MicroRNA-206 in human cancer: Mechanistic and clinical perspectives.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs approximately 20-25 nt in length, play important roles via directly binding to the corresponding 3' UTR of target mRNAs. Recent research has shown that miRNAs cover a wide range of diseases, including several types of cancer. It is interesting to note that miR-206 operates as a tumor suppressor and is downregulated in abundant cancer types, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and so forth. Interestingly, a growing number of studies have also reported that miR-206 could function as an oncogene and promote tumor cell proliferation. Thereby, miR-206 may act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors under certain conditions. In addition, it was widely acknowledged that restoring tumor-suppressor miR-206 has emerged as an unconventional cancer therapy strategy. Therefore, miR-206 might be a newfangled procedure for achieving a more significant treatment outcome for cancer patients. This review summarizes the role of miR-206 in several cancer types and the contributions made between miR-206 and the diagnosis, treatment, and drug resistance of solid tumors.

Algorithmic Approach to Inflammatory Disorders of Ileum.

The ileum has been candidate more frequently for endoscopic biopsy compared to the past. Most of those biopsies show either completely normal tissue or non-specific changes. Nevertheless, in some diseases, ileal biopsy would be diagnostic, and in some cases, it may be the only anatomical involved location by the disease. Endoscopically, normal mucosal biopsy is unlikely to provide useful diagnostic information and is not routinely recommended. However, in the presence of ileitis, ulcers, or erosions, biopsies can be very helpful. Ileitis might be induced by various conditions including infectious diseases, vasculitis, medication-induced, ischemia, eosinophilic enteritis, tumors etc. The conclusive cause of the condition is proposed by a comprehensive clinical background and physical examination, laboratory investigations, ileocolonoscopy, and imaging findings. Ileoscopy and biopsy are mainly useful in correctly selected cases such as patients who present with inflammatory diarrhea and endoscopic lesions. The purpose of this review article is to provide a simple algorithmic approach to the ileal biopsy samples through several boxes that give diagnostic clues and an idea behind the categories of ileal disorders. This review is written based on those that were previously reported in the literature as well as the authors' experiences. We have summarized different histological patterns in the ileal biopsy specimens that can be used in the diagnosis of inflammatory disorders of the ileum. This review provides an algorithmic approach to the clinicopathological features of inflammatory disorders of the ileum with a brief discussion of some important related issues.