisposition to breast cancer.

Studies pertaining to the ACOVE quality criteria: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: To identify and uniformly describe studies employing the Assessing Care Of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) quality indicators within a comprehensive thematic model that reflects how the indicators were used. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL was conducted. STUDY SELECTION: English-language studies meeting our criteria published prior to January 2010. Data extraction Included studies were analyzed and described by two independent researchers. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 41 articles met our selection criteria. Studies were classified into the themes 'Application of indicators' (32 studies) and ' ANALYSIS: and development of indicators' (13 studies). 'Application' studies included assessing quality of care, influencing behavior of health professionals and examining the association of quality of care with other factors. 'Analysis and development' included studies developing new indicator sets, and those adapting and validating the original quality indicators to new settings. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators were used in a wide range of applications with two main foci: the assessment of quality of care for elderly patients, and investigating the feasibility of similar indicators and their adaptation to new settings. Very few of the studies published to date have addressed the goal of care improvement. We foresee an important role for application of indicators that proactively help health-care professionals to deliver the right care at the right time, for example by resorting to decision support systems.

Application of the logical elements rule method for formalization of clinical rules: case study of ACOVE-NLI.

The Logical Elements Rule Method (LERM) is a step-wise method for formalizing if-then clinical rules. We applied LERM to a set of 40 clinical rules used in pharmacological quality assessment initiatives to assess (1) the amenability of the rules to formalization for decision support application (2) comparing adherence to rules that can and cannot be formalized, and (3) the usefulness of LERM as a tool for this task. Five rules could not be formalized, all due to unclear decision criteria. The adherence to ambiguous, non-formalizable rules was significantly lower than for formalizable ones (<0.001). We modified LERM with three additions for this task: (a) adding the sub-step of restating the rules in a consistent natural-language grammar before decomposing them into normal form, (b) creating rules to use in lieu of a controlled vocabulary, and (c) adding the requirement that a time frame must be defined for all medications (before hospitalization, current medication, new medication, or discharge medication). Although the clinical rules in this sample are all stated as semi-structured if-then recommendations and are used in quality assessment initiatives, many ambiguities and inconsistencies in the clinical rules were identified by using LERM.

Relevance of drug-drug interaction in the ICU - perceptions of intensivists and pharmacists.

Relevancy of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) is crucial in alerting system design. However, the way this relevancy is perceived is not well understood. The main objective of this study was to gauge and identify differences in perceptions of intensivists and pharmacists about pDDI relevancy in the ICU. Interactions were defined according to the national medication database using a computerized algorithm. Intensivists and pharmacists filled in a questionnaire to score their perceptions on relevancy of encountered pDDIs types. We conducted a focus group session to discuss pDDIs receiving markedly different relevancy scores. The questionnaire addressed 53 pDDI types. Pharmacists rated 29 pDDI types (54.7%) in the broad category "relevant" versus 16 (30.2%) for intensivists (p-value<0.001). The pharmacists and intensivists gave the same scores for 23 pDDI types (12 as relevant, and 11 as not relevant), and scored 30 types differently. The focus group discussion resulted in a total of 36 relevant and 17 not relevant types. Compared to the pharmacists in this panel, the intensivists were less inclined to consider a pDDI type as relevant. It is important to tailor medication databases with information about evidence and severity of pDDIs to the environment in which they are used.

Digital Health and Possible Solutions to Improve the Care in the Field of Nephrology.

Digital health is an area that emerges from the association between health needs and technological solutions. With the growing access of people to the internet and the ease of acquiring equipment that allows internet connection, we are observing an exponential increase in the strategies that use technology to connect patients and healthcare providers. Telenephrology is a channel of communication that facilitates the access to the nephrologist for both primary care physicians and patients and has been implemented in several countries. Applications for smartphones are frequently used by both patients and healthcare providers, and these tools are changing the way we practice nephrology and medicine in general. Social networks emerge as an important way of communicating between healthcare professionals and patients and a source of connection for people with the same interests. Artificial intelligence, big data, and other technological solutions, including wearable devices that measure and monitor different health parameters, are revolutionizing healthcare and the field of nephrology. Implantable devices are in development, including devices to monitor electrolytes in dialysis patients, systems to track medication intake, wearables to monitor exercises, monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, arrhythmia, and peripheral oxy-hemoglobin saturation, among others. The wearable artificial kidney, a device which would perform renal function during ambulation and social activities outside of the hospital, has been under investigation for many years. In this chapter, we highlight the most recent advances in digital health applied to nephrology.