Cardiorespiratory fitness modulates the proportions of monocytes and T helper subsets in lean and obese men.

This study investigated the peripheral frequency of monocytes, CD4 + T cell subsets and the systemic levels of cytokines in lean and obese men with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Mononuclear cells were obtained from 45 lean and 45 obese men who were assigned into six groups according to their body mass index and CRF (low, moderate, or high VO2Peak ) to analyze the frequency of monocyte subsets and subpopulations of CD4 + T cells (Treg cells, CD4 + CD25high CD127low ; mTeff, CD4 + CD25-CD39+; mTreg, CD4 + CD25+CD39+). The systemic levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IL-33, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were also evaluated. Seven sedentary obese men performed one week of high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 3 sessions/week), and blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the last session for phenotypic analysis of T cells and monocytes. Obese individuals presented an inflammatory profile characterized by lower frequencies of Treg and mTreg cells and higher proportions of proinflammatory monocytes. However, higher CRF status increased the frequencies of Treg cells and mTreg cells and decreased the percentage of CD4 + mTeff cells and intermediate and non-classical monocytes in the peripheral blood from lean and obese men. Systemic lower levels of proinflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-) cytokines and higher concentrations of IL-10 and IL-33 were observed in moderate and higher CRF in all subjects. HIIT increased the proportions of circulating mTreg and Treg cells in sedentary obese individuals. The immunoregulatory role of CRF contributes to the maintenance of low levels of inflammatory mediators.

The influence of physical activity level and cytomegalovirus serostatus on the cytokine levels of young individuals.

The practice of physical activity (PA) is a non-pharmacological variable that alters the immune response through changes in cytokines and cellular immunity. Inversely latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection prematurely ages the immune system and contributes to the chronic inflammatory condition in several diseases and in aging. This study aimed to compare the association of the PA level and CMV serostatus on whole blood mitogen-stimulated cytokine production of young individuals. The resting blood samples were collected from 100 volunteers of both sexes assigned to one of six groups according to the degree of PA and CMV serostatus: sedentary CMV- (n = 15), moderate physical activity CMV- (moderate PA CMV -, n = 15), high physical activity CMV- (high PA CMV-, n = 15), sedentary CMV+ (n = 20), moderate physical activity CMV + (moderate PA CMV+, n = 20) and high physical activity CMV + (high PA CMV +, n = 20). The collected peripheral blood got diluted in supplemented RPMI-1640 culture medium and incubated for 48 h with a 2% concentration of phytohemagglutinin at 37ºC and CO2 at 5%. The supernatants were collected and used for the IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and INF-γ analysis by the ELISA method. The IL-10 concentration was higher in the Moderate PA and High PA groups when compared to the sedentary group, regardless of CMV status. The physically active (moderate and high PA) CMV+ individuals presented lower concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared to CMV+ sedentary individuals, and the sedentary CMV+ subjects had a higher concentration of INF-γ compared to Sedentary CMV- subjects (p < 0.05). In summary, it is possible to infer that PA is key to controlling inflammation related to CMV infection. The stimulation of physical exercise is an important factor in controlling many diseases at the populational level.

Acute fish oil supplementation modulates the inflammatory response after strenuous exercise in obese men: A cross-over study.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of acute fish oil supplementation (FOS) in DNA damage, lymphocyte phenotype and cytokines production after strenuous exercise in obese individuals. METHODS: Sixteen sedentary obese (BMI >30.0 to <35.0 kg/m²) men performed two sessions of exhaustive exercise and consumed 2000 mg of either placebo or fish oil one hour before the exercise session; trials were separated by 14 days. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected pre, immediately after and 1 h after both exercise sessions and stimulated in vitro with 2% phytohemagglutinin for cytokines secretion (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). Analysis of DNA damage index on total lymphocytes and the peripheral frequency of T helper CD4+ cells, T cytotoxic CD8+ cells, and CD19+ B cells were also performed. RESULTS: FOS prevented the increase in serum cortisol levels and the production of TNF-α and IL-8 after strenuous exercise. The DNA damage index decreased 1 h after exercise in FOS trial. Moreover, a lymphocytosis, i.e. increases in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed immediately after exercise bout in both trials. Moreover, FOS prevented the decrease in CD8+ T cells below to baseline value 1 h after strenuous exercise. CONCLUSION: Acute supplementation with fish oil attenuates the proinflammatory cytokine response and diminished the DNA damage after strenuous exercise in obese individuals, suggesting a possible protective effect against the exacerbation of systemic damage induced by exhaustive exercise in obese individuals.

Acute Strenuous Exercise Induces an Imbalance on Histone H4 Acetylation/Histone Deacetylase 2 and Increases the Proinflammatory Profile of PBMC of Obese Individuals.

This study evaluated the response of global histone H4 acetylation (H4ac), histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity, as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines and monocyte phenotypes of lean and obese males after exercise. Ten lean and ten obese sedentary men were submitted to one session of strenuous exercise, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Global H4ac levels, HDAC2 activity in PBMC, and IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α production were analyzed. Monocyte phenotype was determined in accordance with the expression of CD14 and CD16. At rest, obese individuals presented higher frequency of proinflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes. LPS induced a significant augment in global H4ac and in the production of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α mainly in obese individuals. After exercise, the increased production of IL-8 and TNF-α and peripheral frequency of CD14+CD16+ were observed in both groups. In addition, exercise also induced a significant hyperacetylation of histone H4 and decreased HDAC2 activity in both nonstimulated and LPS-stimulated PBMC of obese individuals. Our data indicate that the obesity impacts on H4ac levels and that strenuous exercise leads to an enhanced chronic low-grade inflammation profile in obesity via an imbalance on H4ac/HDAC2.