[EMDR as a psychotherapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic pain : Is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing an effective therapy for patients with chronic pain who do not suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder?] / EMDR als psychotherapeutischer Ansatz in der Schmerztherapie : Ist "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" eine wirksame Therapie bei Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen ohne posttraumatische Belastungsstörung?

The efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has been demonstrated for posttraumatic stress disorder. Despite promising research, it is still not clear if EMDR is a similarly effective treatment for chronic pain. Controlled trials are lacking and whether specific mechanisms underlie the effects remains unknown. The treatment of chronic pain aims at a reduction of subjective pain sensations. To achieve this goal without the usage of pain medications, i. e. through psychotherapy, is desirable for many reasons (e. g. reduction of treatment costs and side effects). Whether or not EMDR is an effective intervention for all chronic pain patients (or just a specific subgroup) constitutes an important question for psychological pain research.

[Psychotherapy and psychological procedures for fibromyalgia syndrome : Updated guidelines 2017 and overview of systematic review articles]. / Psychotherapie und psychologische Verfahren beim Fibromyalgiesyndrom : Aktualisierte Leitlinie 2017 und Übersicht von systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten.

BACKGROUND: The regular update of the guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome, AWMF number 145/004, was scheduled for April 2017. METHODS: The guidelines were developed by 13 scientific societies and 2 patient self-help organizations coordinated by the German Pain Society. Working groups (n =8) with a total of 42 members were formed balanced with respect to gender, medical expertise, position in the medical or scientific hierarchy and potential conflicts of interest. A systematic search of the literature for systematic reviews of randomized, controlled studies on psychological and psychotherapeutic procedures from December 2010 to May 2016 was performed in the Cochrane library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. Levels of evidence were assigned according to the classification system of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine version 2009. The strength of recommendations was achieved by multiple step formalized procedures to reach a consensus. Efficacy, risks, patient preferences and applicability of available therapies were weighed up against each other. The guidelines were reviewed and approved by the board of directors of the societies engaged in the development of the guidelines. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral therapies received a strong recommendation but biofeedback, guided imagery and hypnosis received a weak recommendation.

[Long-term opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, tolerability and safety in open-label extension trials with study duration of at least 26 weeks]. / Langzeittherapie mit Opioiden bei chronischem nicht-tumorbedingtem Schmerz. Systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse der Wirksamkeit, Verträglichkeit und Sicherheit in offenen Anschlussstudien über mindestens 26 Wochen.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of long-term (≥ 6 months) opioid therapy (LtOT) in chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) is under debate. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the efficacy and harms of opioids in open-label extension studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has not been conducted until now. METHODS: We screened MEDLINE and clinicaltrials.gov (through to December 2013), as well as reference sections of systematic reviews of long-term RCTs of opioids in CNCP. We included open-label extension trials with a study duration ≥ 26 weeks of RCTs of ≥ 2 weeks duration. Using a random effects model, pooled estimates of event rates for categorical data and standardized mean differences (SMD) for continuous variables were calculated. RESULTS: We included 11 open-label extension studies with 2445 participants with nociceptive (low back, osteoarthritis) and neuropathic (radicular, polyneuropathy) pain. Median study duration was 26 (range 26-108) weeks. Four studies tested oxycodone, two studies tramadol and buprenorphine; hydromorphone, morphine, oxymorphone and tapentadol were each tested in one study. Of the patients randomized at baseline, 28.5 % (95 % confidence interval, CI, 17.9-39.2 %) finished the open-label period; 53.5 % (95 % CI 38.1-68.2 %) of patients entering the open-label period finished the open-label period. In sum, the total loss was 71.5 % (95 % CI 60.9-83.1 %) of all patients primarily included into the RCT. A total of 4.9 % (95 % CI 2.9-8.2 %) of patients dropped out due lack of efficacy; 16.8 % (95 % CI 11.0-24.8 %) dropped out to due adverse events (AE) in the open-label period and 0.08 % (95 % CI 0.001-0.05 %) of patients died during the open-label period. Only one study systematically assessed aberrant drug behavior of the patients: 5.7 % (95 % CI 3.4-9.6 %) showed aberrant drug behavior in the opinion of the investigators and 2.6 % (95 % CI 1.2-5.8 %) were judged to show aberrant drug behavior by independent expert assessment. There was no significant change (p = 0.50) in pain intensity between the end of the randomized period and the end of open-label phase (SMD 0.19 [- 0.03, 0.41]; six studies with 1360 participants). CONCLUSION: Only a minority of patients selected for opioid therapy at randomization finished the long-term open-label study. However, sustained effects of pain reduction could be demonstrated in these patients. LtOT can be considered in carefully selected and monitored CNCP patients who experience clinically meaningful pain reduction with at least tolerable AE in short-term opioid therapy. The English full-text version of this article is freely available at SpringerLink (under "Supplementary Material").

[Erratum to: Long-term therapy with opioids for chronic non-tumor-related pain. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the efficacy, tolerability and security in open connection studies over at least 26 weeks]. / Erratum zu: Langzeittherapie mit Opioiden bei chronischem nicht-tumorbedingtem Schmerz : Systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse der Wirksamkeit, Verträglichkeit und Sicherheit in offenen Anschlussstudien über mindestens 26 Wochen.

On p. 7, right column, the sentence "The mean average reductions in pain and disability were maintained from the end of the double-blind to the end of the open-label period up to 3 years later" is not correct. It should read "2 years" instead of "3 years".

[Psychotherapeutic procedures for fibromyalgia syndrome]. / Psychotherapeutische Verfahren beim Fibromyalgiesyndrom.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial factors play an important role in the predisposition, triggering and course of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Cognitive behavioral therapies are strongly recommended in the current guidelines on the management of FMS in Canada, Germany and Israel. AIMS: Review of techniques, aims and efficacy of psychotherapeutic procedures in FMS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Narrative review based on a selective search for systematic reviews on the efficacy of psychotherapeutic procedures in FMS. RESULTS: There is robust evidence for the short and long-term efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapies on some key symptoms of FMS, e.g. pain, depression and disability. The quality and quantity of the evidence for the efficacy of other psychotherapeutic procedures (e.g. biofeedback, relaxation therapies, hypnosis/guided imagery and psychodynamic therapy) are insufficient. CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral therapies (e.g. acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and operant therapy) should play an important role in a graduated and individually tailored therapy of FMS patients.

[Dependency syndrome and hyperalgesia due to an opioid therapy for curative treatable pain. Case report of an apparent palliative patient]. / Abhängigkeitssyndrom und Hyperalgesie durch Opioide bei kurativ behandelbaren Schmerzen. Fallbericht zu einem scheinbaren Palliativpatienten.

Opioids are an essential part of cancer pain management but particularly in this patient group physicians could misinterpret opioid-induced potentially life-threatening side effects within the central nervous system (CNS) or hyperalgesia as a consequence of tumor progression. In this case increasing the opioid dose or switching to rapidly acting opioids may trigger a vicious circle. We describe a case report of a male patient who was treated with high doses of transdermal and endonasal fentanyl 2 years after pancreatomy due to cancer. The patient was referred to the palliative care unit presenting with delirious behavior and 30-40 severe abdominal pain attacks/day. After withdrawal of the opioid medication all CNS symptoms disappeared. Further diagnostics revealed multiple incisional hernia as the reason of the pain syndrome. The patient recovered after herniotomy and has now been pain free without any pain medication for more than 16 months. This case report underlines again the necessity of pain diagnostics also in assumed palliative patients with the risks of high dose opioid treatment.

[Methodological fundamentals of the development of the guideline]. / Methodenreport zur Erstellung der Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. Efficacy, risks, patient preferences and applicability of therapies available were summarized into a balance sheet. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. CONCLUSION: The guidelines were published in several forms: complete and short scientific versions, clinical practice and patient versions. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

[Psychotherapy for patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline]. / Psychotherapie von Patienten mit Fibromyalgiesyndrom. Systematische Übersicht, Metaanalyse und Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The recommendations were based on level of evidence, efficacy (meta-analysis of the outcomes pain, sleep, fatigue and health-related quality of life), acceptability (total dropout rate), risks (adverse events) and applicability of treatment modalities in the German health care system. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with aerobic exercise (multicomponent therapy) is strongly recommended. Relaxation as single therapy should not be applied. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

[Complementary and alternative therapies for fibromyalgia syndrome. Systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline]. / Komplementäre und alternative Verfahren beim Fibromyalgiesyndrom. Systematische Übersicht, Metaanalyse und Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The recommendations were based on level of evidence, efficacy (meta-analysis of the outcomes pain, sleep, fatigue and health-related quality of life), acceptability (total dropout rate), risks (adverse events) and applicability of treatment modalities in the German health care system. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Meditative movement therapies (qi gong, tai chi, yoga) are strongly recommended. Acupuncture can be considered. Mindfulness-based stress reduction as monotherapy and dance therapy as monotherapy are not recommended. Homeopathy is not recommended. In a minority vote, homeopathy was rated as "can be considered". Nutritional supplements and reiki are not recommended. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

[Fibromyalgia syndrome. General principles and coordination of clinical care and patient education]. / Das Fibromyalgiesyndrom. Allgemeine Behandlungsgrundsätze, Versorgungskoordination und Patientenschulung.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A diagnosis of FMS should be explicitly communicated with the afflicted individual. A step-wise treatment, depending on the severity of FMS and the responses to therapeutic measures, is recommended. Therapy should only be continued if the positive effects outweigh the side effects. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

[Multicomponent therapy of fibromyalgia syndrome. Systematic review, meta-analysis and guideline]. / Multimodale Therapie des Fibromyalgiesyndroms. Systematische Übersicht, Metaanalyse und Leitlinie.

BACKGROUND: The scheduled update to the German S3 guidelines on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften", AWMF; registration number 041/004) was planned starting in March 2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The development of the guidelines was coordinated by the German Interdisciplinary Association for Pain Therapy ("Deutsche Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Schmerztherapie", DIVS), 9 scientific medical societies and 2 patient self-help organizations. Eight working groups with a total of 50 members were evenly balanced in terms of gender, medical field, potential conflicts of interest and hierarchical position in the medical and scientific fields. Literature searches were performed using the Medline, PsycInfo, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases (until December 2010). The grading of the strength of the evidence followed the scheme of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The formulation and grading of recommendations was accomplished using a multi-step, formal consensus process. The guidelines were reviewed by the boards of the participating scientific medical societies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The use of a multicomponent therapy (the combination of aerobic exercise with at least one psychological therapy) for a minimum of 24 h is strongly recommended for patients with severe FMS. The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").

The grapes of war. Somatoform pain disorder and history of early war traumatization in older people.

Persistent pain is not a normal part of aging. Nevertheless, many older patients have long-lasting, more or less medically unexplained pain symptoms and, consequently, are often severely disabled, incur high health care costs, and have high comorbidity rates. Moreover, the effects of early traumatization, especially due to wars, and even below the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are apparent. However, the developmental and neurobiological underpinnings of somatoform pain disorder, especially in pain-prone elderly patients, and its correlations with a history of war traumatization even decades after the incident remain unclear. Furthermore, a management strategy for this disorder tailored to older people and their special needs is lacking. Adequate therapeutic regimens such as adjusted psychotherapeutic procedures for elderly patients can only be promoted through a better understanding of the neurobiological and biographical underpinnings of this still controversial disorder.

Efficacy, acceptability and safety of Internet-delivered psychological therapies for fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This systematic review aimed at evaluating the efficacy, acceptability and safety of Internet-based psychological therapies (IPTs) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS were searched from inception to January 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IPTs with controls were analysed. Primary outcomes were ≥50% pain relief, disability, negative mood, acceptability and safety at end of therapy and at 6-month follow up. Effects were summarized by a random effects model using risk differences (RD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Six RCTs using different types of Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapies [ICBTs] (acceptance-based; exposure-based; traditional) with 493 patients were included. At the end of treatment, ICBTs were superior to controls (waiting list, attention control, treatment as usual) in reducing negative mood (SMD -0.51 [95% CI -0.87 to -0.15]) (moderate quality evidence) and disability (SMD -0.56 [95% CI -1.00 to -0.13]) (moderate quality evidence). There were no statistically significant differences between ICBTs and controls in pain relief of 50% or greater (RD 0.09 [95% CI -0.02 to 0.20] (moderate quality evidence) and acceptability (moderate quality evidence). No data on safety and any outcomes at long-term follow-up compared to controls were found. The data available did not allow statistical comparisons between unguided and guided ICBTs and of ICBTs versus traditional face-to-face therapies. ICBTs provided a clinically relevant benefit over control interventions in reducing negative mood and disability at the end of treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapies provided a clinically relevant benefit in reducing negative mood and disability in patients with FMS at the end of treatment if compared to waiting list, treatment as usual and attention controls.

Efficacy, acceptability and safety of cognitive behavioural therapies in fibromyalgia syndrome - A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This updated systematic review aimed at evaluating the efficacy, acceptability and safety of cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS were searched from September 2013 to May 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing CBTs with controls were analysed. Primary outcomes were ≥50% pain relief, ≥20% improvement of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), negative mood, fatigue, disability, acceptability and safety at end of therapy and at 6 months follow-up. Effects were summarized by a random effects model using risk differences (RD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). 29 RCTs with 2509 subjects were included. CBTs were superior to controls (waiting list, attention control, treatment as usual, other active non-pharmacological therapies) in pain relief of 50% or greater (RD 0.05 [95% CI 0.02-0.07] (high-quality evidence), improvement of HRQoL of 20% or greater (RD 0.13 [95% CI 0.00-0.26], (moderate quality evidence), and in reducing negative mood (SMD -0.43 [95% CI -0.62 to -0.24]) (high-quality evidence), disability (SMD -0.30 [95% CI -0.52 to -0.08]) (high-quality evidence) and fatigue (SMD - 0-27 [95% CI -0.50 to -0.03]) (high-quality evidence). There were no statistically significant differences between CBTs and controls in acceptability and safety (high-quality evidence). The update did not change the major findings of the previous review. CBTs provided a clinically relevant benefit over control interventions in reducing some key symptoms of FMS and disability at the end of treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: This updated systematic review with meta-analysis on cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs) including acceptance-based CBTs endorse the efficacy and tolerability of CBTs in reducing key symptoms and disability in FMS in the short- and long-term if compared to waiting list, treatment as usual, attention controls and active non-pharmacological therapies. CBTs did not differ in efficacy except superiority for coping with pain and tolerability from recommended drug therapy (pregabalin and/or duloxetine).

Efficacy, acceptability and safety of guided imagery/hypnosis in fibromyalgia - A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This systematic review aimed at evaluating the efficacy, acceptability and safety of guided imagery/hypnosis (GI/H) in fibromyalgia. Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS were screened through February 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing GI/H with controls were analysed. Primary outcomes were ≥50% pain relief, ≥20% improvement of health-related quality of life, psychological distress, disability, acceptability and safety at end of therapy and 3-month follow-up. Effects were summarized by a random effects model using risk differences (RD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Seven RCTs with 387 subjects were included into a comparison of GI/H versus controls. There was a clinically relevant benefit of GI/H compared to controls on ≥50% pain relief [RD 0.18 (95% CI 0.02, 0.35)] and psychological distress [SMD -0.40 (95% CI -0.70, -0.11)] at the end of therapy. Acceptability at the end of treatment for GI/H was not significantly different to the control. Two RCTs with 95 subjects were included in the comparison of hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) versus CBT alone. Combined therapy was superior to CBT alone in reducing psychological distress at the end of therapy [SMD -0.50 (95% CI -0.91, -0.09)]. There were no statistically significant differences between combined therapy and CBT alone in other primary outcomes at the end of treatment and follow-up. No study reported on safety. GI/H hold promise in a multicomponent management of fibromyalgia. SIGNIFICANCE: We provide a systematic review with meta-analysis on guided imagery and hypnosis for fibromyalgia. Current analyses endorse the efficacy and tolerability of guided imagery/hypnosis and of the combination of hypnosis with cognitive-behavioural therapy in reducing key symptoms of fibromyalgia.

Changes in root morphology and dry matter production in Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen accessions in response to excessive zinc / Alterações na morfologia radicular e produção de matéria seca em acessos de Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng. ) Pedersen em resposta ao excesso de zinco

ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) participates of numerous metabolic processes in plants. However, it can become toxic to plants in excessive concentrations in the soil. Pfaffia glomerata is a Brazilian medicinal species that has stood out because of its numerous chemical and functional properties, mainly by the triterpene saponins and ecdysteroids accumulated in its roots. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc excess on many root morphological parameters of Pfaffia glomerata. A 4 x 3 factorial design was employed in a completely randomized scheme with 3 replicates. The treatments consisted of four concentrations of Zn (2, 100, 200, and 300 µM) and three accessions of P. glomerata (BRA, GD, and JB) grown in a hydroponic system for 7 and 14 days. Differences in root morphology and dry mass production were observed among the three accessions in response to excessive Zn. Some growth parameters of GD accession increased with the addition of Zn, ranging from 36 to 79 µM. However, the GD and JB accessions presented reduction in dry mass production, root area, length, and volume with increasing Zn levels. The BRA accession, which had the lowest growth among accessions, presented chlorotic leaves. The shoot/root dry mass ratio and root diameter increased linearly for BRA and GD accessions at 7 days. Based on the evaluated parameters, we observed the following order of Zn excess tolerance in P. glomerata accessions: GD> JB> BRA.

RESUMO O zinco (Zn) participa de numerosos processos metabólicos nas plantas. No entanto, em concentrações excessivas no solo pode tornar-se tóxico para os vegetais. Pfaffia glomerata é uma espécie medicinal brasileira que tem se destacado devido as suas inúmeras propriedades químicas e funcionais, devido principalmente às saponinas triterpênicas e ecdisteróides acumuladas em suas raízes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do excesso de Zn sobre vários parâmetros morfológicos radiculares de Pfaffia glomerata. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, dispostos em um arranjo fatorial (4 x 3). Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro níveis de Zn (2, 100, 200 e 300µM) e três acessos (BRA, GD e JB) de P. glomerata cultivados em sistema hidropônico em casa de vegetação por 7 e 14 dias. Diferenças na morfologia radicular e na produção de material seca foram observadas entre os três acessos em resposta ao excesso de Zn. Alguns parâmetros de crescimento do acesso GD aumentaram sob a adição de Zn variando entre 36 e 79 µM. No entanto, os acessos GD e JB apresentaram redução na matéria seca, bem como na área de superfície, comprimento e volume radicular com o aumento dos níveis de Zn. O acesso BRA, que teve o menor crescimento entre os acessos, apresentou folhas cloróticas. A razão entre matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes e o diâmetro radicular aumentou linearmente para os acessos BRA e GD aos 7 dias de cultivo. Baseando-se nos parâmetros avaliados foi observada a seguinte ordem de tolerância ao excesso de Zn: GD> JB> BRA.

[Diagnosis and therapy of fibromyalgia syndrome]. / Diagnostik und Therapie des Fibromyalgiesyndroms.

The meaningfulness of the term fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), possible diagnostic criteria, and the therapeutic procedure, were for a long time points of contention between different professional associations. In an interdisciplinary S3 guideline on the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy of FMS, it has now been possible to work out a consensus that is accepted by all involved professional associations and patient representatives on the basis of the available evidence. The most important results for clinical practice are presented and discussed here using case examples. The number of FMS patients in Germany is estimated to lie at 1.6 million (2% of the population), and 80-90% of those affected are women. FMS is classified under the functional somatic syndromes of the diseases of the musculoskeletal system and of the connective tissue (ICD 10 M 79.7). Comorbidities with other functional somatic syndromes and mental disorders are frequent. The clinical diagnosis of an FMS can ensue both by examining the tender points and also based on symptoms. Basic therapy includes elucidation and psychoeducation, aerobic endurance training adapted to the individual performance capability, operant behavioural therapy, and as a drug-based therapy option, amitriptyline 25-50mg/d (all level of evidence 1a). A graded therapeutic procedure which includes the patients in the decision-making is recommended.

[Predictors of successful transfer to everyday live of a relaxation method acquired in psychosomatic rehabilitation]. / Prädiktoren des Alltagstransfers eines stationär erlernten Entspannungstrainings.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the present study was to identify factors at the beginning and at the end of an inpatient psychosomatic rehabilitation predicting the successful transfer of Progressive Relaxation (PR) according to Jacobson three months after the stay. METHODS: Eighty patients in a psychosomatic rehabilitation centre were studied in the beginning (T1), at discharge (T2) and three months after discharge (T3). Every patient participated in courses on PR. To evaluate the course, parts of the "Diagnostisches und evaluatives Instrumentarium für Entspannungstraining und Entspannungstherapie" were used. Transfer was defined as successful if patients practised PR at least once a week three months after their stay. Potential predictors were: diagnosis, age, symptoms, previous experiences, and motives at T1 and frequency of practising, adequateness of group size and change of symptoms at T2. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors. RESULTS: Three months after the course 52,5% of the patients were able to transfer PR successfully into their daily lives. 68,8% of cases had been correctly classified by logistic regression through: participation motive "positive thoughts" (T1) and "frequency of practising PR outside the course" (T2). CONSEQUENCES: Intrinsic participation motives and practising independently are significant predictors of long-term transfer of PR. This indicates the necessity of discussing motives at the beginning as well as frequency of practising during the PR course. It would be particularly interesting to know whether specific encouraging of motivation would improve the transfer to everyday life.

[Methodological fundamentals for the development of the guideline]. / Methodische grundlagen für die entwicklung der leitlinienempfehlungen (methodenreport).

The guideline was developed by 10 scientific societies and 2 patient self-help organizations and coordinated by the German Association of Pain Therapy (DIVS). The guideline was approved by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany AWMF (AWMF number 041/004), april 17, 2008. No direct or indirect financial support by pharmaceutical companies was involved and there were no potential conflicts of interest for any of the 58 participants of the guideline group. The results of a systematic search of the literature (Cochrane Library [1993-12/2006], Medline [1980-12/2006], PsychInfo [1966-12/2006] and Scopus [1980-12/2006]) were analyzed by 8 working groups. A balanced composition of the working groups as to sex, level of medical care and position in medical or scientific hierarchy of their members was realized. Levels of evidence were assigned according to the classification system of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Grading of the strengths of recommendations was done according to the German program for disease management guidelines. Standardized, formal procedures to reach a consensus on recommendations were used. The guideline was reviewed by the board of directors of the societies engaged in the development of the guideline. The guideline will be published in complete and short scientific versions, clinical practice and patient versions.