Dramatic improvement with colchicine in antihistamine- and omalizumab-resistant chronic spontaneous urticaria.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as the presence of recurrent urticaria, angioedema or both without any specific triggers, which persists for ≥ 6 weeks. Refractory cases to standard therapeutic regimens including antihistamines, immunosuppressants and biologics have been reported. Therefore, it is crucial to evolve novel therapeutic strategies through accumulating refractory CSU cases, which are successfully treated. We here report a refractory case of CSU to antihistamines and omalizumab, which was dramatically improved with colchicine.

RNF168 ubiquitylates 53BP1 and controls its response to DNA double-strand breaks.

Defective signaling or repair of DNA double-strand breaks has been associated with developmental defects and human diseases. The E3 ligase RING finger 168 (RNF168), mutated in the human radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency, dysmorphic features, and learning difficulties syndrome, was shown to ubiquitylate H2A-type histones, and this ubiquitylation was proposed to facilitate the recruitment of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) to the sites of DNA double-strand breaks. In contrast to more upstream proteins signaling DNA double-strand breaks (e.g., RNF8), deficiency of RNF168 fully prevents both the initial recruitment to and retention of 53BP1 at sites of DNA damage; however, the mechanism for this difference has remained unclear. Here, we identify mechanisms that regulate 53BP1 recruitment to the sites of DNA double-strand breaks and provide evidence that RNF168 plays a central role in the regulation of 53BP1 functions. RNF168 mediates K63-linked ubiquitylation of 53BP1 which is required for the initial recruitment of 53BP1 to sites of DNA double-strand breaks and for its function in DNA damage repair, checkpoint activation, and genomic integrity. Our findings highlight the multistep roles of RNF168 in signaling DNA damage.

Inactivation of chk2 and mus81 leads to impaired lymphocytes development, reduced genomic instability, and suppression of cancer.

Chk2 is an effector kinase important for the activation of cell cycle checkpoints, p53, and apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mus81 is required for the restart of stalled replication forks and for genomic integrity. Mus81(Δex3-4/Δex3-4) mice have increased cancer susceptibility that is exacerbated by p53 inactivation. In this study, we demonstrate that Chk2 inactivation impairs the development of Mus81(Δex3-4/Δex3-4) lymphoid cells in a cell-autonomous manner. Importantly, in contrast to its predicted tumor suppressor function, loss of Chk2 promotes mitotic catastrophe and cell death, and it results in suppressed oncogenic transformation and tumor development in Mus81(Δex3-4/Δex3-4) background. Thus, our data indicate that an important role for Chk2 is maintaining lymphocyte development and that dual inactivation of Chk2 and Mus81 remarkably inhibits cancer.

Genomic instability, defective spermatogenesis, immunodeficiency, and cancer in a mouse model of the RIDDLE syndrome.

Eukaryotic cells have evolved to use complex pathways for DNA damage signaling and repair to maintain genomic integrity. RNF168 is a novel E3 ligase that functions downstream of ATM,γ-H2A.X, MDC1, and RNF8. It has been shown to ubiquitylate histone H2A and to facilitate the recruitment of other DNA damage response proteins, including 53BP1, to sites of DNA break. In addition, RNF168 mutations have been causally linked to the human RIDDLE syndrome. In this study, we report that Rnf168(-/-) mice are immunodeficient and exhibit increased radiosensitivity. Rnf168(-/-) males suffer from impaired spermatogenesis in an age-dependent manner. Interestingly, in contrast to H2a.x(-/-), Mdc1(-/-), and Rnf8(-/-) cells, transient recruitment of 53bp1 to DNA double-strand breaks was abolished in Rnf168(-/-) cells. Remarkably, similar to 53bp1 inactivation, but different from H2a.x deficiency, inactivation of Rnf168 impairs long-range V(D)J recombination in thymocytes and results in long insertions at the class-switch junctions of B-cells. Loss of Rnf168 increases genomic instability and synergizes with p53 inactivation in promoting tumorigenesis. Our data reveal the important physiological functions of Rnf168 and support its role in both γ-H2a.x-Mdc1-Rnf8-dependent and -independent signaling pathways of DNA double-strand breaks. These results highlight a central role for RNF168 in the hierarchical network of DNA break signaling that maintains genomic integrity and suppresses cancer development in mammals.

Role of Pirh2 in mediating the regulation of p53 and c-Myc.

Ubiquitylation is fundamental for the regulation of the stability and function of p53 and c-Myc. The E3 ligase Pirh2 has been reported to polyubiquitylate p53 and to mediate its proteasomal degradation. Here, using Pirh2 deficient mice, we report that Pirh2 is important for the in vivo regulation of p53 stability in response to DNA damage. We also demonstrate that c-Myc is a novel interacting protein for Pirh2 and that Pirh2 mediates its polyubiquitylation and proteolysis. Pirh2 mutant mice display elevated levels of c-Myc and are predisposed for plasma cell hyperplasia and tumorigenesis. Consistent with the role p53 plays in suppressing c-Myc-induced oncogenesis, its deficiency exacerbates tumorigenesis of Pirh2(-/-) mice. We also report that low expression of human PIRH2 in lung, ovarian, and breast cancers correlates with decreased patients' survival. Collectively, our data reveal the in vivo roles of Pirh2 in the regulation of p53 and c-Myc stability and support its role as a tumor suppressor.

Ymer acts as a multifunctional regulator in nuclear factor-κB and Fas signaling pathways.

The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcription factors regulates diverse cellular functions, including inflammation, oncogenesis and apoptosis. It was reported that A20 plays a critical role in the termination of NF-κB signaling after activation. Previously, we showed that Ymer interacts and collaborates with A20, followed by degradation of receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and attenuation of NF-κB signaling. Here we show the function of Ymer in regulation of several signaling pathways including NF-κB on the basis of results obtained by using Ymer transgenic (Ymer Tg) mice. Ymer Tg mice exhibited impaired immune responses, including NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, cell proliferation and cytokine production, to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, polyI:C or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Ymer Tg mice were more resistant to LPS-induced septic shock than wild-type mice. Transgene of Ymer inhibited the onset of glomerulonephritis in lpr/lpr mice as an autoimmune disease model. In contrast to the inflammatory immune response to LPS, Fas-mediated cell death was strongly induced in liver cells of Ymer Tg mice in which Ymer is abundantly expressed. These findings suggest that Ymer acts as a regulator downstream of several receptors and that Ymer functions as a positive or negative regulator in a signaling pathway-dependent manner.

Plasma gelsolin facilitates interaction between ß2 glycoprotein I and α5ß1 integrin.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombosis and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) that directly recognizes plasma ß(2)-glycoprotein I (ß(2) GPI). Tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of the extrinsic coagulation system, is induced on monocytes by aPL in vitro, explaining in part the pathophysiology in APS. We previously reported that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in aPL-induced TF expression on monocytes. In this study, we identified plasma gelsolin as a protein associated with ß(2) GPI by using immunoaffinity chromatography and mass spectrometric analysis. An in vivo binding assay showed that endogenous ß(2) GPI interacts with plasma gelsolin, which binds to integrin a(5) ß(1) through fibronectin. The tethering of ß(2) GPI to monoclonal anti-ß(2) GPI autoantibody on the cell surface was enhanced in the presence of plasma gelsolin. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that p38 MAPK protein was phosphorylated by monoclonal anti-ß(2) GPI antibody treatment, and its phosphorylation was attenuated in the presence of anti-integrin a(5) ß(1) antibody. Furthermore, focal adhesion kinase, a downstream molecule of the fibronectin-integrin signalling pathway, was phosphorylated by anti-ß(2) GPI antibody treatment. These results indicate that molecules including gelsolin and integrin are involved in the anti-ß(2) GPI antibody-induced MAPK pathway on monocytes and that integrin is a possible therapeutic target to modify a prothrombotic state in patients with APS.

Involvement of Ymer in suppression of NF-kappaB activation by regulated interaction with lysine-63-linked polyubiquitin chain.

It is known that the cytoplasmic zinc finger protein A20 functionally dampens inflammatory signals and apoptosis via inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and biochemically acts as a unique ubiquitin-modifying protein with deubiquitinating activity and ubiquitin ligase activity. However, the molecular mechanisms of A20-modulated signal transduction that influence normal immune responses or tumor immunity have not been fully elucidated. Using a yeast two-hybrid system to search for proteins interacting with A20, we identified one novel binding protein, Ymer. Ymer, which has been reported to be highly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues via EGF stimulation, bound to lysine (K)-63-linked polyubiquitin chain on receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIP1), which is essential for NF-kappaB signaling in collaboration with A20. A luciferase assay showed that NF-kappaB signaling was down-regulated by overexpression of Ymer, whereas knock-down of Ymer up-regulated NF-kappaB signaling even without stimulation. These findings demonstrate that Ymer is likely to be a negative regulator for the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.

Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling via tyrosine phosphorylation of Ymer.

Cytoplasmic zinc finger protein A20 functionally dampens inflammatory signals and apoptosis via inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. We have reported that Ymer interacts with A20 and lysine (K)-63-linked polyubiquitin chain and that Ymer inhibits NF-kappaB signaling in collaboration with A20. It has also been reported that Ymer is phosphorylated by EGF stimulation. We found that Ymer was considerably phosphorylated on tyrosine residues also via Src family kinases such as Lck. A luciferase reporter assay showed that mutation of tyrosines on Ymer (YmerY217/279/304F) results in loss of the inhibitory activity for NF-kappaB signaling. Furthermore, a soft agar colony formation assay showed that the combination of SrcY527F and YmerY217/279/304F has no ability for anchorage-independent growth, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of Ymer is important for inhibition of the NF-kappaB-mediated apoptotic pathway. These findings demonstrate that Ymer is likely to be a negative regulator for the NF-kappaB signaling pathway.

Ro52 functionally interacts with IgG1 and regulates its quality control via the ERAD system.

The 52-kDa form of SSA/Ro protein (Ro52) is one of autoantigens associated with autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Anti-SSA/Ro antibodies, the biological function of which remains unknown, are frequently found in the serum of these patients. Recent functional genomic approaches have shown that Ro52/TRIM21 is one of the TRIM family proteins with a RING-finger domain which is closely associated with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We found by using yeast-two hybrid screening that Ro52 has an E3 activity in vitro and interacts with human IgG1 heavy chain. We also found that IgG1 heavy chain was modified with polyubiquitination by Ro52 and degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system in mammalian cells. Our results also showed that Ro52 interacts with the molecular chaperone p97/VCP, which is thought to function in the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) system. It is likely that Ro52 plays a role in proteasomal degradation of unfolded IgG1, which is retrogradely transferred from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Taken together, our findings suggest that Ro52 plays a significant role in quality control of IgG1 through the ERAD system.

Establishment of a newly improved detection system for NF-kappaB activity.

The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays roles in apoptosis, inflammation and oncogenesis. It is important for biological and medical research to understand when proteins of interest are activated in cells, leading to the establishment of a luciferase/EGFP assay to monitor the activation of transcription factors. Here, we describe an improved reporter system for NF-kappaB, the NF-kappaB-activated transgene (NAT) system that can detect NF-kappaB signalling with high sensitivity and specificity. The NAT system consists of large copy numbers of NF-kappaB consensus sequence and a minimal promoter derived from the mouse interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene. Furthermore, we generated NAT systems with stable or unstable luciferase/EGFP proteins. Stable and unstable types of luciferase/EGFP are suitable for analyzing the accumulation of and the real-time activity of NF-kappaB signal, respectively. Our findings suggest that the NAT system is effective for in vivo imaging of NF-kappaB signalling using cells or animals.

Crystalglobulinemia manifesting as chronic arthralgia and acute limb ischemia: A clinical case report.

RATIONALE: Crystalglobulinemia is a rare disease caused by monoclonal immunoglobulins, characterized by irreversible crystallization on refrigeration. It causes systemic symptoms including purpura, arthralgia, and vessel occlusive conditions to be exacerbated by exposure to cold. We report a patient with crystalglobulinemia associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) manifesting as chronic arthralgia and recurrent acute arterial occlusion. PRESENTING CONCERNS: A 61-year-old man, who had been diagnosed with MGUS and who had arthralgia of unknown origin, presented with recurrent acute limb ischemia after surgical thromboembolectomy. Refrigeration of his serum formed precipitates that looked like needle-shaped crystals. These crystals did not dissolve with warming, which is not a characteristic of cryoglobulins. Skin biopsy results showed crystal-liked eosinophilic bodies in small vessels and we diagnosed crystalglobulinemia. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOMES: Although he underwent above-knee amputation, he was treated with a bortezomib and dexamethasone-based chemotherapeutic regimen, following lenalidomide maintenance therapy. Finally, he achieved complete remission and serum crystalglobulins diminished. LESSONS: Monoclonal gammopathy, previously diagnosed as MGUS, can cause systemic symptoms and thrombotic conditions by producing pathologic immunoglobulins, such as crystalglobulins. In such situations, MGUS, even when it has not progressed to multiple myeloma, can be a target of aggressive chemotherapy. Crystalglobulinemia should be considered for patients with monoclonal gammopathy manifesting as systemic and thrombotic symptoms exacerbated by cooling.

Microscopic polyangitis triggered by fungal infection.

We report a case of microscopic polyangitis associated with fungal infection. A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of renal dysfunction and high fever. He complained of arthralgia and myalgia. He was diagnosed with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related vasculitis and also had a fungal infection. We treated him with antibiotics including fluconazole. All symptoms disappeared as the infection resolved without the use of steroid therapy. We speculate that the deteriorating vasculitis could have been triggered by overproduction of cytokines in response to the fungal infection.

RNF168 and USP10 regulate topoisomerase IIα function via opposing effects on its ubiquitylation.

Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2α) is essential for chromosomal condensation and segregation, as well as genomic integrity. Here we report that RNF168, an E3 ligase mutated in the human RIDDLE syndrome, interacts with TOP2α and mediates its ubiquitylation. RNF168 deficiency impairs decatenation activity of TOP2α and promotes mitotic abnormalities and defective chromosomal segregation. Our data also indicate that RNF168 deficiency, including in human breast cancer cell lines, confers resistance to the anti-cancer drug and TOP2 inhibitor etoposide. We also identify USP10 as a deubiquitylase that negatively regulates TOP2α ubiquitylation and restrains its chromatin association. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the RNF168/USP10 axis and TOP2α ubiquitylation and function, and suggest a role for RNF168 in the response to anti-cancer chemotherapeutics that target TOP2.

Pathogenesis of antiphospholipid antibodies: impairment of fibrinolysis and monocyte activation via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by recurrent thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Impaired fibrinolysis is a contributing factor for the development of thrombosis, and the effect of aPL in the fibrinolytic system has been investigated. Impaired release of tPA and enhanced release of PAI-1 after endothelial activation is reported in patients with APS. Elevated Lipoprotein (a) levels have been found in APS, which results in inhibition of fibrinolytic activity. Phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI) is a major autoantigen for aPLs. beta(2)GPI exerts both anti-coagulant and pro-coagulant properties mainly by interacting with other phospholipid-binding proteins such as coagulation factors and protein C. Dramatic increase in the affinity of beta(2)GPI to the cell surface is induced by binding of pathogenic anti-beta(2)GPI antibodies, which may modify the physiological function of beta(2)GPI and may affect the coagulation/fibrinolysis balance on the cell surface. Using chromogenic assays for measuring fibrinolytic activity, we demonstrated that addition of monoclonal anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) decreases the activity of extrinsic/intrinsic fibrinolysis. Significantly lower activity of intrinsic fibrinolysis was also demonstrated in the euglobulin fractions from APS patients. Endothelial cells and monocytes are activated by aPLs in vitro, resulting in production of tissue factor (TF), a major initiator of the coagulation system. Recently, aPLs are reported to induce thrombocytes to produce thromboxane. The importance of apoE receptor 2 on platelets for the binding of artificially dimerized beta(2)GPI was suggested. By investigating aPL-inducible genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we found that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was up-regulated. Using a monocyte cell line, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, NF-kappaB translocation to the nuclear fraction, and up-regulated TF mRNA expression were demonstrated after treatment with monoclonal aCL. These phenomena were observed only in the presence of beta(2)GPI. Moreover, a specific p38 MAPK inihibitor SB203580 decreased aCL/beta(2)GPI-induced TF mRNA expression. Thus, aCL/beta(2)GPI plays dual roles in the pathogenesis of APS, firstly by deranging the fibrinolytic system and secondly by activating monocytes, endothelial cells and thrombocytes to produce TF or thromboxane.