Sinus Venosus ASDs: Imaging and Percutaneous Closure.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Percutaneous closure of sinus venosus atrial septal defects (ASD) using covered stent implantation is a new and promising minimally invasive technique. New imaging tools are used to ensure preoperative anatomical characterization and preoperative guidance, which are key procedural success factors. Here we will describe and analyze these recent developments. RECENT FINDINGS: Sinus venosus ASDs present a wide variety of anatomical features which must be described and analyzed using various imaging tools, including 3D technology. Percutaneous closure is challenging, but can hasten clinical recovery compared to the gold-standard conventional open-heart surgery. The feasibility of percutaneous closure relies on precise preoperative anatomical study and on real-time guidance using a multimodal fusion imaging process. Three-dimensional modeling of sinus venosus ASD is essential to understand the large anatomical panel encountered in this pathology. Multimodal fusion imaging guidance is very useful for performing sinus venosus ASD percutaneous closure in selected patients.

[Peripheral artery occlusive disease of the lower limbs: Rapid aggravation in a patient taking nilotinib for chronic myeloid leukemia]. / Artériopathie des membres inférieurs d'aggravation rapide chez un patient traité par nilotinib pour leucémie myéloïde chronique.

The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has revolutionized management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), transforming this fatal disease into a chronic disease with nearly normal life expectancy. Nilotinib is a second generation TKI targeting the oncoprotein BCR-ABL used in patients in the chronic phase of CML. Several research teams have suggested over recent years that nilotinib might be the causal agent in the development or aggravation of vascular disease, particularly in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or an established cardiovascular disease. We report here the case of a patient who developed severe peripheral arterial disease of the lower limbs that worsened despite optimal medical and surgical care, presenting recurrent re-stenoses after different revascularization techniques (bypass, angioplasty…) associated with aggravation of severe trophic disorders to the point of potentially requiring amputation. Discontinuation of nilotinib enabled a stabilization of the arterial lesions and complete healing of the trophic lesions. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing co-morbid conditions in patients with severe vascular disease and to examine the possibility of drug interactions leading to rapid aggravation of arterial disease with no other cause. Studying the pathophysiological impact of TKIs on the vascular system may open new avenues of research for the investigation of factors triggering arteriosclerosis.

[Imaging of the extracranial carotid arteries: when, how and why?]. / Quand, comment et pourquoi réaliser une imagerie des carotides extracrâniennes?

The indications for treating carotid artery stenosis are related to the symptomatic nature of the lesion and the degree of stenosis. Duplex sonography is adequate for screening. While some groups believe that Duplex US alone or in combination with transcranial Doppler imaging may be sufficient for presurgical evaluation, it often is recommended to complete the evaluation with either MRA or CTA. Both techniques are advantageous since they allow evaluation of the cervical and intracranial arteries as well as cerebral parenchyma hence providing valuable information prior to definitive management. Catheter angiography remains indicated in patients with multi-vessel disease and ischemic cardiomyopathy, when results at non-invasive evaluation are discordant or in an emergency setting. Duplex US is used for routine follow-up of non-surgical lesions and after endarterectomy. Transcranial Doppler as well as advances in MRA and CTA techniques will be reviewed. Even though the treatment of atherosclerotic carotid artery stenoses remains primarily surgical, specific considerations related to angioplasty will be reviewed. Finally, diseases of the intracranial carotid artery and non-atherosclerotic diseases (dissection...) will also be discussed.

Accuracy of multi-detector computed tomographic angiography assisted by post-processing software for diagnosis atheromatous renal artery stenosis.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic performance of MDCTA versus renal angiography in the detection of>50% renal artery stenosis in patients suspected of reno-vascular hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2005 and January 2010, 92 MDCTA and renal arteriographies were retrospectively analysed. Renal angiographies were read by one interventional radiologist. Three blinded independent readers (two senior radiologists and one technician) scored MDCTA images using three different approaches. Reader 1 scored stenosis using only MPR and MIP. Reader 2 (technician) used only proprietary automatic arterial segmentation software. Reader 3 used the cited software, using manual diameter measurements. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients, (235 renal arteries) were assessed in which 48 significant stenosis were found by arteriography. Sensitivity, specificity, of MDCTA compared to renal arteriography were respectively per patient for reader 1: (88%; 80%); for reader 2: (58%; 80%); for reader 3: (96%; 90%) (P<.02). CONCLUSION: When using automated vessel analysis software edited by a radiologist, MDCTA studies had a Sensibility/Specificity of 96%/90% to detect>50% renal artery stenosis.

[Cardiac amyloidosis: a case series of 14 patients, description and prognosis]. / Amylose cardiaque : à propos d'une série de 14 patients, description et facteurs pronostiques.

PURPOSE: Cardiac amyloidosis is rare. The objective of this study was to report on a case series of 14 patients with cardiac amyloidosis and to study the prognostic factors. METHODS: Monocentric retrospective study of all adult patients who presented with cardiac amyloidosis, diagnosed at the Georges-Pompidou European hospital in Paris between 2003 and 2011. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were identified (10 men and four women). Median age at diagnosis was 66.5 years. Twelve patients were diagnosed with AL amyloidosis, one with AA amyloidosis, and one with transthyretin amyloidosis. All patients presented cardiac manifestations: heart failure (n=9), rhythm disorders (n=6). Eight patients presented extra-cardiac manifestations of amyloidosis: renal (n=8), gastrointestinal (n=5). Troponin serum level was increased in eight patients and BNP level was superior to 400 pg/L in 12 patients. When performed, the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed, in six patients out of seven, chamber dilatation, concentric hypertrophy or late enhancement. Among patients with cardiac failure at diagnosis (n=9), seven died with a median survival of 1 month duration. Factors of poor prognosis were, in our study, heart failure, elevated levels of troponin and BNP, and the AL amyloidosis subtype. CONCLUSION: Cardiac amyloidosis, especially the AL type, has a very poor prognosis, essentially because of an underlying multiple myeloma and heart failure.

Rupture of an aneurysm of the coronary sinus of Valsalva: diagnosis by helical CT angiography.

A 75-year-old man presented with a 5-day history of upper chest discomfort. On auscultation, there was a systolic murmur in the left parasternal area that radiated to the apex. Electrocardiography showed flat T waves in the anterior precordial leads. Chest X ray revealed mediastinal enlargement. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a dilated proximal ascending aorta with moderate aortic regurgitation. A contrast-enhanced helical CT scan, performed to eliminate an aortic dissection, showed a ruptured left coronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, confirmed at surgery. This case highlights the fact that helical CT, in patients with suspected aortic dissection, may reveal other pathology that accounts for the clinical presentation.