RESUMEN
Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) are considered to be a hallmark of granulomatous inflammation; thus, they may play an essential role in the host response against pathogens, particularly Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. This study characterizes the MGC found in oral paracoccidioidomycosis and assesses the correlation of MGC with the amount of fungi within oral tissues. Twenty-six cases were included. They were classified as loose or dense granulomas, and the total MGC, including foreign-body and Langhans giant cells, besides the total and intracellular fungi, were taken into consideration. CD163 immunoexpression was performed, and CD163+ multinucleated giant cells were also quantified. Dense granulomas revealed more foreign-body type and total giant cells than loose granulomas (P < 0.05). Total giant cells showed a positive linear correlation with the CD163+ cells (P = 0.003; r = 0.56) and intracellular fungi quantification (P = 0.045; r = 0.40). Oral paracoccidioidomycosis lesions contain MGC that mainly belong to a CD163+ phenotype, also showing both Langhans and foreign-body arrangements. Additionally, the higher the presence of MGC, the higher the amount of phagocytized fungi.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD/análisis , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/análisis , Células Gigantes/química , Granuloma/patología , Enfermedades de la Boca/patología , Paracoccidioidomicosis/patología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/análisis , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Citosol/microbiología , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Microscopía , Paracoccidioides/aislamiento & purificación , FagocitosisRESUMEN
Several biological systems such as the biomechanics of human heart, locomotion, and phyllotaxis of plants present a harmonic behavior because their fractal structure are associated to the golden ratio. The golden ratio (Φâ¯=â¯1.618033988749 ), also known as Phi, golden mean, golden section or divine proportion, is an irrational constant found in various forms in nature and recently has been used in many health areas. However, there is no literature on a specific statistical test to identify the golden ratio structures. To validate the results from each survey, it is necessary that statistical techniques be correctly selected and implemented, and the absence of a test to identify the golden ratio may undermines the scientific papers which have this goal. Since the golden number is a ratio, some tests have been wrongly applied in its identification. The objective of this paper is to present and to evaluate methods for identification of golden ratio. Four tests were evaluated: t-Student with ratio statistic (TR), with delta statistic (TΔ), with difference statistic (TED), and Wilcoxon test with statistic difference (WD). Data simulating different samples sizes (nâ¯=â¯2-200) and variability scenarios were used. The tests were assessed regarding type I error rate and power. For TΔ, type I error rate increased along with sample size and variability, achieving 50% in the scenario of relative standard deviation of 12.5% and 20.0% for line segments of lengths a and b, and sample size equal 200. This test also showed lower power when compared to the others in all scenarios. Similarly, for TR, the type I error rate was sensitive to the increasing in sample size, varying from 5 to 60%. On the other hand, WD and TED were associated to low type I error rates (around 5%) and high power (6.1% for sample size equal 2-100% for sample size equal 200). The TΔ and TR were inadequate to identify the golden ratio, since they did not controlled the type I error rate and/or presented low power, leading to possible erroneous conclusions. Therefore WD and TED, both with statistical of difference, appeared as the most appropriate methods to test golden ratio structures.
Asunto(s)
Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Modelos Estadísticos , Método de Montecarlo , HumanosRESUMEN
Coumarins are widely distributed substances in plant species that promote phytotoxic effects, allowing them to be exploited as herbicides less harmful to the environment, since many invasive species have demonstrated resistance to commercially available products. The derived coumarins used in this study had not been tested in plant models and their effect on plants was unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytotoxic action of these coumarins in bioassays with Lactuca sativa L., in order to select the most responsive substance whose toxicity was best elucidated by chromosomal complement and enzymatic antioxidant metabolism studies. From the phytotoxicity assays, coumarin 8-methoxy-2-oxo-6-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid (A1), reported here for the first time, was selected as the most responsive and caused a reduction in the following parameters: number of normal seedlings, fresh biomass, root length and shoot length. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this coumarin is cytogenotoxic due to damage caused to the cell cycle and the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities. However, it did not interfere with antioxidant enzyme activity and did not cause lipid peroxidation. The changes caused by coumarin A1 described herein can contribute to better understanding the allelochemical actions of coumarins and the potential use of these substances in the production of natural herbicides.
RESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to assess, for the very first time, the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Schistosoma mansoni in vitro by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation throughout the treatment, as well as the behavior of the parasites (mating, motility and contraction/shortening), and damage to their tegument and excretory systems. The parasites were divided into 4 groups: control, photosensitizer, laser and PDT. Light irradiation was delivered with an InGaAlP low-level laser device operating at 660nm, with 40mW and 100J/cm2. For PDT, different toluidine blue dye (TBO) concentrations and times of exposure were utilized. Interestingly, TBO-mediated PDT was able to kill S. mansoni (P<0.001) due to the significant amount of ROS released that inflicted damages in the tegument and excretory system, as well as contraction and cessation of motility. In addition, males of S. mansoni were shown to be more sensitive to PDT if compared to their corresponding females when the optimal TBO concentration of 31.2µL was considered (P=0.0126). PDT presents two major advantages: not inducing microbial resistance and also lacking adverse effects. Therefore, PDT may become a promising therapeutic alternative for schistosomiasis in the near future, especially for cases of allergy and resistance to praziquantel.
Asunto(s)
Schistosoma mansoni/efectos de los fármacos , Cloruro de Tolonio/farmacología , Animales , Femenino , Rayos Láser , Masculino , Microscopía , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Schistosoma mansoni/metabolismo , Cloruro de Tolonio/químicaRESUMEN
Species homogenization or floristic differentiation are two possible consequences of the fragmentation process in plant communities. Despite the few studies, it seems clear that fragments with low forest cover inserted in anthropogenic matrices are more likely to experience floristic homogenization. However, the homogenization process has two other components, genetic and functional, which have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to verify whether there was homogenization of tree reproductive functions in a fragmented landscape and, if found, to determine how the process was influenced by landscape composition. The study was conducted in eight fragments in southwest Brazil. The study was conducted in eight fragments in southwestern Brazil. In each fragment, all individual trees were sampled that had a diameter at breast height ≥3 cm, in ten plots (0.2 ha) and, classified within 26 reproductive functional types (RFTs). The process of functional homogenization was evaluated using additive partitioning of diversity. Additionally, the effect of landscape composition on functional diversity and on the number of individuals within each RFT was evaluated using a generalized linear mixed model. appeared to be in a process of functional homogenization (dominance of RFTs, alpha diversity lower than expected by chance and and low beta diversity). More than 50% of the RFTs and the functional diversity were affected by the landscape parameters. In general, the percentage of forest cover has a positive effect on RFTs while the percentage of coffee matrix has a negative one. The process of functional homogenization has serious consequences for biodiversity conservation because some functions may disappear that, in the long term, would threaten the fragments. This study contributes to a better understanding of how landscape changes affect the functional diversity, abundance of individuals in RFTs and the process of functional homogenization, as well as how to manage fragmented landscapes.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Bosques , Árboles/fisiología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Humanos , ReproducciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Several studies have established the effectiveness of pharmaceutical care (PC) in patients with heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. However, there are few studies using standardized methods, e.g., randomized controlled trials, to assess the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy follow-up (PF) in patients with depression. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of PC via PF according to the Dáder Method in female patients diagnosed with depression. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients were selected and randomly allocated to groups, stratified by age, type of medication, severity of depression, and presence of recurrence and/or relapse. Patients in the intervention group (IG) received clinical pharmacy intervention at monthly visits over a 3-month follow-up period. The control group (CG) also received monthly visits from the pharmacist, but PF intervention was not performed. RESULTS: A comparison of the effects of usual treatment (CG) and PC (IG) on depressive symptoms showed a statistically significant difference between groups, with a median reduction in Beck Depression Inventory score (Δ) of 2.5 points in the CG and 13.5 points in the IG. Similarly, statistically significant results were observed for anxiety symptoms, with a median reduction in Beck Anxiety Inventory score (Δ) of 3.5 points in the CG and 13.0 points in the IG. The patients who underwent PF showed a high level of satisfaction with the service. CONCLUSION: The PF is well accepted and effective in treating depressed patients, as indicated by the reduction of the depressive and anxious symptoms.
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Continuidad de la Atención al Paciente , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periapical cysts, identify their clinical and microscopic features and correlate their microscopic features with the inflammatory infiltrate present in the lesion site. A total of 214 cases were collected over a 10-year period. Clinical data, including gender, age, race, symptoms and location of the lesion, were recorded. Two independent examiners with no prior knowledge of the patients' clinical data conducted the microscopic evaluations. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's or chi-square tests at a 5% level of significance. The results showed that periapical cysts were more prevalent in white women, with a mean age of 35 years, and in the anterosuperior region. The majority of the lesions were lined by atrophic cystic epithelium, which was associated with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the cystic capsule (p < 0.01), with a diffuse localization pattern (p = 0.03) and absence of neutrophils (p = 0.01). Our findings suggest that periapical cysts lined by atrophic epithelium are related to the presence of moderate mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate.
Asunto(s)
Epitelio/patología , Quiste Radicular/patología , Ápice del Diente/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Biopsia , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neutrófilos/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The study aims to identify the nursing diagnosis Spiritual distress in 120 patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency, using different instruments, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these instruments in support of this identification. Data were collected separately by two nurses using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic information and the defining characteristics of Spiritual distress, as well as direct questioning to the patient regarding the presence of the diagnosis and the instruments: the Spirituality Rating Scale; Pinto and Pais-Ribeiro's Spirituality Scale; and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. The study found that 25.8% to 35.8% of the patients had the diagnosis. The diagnostic evaluation developed by the expert nurses presented no divergence between the two and obtained a perfect concordance coefficient (96.7%) with the opinion of the patient; this demonstrated substantial concordance with the Existential Well-being Sub-scale (83.3%) and with the Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro's Spirituality Scale (87.5%), which demonstrated their usefulness for diagnostic identification.
Asunto(s)
Diagnóstico de Enfermería , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Espiritualidad , Estrés Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estrés Psicológico/etiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Brazil is one of the center of origin of passion fruit and has an important natural variability of the genus Passiflora. Several wild species of this genus are resistant to some pests and diseases and many are considered as medicinal. The aim of this research was to induce callus from in vitro Passiflora gibertii leaf explants for quantification of vitamin C and total phenols. Once the appropriate auxin/cytokine balance promotes callus formation and may optimize the production of secondary compounds and vitamins, calli were induced using a half-strength MS medium with a combination of the auxin Picloran (PIC) and the cytokine Kinetin (KIN). The vitamin C and total phenols were quantified by colorimetric methods from calli after different culture periods. The calli induction was strongly dependent of the combination PIC/KIN. It was observed high vitamin C content (94.8mg 100g-1) during the calli induction period in MS+4.14µM PIC+ 0.207µM KIN. Higher PIC/KIN concentrations promoted an increase in the vitamin C content after three subcultures. The higher PIC (8.28µM)/KIN (0.828µM) concentration was the higher was the total phenols production (66mg tannic acid 100g-1 of fresh callus) during the calli induction period.
O Brasil é um dos centros de origem do maracujazeiro e possui uma importante variabilidade natural do gênero Passiflora. Muitas espécies selvagens desse gênero são resistentes a algumas pragas e doenças e várias são consideradas medicinais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi induzir calos in vitro a partir de folhas de Passiflora gibertii para a quantificação de vitamina C e fenóis totais. Uma vez que o balanço adequado entre auxina/citocinina promove a formação de calos e pode otimizar a produção de compostos secundários e vitaminas, calos foram induzidos em meio MS meia-força com uma combinação da auxina Picloram e da citocinina Cinetina, todos na ausência de luz. O teor de vitamina C e de fenóis totais foi quantificado por métodos colorimétricos após diferentes períodos de cultivo dos calos. A indução de calos foi fortemente influenciada pela combinação de Picloram/Cinetina. Foi observado um alto teor de vitamina C (94,8mg 100g-1) durante o período de indução de calos em MS+4,14µM de Picloram+0,207µM de Cinetina. Altas concentrações de Picloram/Cinetina conduzem a um aumento no teor de vitamina C após três subcultivos. Quanto maior a concentração de Picloram (8,28µM)/Cinetina (0,828µM), maior é a produção de fenóis (66mg de ácido tânico 100g-1 de calos) totais durante o período de indução de calos.
RESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do Programa de Tratamento do Tabagismo de um ambulatório municipal, no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil, na cessação de fumar. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, descritiva e exploratória. Foram identificadas as características sociodemográficas, a história do tabagismo e a presença de comorbidades de 35 tabagistas, entrevistados nos domicílios. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Em relação aos resultados quantitativos, 62,9 por cento dos usuários começaram a fumar antes dos 15 anos e 60 por cento apresentavam alta dependência. Em relação à cessação do tabagismo, 82,9 por cento pararam de fumar durante o ano de tratamento; após 18 meses, 58,6 por cento não apresentaram recaídas. Na análise qualitativa dos dados, foram identificadas oito categorias de análise: história tabágica; tabaco como forma de inclusão e de vínculo social; tabaco como fator de liberação das tensões da vida diária e de mecanismo compensatório; processo de mudança do hábito de fumar; conscientização do tabagismo como problema de saúde; fatores de sucesso para a cessação de fumar; recaída como fator de insucesso e cessação de fumar como resgate da autoestima. Este estudo demonstra a importância da implantação de programas anti-tabagismo pelo governo municipal, resultando em grande impacto na cessação do hábito de fumar dos usuários dos serviços públicos de saúde...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Tobacco Treatment Program at a community clinic in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil, for smoking cessation. A qualitative and quantitative, descriptive and exploratory research was conducted. Were identified sociodemographic characteristics, history of smoking and comorbidities of 35 smokers, interviewed in households. The interviews were subjected to content analysis. In relation to the quantitative results, 62.9 percent of users started smoking before 15 years and 60 percent had high dependency. Regarding smoking cessation, 82.9 percent had quit smoking during treatment and after 18 months, 58,6 percent had no relapse. In qualitative data analysis eight categories were identified: smoking history; tobacco as a means of inclusion and social bonding; tobacco as the release factor from the stresses of daily living and compensatory mechanism, changing process of the smoking habit; awareness of smoking as a health problem; relapse as a failure factor and smoking cessation as a self-esteem release; successful factors for smoking cessation. This study demonstrates the importance of anti-smoking programs implementation by the municipal government, resulting in a significant impact on the cessation of smoking users of public health services...
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del Programa de Tratamiento del Tabaquismo de una clínica municipal, en el sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil, para dejar de fumar. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria. Se identificaron las características sociodemográficas, antecedentes de tabaquismo y las comorbilidades de 35 fumadores, entrevistados en su casa. Las encuestas fueron sometidas al análisis del contenido. En relación a los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos, el 62,9 por ciento de los usuarios comenzaron a fumar antes de los 15 años y el 60 por ciento presentaba alta dependencia. En cuanto a dejar de fumar, el 82,9 por ciento había dejado de fumar durante el tratamiento; después de 18 meses, el 58,6 por ciento no presentaron recaídas. En el análisis cualitativo de los datos fueron identificados ocho categorías de análisis: historia de fumadores; tabaco como forma de inclusión y de vínculo social; tabaco como factor de liberación de las tensiones de la vida diaria y del mecanismo compensatorio; proceso de cambio em el hábito de fumar; concientización del tabaco como problema en la salud; fatores de éxito para dejar de fumar; recaída como factor de fracaso y cesación de fumar como rescate de la autoestima. Este estudio demuestra la importancia de la aplicación de los programas de lucha contra el tabaquismo implementado por el gobierno municipal, resultando un gran impacto sobre el abandono del consumo de tabaco de los usuarios de los servicios de salud pública...
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Cese del Uso de Tabaco/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermería Psiquiátrica , Fumar , BrasilRESUMEN
This paper was based in data survey from macro and microscopic oral lesions characteristics, personal data and medical history of patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma in the Lab of Pathological Anatomy from the Federal University of Alfenas from January 2000 to December 2010, establishing comparative parameters among clinical data, type of treatment, recurrence, survival and anatomic pathological characteristics of the lesions. Were analyzed the histopathological reports, dental and hospital records. The highest incidence was in white men, age between 50 and 60 years, married, with low education and socioeconomic levels. The beginning of treatment occurred in average 67 days after the histopathological diagnosis. The estimated survival of patients at five years was 42%. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco and the occurrence of metastasis were statistically significant for the increase of recurrence and lethality.
O estudo realizou levantamento das características macro e microscópicas das lesões bucais, dados pessoais e históricos dos pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma de células escamosas da boca no Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica da Universidade Federal de Alfenas entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2010. Estabeleceram-se parâmetros comparativos entre os dados clínicos, tipo de tratamento, recidivas, sobrevida e características anatomopatológicas das lesões. Foram analisados os laudos histopatológicos e os prontuários odontológicos e hospitalares. A maior incidência ocorreu em homens brancos, com idade entre 50 e 60 anos, casados, com baixa escolaridade e nível socioeconômico. O início do tratamento ocorreu, em média, 67 dias após o diagnóstico histopatológico. A sobrevida estimada dos pacientes aos cinco anos foi de 42%. O consumo de álcool e tabaco e a presença de metástases foram estatisticamente significativos para o aumento da recidiva e da letalidade.
Asunto(s)
Patología Bucal , Pronóstico , Neoplasias de la Boca , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Análisis de Supervivencia , EpidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introdução: O câncer da cavidade bucal está entre as dez neoplasias mais frequentes na população brasileira. Édiagnosticado na maioria dos casos em estágios avançados, dificultando o tratamento e reduzindo o índice de sobrevida dos pacientes. Objetivo: Aferir a concordância entre os diagnósticos clínicos, histopatológicos das biópsias e das peças cirúrgicas do carcinoma de células escamosas da boca. Método: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2010, utilizando laudos histopatológicos emitidos pelo Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica daUniversidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brasil e os prontuários hospitalares dos pacientes tratados. Para que fosse determinada a concordância, os diagnósticos clínicos foram confrontados com os histopatológicos da biópsia e estes com o exame das peças cirúrgicas removidas no tratamento. Resultados: A maior incidência de CCE ocorreu empacientes brancos, gênero masculino, com idade entre 50 a 60 anos, solteiros, lavradores ou domésticas, cursaram apenas o ensino fundamental, baixo nível socioeconômico, tabagistas e/ou etilistas. Os sítios anatômicos mais comuns das lesões foram assoalho bucal e língua. O vestíbulo da boca e o palato foram os sítios menos frequentes. A concordância entre os diagnósticos clínico/histopatológico foi de 71,2% e entre o histopatológico e o exame da peça cirúrgica 87,1%. Conclusão: Observou-se expressiva concordância entre o diagnóstico. Entretanto, são necessários novos levantamentosque comparem o resultado dos exames da peça cirúrgica removida no tratamento com as características clínicas
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Biopsia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Diagnóstico Clínico , Patología BucalRESUMEN
The study aims to identify the nursing diagnosis Spiritual distress in 120 patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency, using different instruments, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these instruments in support of this identification. Data were collected separately by two nurses using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic information and the defining characteristics of Spiritual distress, as well as direct questioning to the patient regarding the presence of the diagnosis and the instruments: the Spirituality Rating Scale; Pinto and Pais-Ribeiro's Spirituality Scale; and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. The study found that 25.8 percent to 35.8 percent of the patients had the diagnosis. The diagnostic evaluation developed by the expert nurses presented no divergence between the two and obtained a perfect concordance coefficient (96.7 percent) with the opinion of the patient; this demonstrated substantial concordance with the Existential Well-being Sub-scale (83.3 percent) and with the Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro's Spirituality Scale (87.5 percent), which demonstrated their usefulness for diagnostic identification.
Neste estudo, visou-se identificar o diagnóstico de enfermagem sofrimento espiritual, em 120 pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica, utilizando-se diferentes instrumentos, e avaliar a eficácia de tais instrumentos no apoio dessa identificação. Os dados foram coletados separadamente, por dois enfermeiros, por meio de questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas e as características definidoras de sofrimento espiritual, além do questionamento direto ao paciente sobre a presença do diagnóstico e os instrumentos: escala de avaliação da espiritualidade, escala de espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro e escala de bem-estar espiritual. O estudo encontrou que entre 25,8 e 35,8 por cento dos pacientes possuíam o diagnóstico. A avaliação diagnóstica desenvolvida pelos enfermeiros peritos não apresentou divergência entre ambos e obteve coeficiente de concordância perfeito (96,7 por cento) com a opinião do paciente; essa demonstrou concordância substancial com a subescala de bem-estar existencial (83,3 por cento) e com a escala de espiritualidade de Pinto e Pais-Ribeiro (87,5 por cento) que demonstraram ser úteis para a identificação diagnóstica.
El estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar el diagnóstico de enfermería Sufrimiento Espiritual en 120 pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, utilizando diferentes instrumentos, y evaluar la eficacia de esos instrumentos en el apoyo de esta identificación. Los datos fueron recolectados separadamente por dos enfermeros, por medio de cuestionario conteniendo informaciones sociodemográficas y las características definidoras de Sufrimiento Espiritual, además del cuestionamiento directo al paciente sobre la presencia del diagnóstico y los instrumentos: Escala de Evaluación de la Espiritualidad; Escala de Espiritualidad de Pinto y Pais-Ribeiro; y, Escala de Bienestar Espiritual. El estudio encontró que 25,8 por ciento a 35,8 por ciento de los pacientes poseían el diagnóstico. La evaluación de diagnóstico efectuada por los enfermeros peritos no presentó divergencia entre ambos y obtuvo coeficiente de concordancia perfecto (96,7 por ciento) con la opinión del paciente; esta demostró concordancia substancial con la Sub-escala de Bienestar Existencial (83,3 por ciento) y con a Escala de Espiritualidad de Pinto y Pais-Ribeiro (87,5 por ciento), que demostraron ser útiles para la identificación del diagnóstico.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Diagnóstico de Enfermería , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/complicaciones , Espiritualidad , Estrés Psicológico/diagnóstico , Estrés Psicológico/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência da amamentação e avaliar o consumo de outros alimentos em crianças menores de seis meses em Alfenas, Estado de Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico transversal, realizado por meio de inquérito domiciliar com uma amostra de 126 crianças nascidas em 2008. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de formulário com o recordatório de 24 horas da alimentação da criança e outras questões. Na análise dos dados, foi utilizado o Programa Epi Info, versão 6.04. Foi determinada a prevalência das diferentes categorias de amamentação (amamentação exclusiva, amamentação predominante, amamentação complementada e amamentação) segundo faixas etárias. O Teste de Fischer e o Teste qui-quadrado foram calculados na associação de variáveis com o aleitamento materno. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da amamentação exclusiva em crianças menores de seis meses foi de 37,3 por cento. A introdução de alimentos semissólidos ocorreu acentuadamente a partir do quinto mês de vida. No sexto mês, 50,7 por cento das crianças encontravam-se em amamentação complementada. As crianças menores de seis meses não amamentadas, comparadas com as amamentadas, apresentaram prevalências significativamente maiores quanto ao consumo de água, frutas e comida da família. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a amamentação exclusiva até o sexto mês e as variáveis maternas estudadas. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de vários resultados deste estudo apresentarem-se superiores aos de outros municípios, a prevalência do aleitamento materno em Alfenas ainda está distante da recomendação de que crianças recebam exclusivamente leite materno até os seis meses de idade.
OBJECTIVE: This study determined the prevalence of breastfeeding and evaluated the consumption of other foods by infants under six months of age from Alfenas, Minas Gerais. METHODS: This cross-sectional, epidemiological study included 126 children born in 2008. The infants' caregivers were interviewed at home using the 24hrs recall and other questions to collect information on the infants' diets. The software Epi Info version 6.04 was used to analyze the data. The prevalence of different breastfeeding categories was determined (exclusive breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding, complementary breastfeeding and breastfeeding) based on age group. The Fisher's and chi-square tests were used to investigate possible associations between the variables and breastfeeding. RESULTS: The prevalence of breastfeeding in children under six months of age was 37.3 percent. Semi-solid foods were introduced abundantly during the infants' fifth month of age. In the sixth month, the diet of 50.7 percent of the children contained complementary foods in addition to breast milk. The prevalence of water, fruit and family food intakes among non-breastfed infants under six months of age was significantly higher that of their breastfed counterparts. There were no significant differences between exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months and the studied maternal variables. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of an infant's life in Alfenas is higher than that of other cities, it still needs plenty of improvement to meet the recommendation that infants should be exclusively breastfed in that period.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Lactante , Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Ingestión de Alimentos , Nutrición del LactanteRESUMEN
Dados históricos de precipitação máxima são utilizados para realizar previsões de chuvas extremas, cujo conhecimento é de grande importância na elaboração de projetos agrícolas e de engenharia hidráulica. A distribuição generalizada de valores extremos (GEV) tem sido aplicada com freqüência nesses tipos de estudos, porém, algumas dificuldades na obtenção de estimativas confiáveis sobre alguma medida dos dados têm ocorrido devido ao fato de que, na maioria das situações, tem-se uma quantidade escassa de dados. Uma alternativa para obter melhorias na qualidade das estimativas seria utilizar informações dos especialistas de determinada área em estudo. Sendo assim, objetiva-se neste trabalho analisar a aplicação da Inferência Bayesiana com uma distribuição a priori baseada em quantis extremos, que facilite a incorporação dos conhecimentos fornecidos por especialistas, para obter as estimativas de precipitação máxima para os tempos de retorno de 10 e 20 anos e seus respectivos limites superiores de 95 por cento, para o período anual e para os meses da estação chuvosa em Jaboticabal (SP). A técnica Monte Carlo, via Cadeias de Markov (MCMC), foi empregada para inferência a posteriori de cada parâmetro. A metodologia Bayesiana apresentou resultados mais acurados e precisos, tanto na estimação dos parâmetros da distribuição GEV, como na obtenção dos valores de precipitação máxima provável para a região de Jaboticabal, apresentando-se como uma boa alternativa na incorporação de conhecimentos a priori no estudo de dados extremos.
Historical maximum rainfall data are used to forecast extreme rainfall, which is important to elaborate agricultural and hydraulic engineering projects. Generalized Extreme Value Distribution (GEV) has been applied in such type of studies. Since those values are extracted from the upper (or lower) tail of the original distribution, a scarce amount of data is obtained in most cases, which may be a problem acquiring reliable estimates about some measure of interest. An alternative to overcome this potential problem would be the use of information available from experts in the area. Therefore, this paper intended to analyze the application of the Bayesian Inference using a priori distribution based on extreme quantiles, which facilitates the incorporation of the information supplied by the experts in order to determine the punctual and the 95 percent upper limit estimates of the probable maximum precipitation for return periods of 10 and 20 years, yearly and monthly in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods were used to a posterior inference of each parameter. Bayesian inference yielded more suitable and accurate results in the estimation of the parameters of the GEV distribution as well as in the determination of the values of the probable maximum precipitation estimates for Jaboticabal. It turned out as an interesting way of incorporating prior knowledge to the study of extreme data.