Prediabetes remission after bariatric surgery: a 4-years follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery leads to weight loss and to cardiometabolic risk improvement. Although prediabetes remission after bariatric surgery is biologically plausible, data on this topic is scarce. We aimed to assess prediabetes remission rate and clinical predictors of remission in a 4 year follow up period. METHODS: Observational longitudinal study including patients with obesity and prediabetes who had undergone bariatric surgery in our centre. Prediabetes was defined as having a baseline glycated haemoglobin (A1c) between 5.7% and 6.4% and absence of anti-diabetic drug treatment. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the association between the predictors and prediabetes remission rate. RESULTS: A total of 669 patients were included, 84% being female. The population had a mean age of 45.4 ± 10.1 years-old, body mass index of 43.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2, and median A1c of 5.9 [5.8, 6.1]%. After bariatric surgery, prediabetes remission rate was 82%, 73%, 66%, and 58%, respectively in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years of follow-up. Gastric sleeve (GS) surgery was associated with higher prediabetes remission rate than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in the 3rd year of follow-up. Men had a higher remission rate than women, in the 1st and 3nd years of follow-up in the unadjusted analysis. Younger patients presented a higher remission rate comparing to older patients in the 3rd year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: We showed a high prediabetes remission rate after bariatric surgery. The remission rate decreases over the follow-up period, although most of the patients maintain the normoglycemia. Prediabetes remission seems to be more significant in patients who had undergone GS, in male and in younger patients.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled outcome trials.

AIM: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) reduce atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a high cardiovascular risk. The effect of GLP1-RA to reduce heart failure (HF) has been inconsistent across T2D trials, and individual trials were underpowered to assess the effect of GLP1-RA according to HF history. In this meta-analysis we aim to assess the effect of GLP1-RA in patients with and without HF history in stable ambulatory patients with T2D. METHODS: Random-effects meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were extracted from the treatment effect estimates of HF subgroup analyses reported in each individual study. The primary outcome was a composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: In total, 54 092 patients with T2D from seven randomized controlled trials were included, of whom 8460 (16%) had HF history. Compared with placebo, GLP1-RA did not reduce the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death in patients with HF history: HR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.84-1.08, but reduced this outcome in patients without HF history: HR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76-0.92. GLP1-RA did not reduce all-cause death in patients with HF history: HR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.86-1.11, but reduced mortality in patients without HF history: HR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79-0.92. GLP1-RA reduced atherosclerotic events regardless of HF history: HR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75-0.97 with HF, and HR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.83-0.93 without HF. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with GLP1-RA did not reduce HF hospitalizations and mortality in patients with concomitant T2D and HF, but may prevent new-onset HF and mortality in patients with T2D without HF. The reduction of atherosclerotic events with GLP1-RA was not influenced by HF history status.

Risk of adverse events with liraglutide in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A post hoc analysis of the FIGHT trial.

AIM: To perform a post hoc analysis of the FIGHT trial, evaluating the effect of liraglutide (vs. placebo) on the totality of events in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: FIGHT was a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) that studied liraglutide versus placebo in 300 recently hospitalized patients with HFrEF followed for 180 days. The main outcome of the present analysis was total events of hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) or all-cause death. Secondary outcomes included total arrhythmic events and prespecified total events of interest (arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, worsening HF, cerebrovascular event, venous thromboembolism, lightheadedness, presyncope/syncope or worsening renal function). Treatment effect was evaluated with negative binomial regression. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, there was a trend towards increased risk with liraglutide of total HF hospitalizations or all-cause deaths (96 vs. 143 events, incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.04; P = 0.064) and total arrhythmias (21 vs. 39, IRR 1.76, 95% CI 0.92-3.37; P = 0.088). Total prespecified events of interest were increased with liraglutide compared to placebo (196 vs. 295, IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06-1.92; P = 0.018). The risk of HF hospitalizations or all-cause deaths with liraglutide was higher among patients in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III to IV (IRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.21-2.85) than in those in NYHA Class I to II (IRR 0.62, 95% CI 0.31-1.23; interaction P = 0.008), and among patients with diabetes (interaction P = 0.051). The risk of arrhythmic events was higher among those without an implanted cardiac device (interaction P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HFrEF, liraglutide might increase the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects, an effect possibly driven by excess risk of arrhythmias and worsening HF events. As this was a post hoc analysis, these results should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Further RCTs must be conducted before drawing definitive conclusions.

Clinical and Pathophysiologic Insights of Free triiodothyronine/Free thyroxine Ratio in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Data from the NETDiamond Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction is common in patients with heart failure (HF). Impaired conversion of free T4 (FT4) into free T3 (FT3) is thought to occur in these patients, decreasing the availability of FT3 and contributing to HF progression. In HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), it is not known whether changes in conversion of thyroid hormones (THs) are associated with clinical status and outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of FT3/FT4 ratio and TH with clinical, analytical, and echocardiographic parameters, as well as their prognostic impact in individuals with stable HFpEF. METHODS: We evaluated 74 HFpEF participants of the NETDiamond cohort without known thyroid disease. We performed regression modeling to study the associations of TH and FT3/FT4 ratio with clinical, anthropometric, analytical, and echocardiographic parameters, and survival analysis to evaluate associations with the composite of diuretic intensification, urgent HF visit, HF hospitalization, or cardiovascular death over a median follow-up of 2.8 years. RESULTS: The mean age was 73.7 years and 62% were men. The mean FT3/FT4 ratio was 2.63 (standard deviation: 0.43). Subjects with lower FT3/FT4 ratio were more likely to be obese and have atrial fibrillation. Lower FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher body fat (ß = -5.60 kg per FT3/FT4 unit, p = 0.034), higher pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) (ß = -10.26 mm Hg per FT3/FT4 unit, p = 0.002), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (ß = 3.60% per FT3/FT4 unit, p = 0.008). Lower FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher risk for the composite HF outcome (HR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.04-5.88, per 1-unit decrease in FT3/FT4, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with HFpEF, lower FT3/FT4 ratio was associated with higher body fat, higher PASP, and lower LVEF. Lower FT3/FT4 predicted a higher risk of diuretic intensification, urgent HF visits, HF hospitalization, or cardiovascular death. These findings suggest that decreased FT4 to FT3 conversion might be a mechanism associated with HFpEF progression.

Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular events in overweight or obese adults without diabetes: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials.

Our aim was to study the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) on the risk of any cardiovascular event in adults with overweight or obesity and without diabetes. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials. Nine trials were eligible and, in total, 11 430 patients were included, of which 7702 (67%) were submitted to treatment with GLP-1 RA. During follow-up, 673 participants receiving GLP-1 RA treatment (8.7%) and 416 participants receiving placebo (11.2%) had a cardiovascular event. Treatment with GLP-1 RA versus placebo resulted in a reduction in the risk of any cardiovascular event (RR = 0.81, CI 0.70-0.92; p = .001). In overweight or obese adults without diabetes, treatment with GLP-1 RA reduced the risk of cardiovascular events. Our findings support the use of GLP-1 RA for reducing the cardiovascular risk of these patients.

Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on liver parameters and steatosis: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in Western countries and a common comorbidity with type 2 diabetes (T2D). It lacks effective pharmacotherapy. We aimed to summarize the evidence on the effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on liver structure and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials in PubMed, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov from their inception to April 2019. Trials evaluating liver function and/or structure and comparing SGLT2 inhibitors with placebo or other oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with T2D were included. Twenty studies (from 3033) were included. A total of 1950 patients with T2D, with or without NAFLD, were treated with SGLT2 inhibitors for at least 8 weeks, and 1900 patients were used as controls. Independent extraction was carried out by two observers. This study was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. RESULTS: SGLT2 inhibitors induced a significant decrease in serum alanine (-7.43U/L, [95%CI -12.14, -2.71], p < 0.01), in aspartate aminotransferases (-2.83U/L, [-4.71, -0.95], p < 0.01), as well as in gamma glutamyl transferase (-8.21U/L, [-9.52, -6.91], p < 0.01), and an increase in total plasma bilirubin (8.19% [0.79, 15.59], p < 0.01), comparing with placebo or other oral antidiabetic drugs. SGLT2 inhibitors treatment was associated with a decrease in liver steatosis (-3.39% [-6.01, -0.77], p < 0.0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors improves liver structure and function in patients with T2D. This meta-analysis suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors are a promising pharmacological approach for treatment of NAFLD.

Gastric microbiome profile throughout gastric carcinogenesis: beyond helicobacter.

BACKGROUND: Gastric dysbiosis has been hinted as a potential cause of gastric cancer. However, changes in microbiome throughout the major stages of gastric carcinogenesis remain mostly unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe gastric microbiome at different stages, analysing for the first time dysbiosis specifically in patients with early gastric cancer (EGC). METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients (n = 77) with endoscopically and histologically confirmed normal stomachs (controls; n = 25), advanced atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia (IM; n = 18) and EGC (n = 34). Endoscopic biopsies from antrum and corpus (n = 154) were analyzed. Next-generation sequencing was performed characterizing microbial communities down to the species level based on full-length 16SrRNA gene profiling. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the microbiome profile between the groups. Firmicutes were more frequent (p = .012) and Proteobacteria were less frequent (p = .04) both in the IM and EGC when comparing to controls. Relative frequency of Helicobacter pylori, when present, was much higher in the controls (83%) when comparing to the other groups (IM 1%, EGC 27%; p = .006), being the dominant bacteria only in the controls. Dysbiosis was present already and more significantly at the IM stage, with two bacteria progressively increasing from controls to IM then to cancer: Gemella from 1.48 to 3.9% (p = .014); and Streptococcus from 19.3 to 33.7% (p = .04), being the EGC dominant bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm Helicobacter pylori dominancy in non-atrophic stomachs and progressive dysbiosis throughout gastric carcinogenesis. Gemella but particularly Streptococcus is significantly increased in patients with EGC. Specific modulation of these bacteria may change gastric cancer risk.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): how do Western endoscopists value animal models?

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)was introduced in the West later than in the East. Our aim was to assess how Western endoscopists performing ESD have been trained and how they value animal models for training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online survey regarding training in ESD was sent to Western endoscopists who published articles on advanced resection techniques. RESULTS: From 279 endoscopists, 58 (21%) completed the questionnaire, of which 50 confirmed performance of clinical ESD. Endoscopists had a median of 15 years of endoscopic experience (IQR 9.75-20.25) and all of them were performing conventional EMR, before starting ESD. Prior to clinical ESD, 74% (n = 37) underwent training with ex vivo models, 84% (n = 42) with live animal models and 92% (n = 46) with at least, one of the two models. After starting clinical ESD, as trainers, 52% (n = 26) were involved with ex vivo and 60% (n = 30) with live animal models. Personal usefulness of ex vivo and live animal models was rated with a median of 9 (IQR 8-10) and 10 (IQR 8-10), out of 10, respectively. Courses with ex vivo and live animal models were considered a prerequisite before clinical practice by 84% (n = 42) and 78% (n = 39), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Western endoscopists have extensive endoscopic experience before starting ESD. The majority had pre-clinical training with ex vivo and live animal models and more than half are acting as trainers of other endoscopists with these models. Animal models are considered very useful and deemed a prerequisite before clinical practice by the majority of the endoscopists.

The Role of Thyroid Hormones in Heart Failure.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart failure is the terminal manifestation of cardiovascular diseases, and its morbidity and mortality remain high. The prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) among heart failure patients remains uncertain. However, recent studies have found that it ranged from 40 to 71%. There is still no effective treatment for HFpEF. Thyroid hormones (TH) have central regulatory actions in the cardiovascular system, particularly in the heart. Changes in plasmatic or tissue thyroid hormone levels are associated with significant alterations in cardiovascular function. A significant proportion of patients with heart failure presents some form of thyroid dysfunction including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and low T3 syndrome. Furthermore, thyroid hormones can vary at a local level independently of the serum TH levels. This may lead to local cardiac hypothyroidism in heart failure. Based on these findings and the role that TH play in cardiovascular regulation, they were proposed as a potential target for heart failure therapy. Several clinical and experimental studies have shown beneficial effects of TH supplementation. Data from epidemiological studies supports a higher risk of heart failure and a worse prognosis in heart failure patients with low levels of TH. In addition, animal studies and small clinical studies suggest that TH supplementation may improve cardiac function in heart failure. Although further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TH in this context, the available evidence suggests that TH modulation is a promising therapeutic approach to heart failure.

Characterization of liver changes in ZSF1 rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the hepatic counterpart of the metabolic syndrome. ZSF1 rats are a metabolic syndrome animal model in which liver changes have not been described yet. AIM: The characterization of liver histological and innate immunity changes in ZSF1 rats. METHODS: Five groups of rats were included (n = 7 each group): healthy Wistar-Kyoto control rats (Ctrl), hypertensive ZSF1 lean (Ln), ZSF1 obese rats with a normal diet (Ob), ZSF1 obese rates with a high-fat diet (Ob-HFD), and ZSF1 obese rats with low-intensity exercise training (Ob-Ex). The animals were sacrificed at 20 weeks of age, their livers were collected for: a) measurements of the area of steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation (histomorphological analysis); and b) innate immunity (toll-like receptor [TLR] 2, TLR4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ [PPARγ], toll interacting protein [TOLLIP]) and inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNFα], interleukin 1 [IL-1]) expression analysis by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Ob, Ob-HFD and Ob-Ex were significantly heavier than Ln and Ctrl animals. Ob, Ob-HFD and Ob-Ex animals had impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. ZSF1 Ob, Ob-HFD and Ob-Ex presented a higher degree of steatosis (3,5x; p < 0.05) than Ctrl or ZSF1 Ln rats. Steatohepatitis and fibrosis were not observed in any of the groups. No differences in expression were observed between Ctrl, Ln and Ob animals (except for the significantly higher expression of TOLLIP observed in the Ob vs Ln comparison). Ob-HFD and Ob-Ex rats showed increased expression of PPARγ and TOLLIP as compared to other groups. However, both groups also showed increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Nevertheless, this did not translate into a differential expression of TNFα or IL-1 in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: The ZSF1 model is associated with liver steatosis but not with steatohepatitis or a significantly increased expression of innate immunity or inflammation markers.

Gastric microbiota and carcinogenesis: the role of non-Helicobacter pylori bacteria - A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Helicobacter pylori is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer. However, recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have revealed a complex microbial community in the stomach that could also contribute to the development of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to present recent scientific evidence regarding the role of non-Helicobacter pylori bacteria in gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS: A systematic review of original articles published in PubMed in the last ten years related to gastric microbiota and gastric cancer in humans was performed. RESULTS: Thirteen original articles were included. The constitution of gastric microbiota appears to be significantly affected by gastric cancer and premalignant lesions. In fact, differences in gastric microbiota have been documented, depending on Helicobacter pylori status and gastric conditions, such as non-atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and cancer. Gastric carcinogenesis can be associated with an increase in many bacteria (such as Lactobacillus coleohominis, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Acinetobacter baumannii) as well as decrease in others (such as Porphyromonas spp, Neisseria spp, Prevotella pallens or Streptococcus sinensis). However, there is no conclusive data that confirms if these changes in microbiota are a cause or consequence of the process of carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Even though there is limited evidence in humans, microbiota differences between normal individuals, pre-malignant lesions and gastric cancer could suggest a progressive shift in the constitution of gastric microbiota in carcinogenesis, possibly resulting from a complex cross-talk between gastric microbiota and Helicobacter pylori. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the specific role (if any) of different microorganisms.

Role of colonic microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The human colonic mucosa is populated by a wide range of microorganisms, usually in a symbiotic relation with the host. Sometimes this balance is lost and a state of dysbiosis arises, exposing the colon to different metabolic and inflammatory stimuli (according to the microbiota's changing profile). Recent findings lead to hypothesize that this unbalance may create a subclinical pro-inflammatory state that increases DNA mutations and, therefore, colorectal carcinogenesis. In this article we aim to systematically review the scientific evidence regarding colonic microbiota and its role in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS: Systematic review of PubMed searching results for original articles studying microbiota and colorectal cancer until November 2014. RESULTS: Thirty-one original articles studied the role of colon microbiota in colorectal carcinoma including both human and animal studies. Different and heterogeneous methods were used and different bacteria were considered. Nevertheless, some bacteria are consistently augmented (such as Fusobacteria, Alistipes, Porphyromonadaceae, Coriobacteridae, Staphylococcaceae, Akkermansia spp. and Methanobacteriales), while other are constantly diminished in colorectal cancer (such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium spp., Roseburia, and Treponema). Moreover, bacteria metabolites amino acids are increased and butyrate is decreased throughout colonic carcinogenesis. CONCLUSION: Conclusive evidence shows that colorectal carcinogenesis is associated with microbial dysbiosis. This information may be used to create new prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer.

Serum prolactin levels and mortality in adults without prolactinoma: A meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Prolactin is a highly versatile, multifunctional hormone synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Its metabolic role has been extensively studied even in normoprolactinemic populations. Recently, a wealth of observational data outlines the potential prognostic value of prolactin in various clinical settings. This systematic review aims to systematically evaluate and quantitatively synthesize the association between serum prolactin levels and risk of mortality in adults without prolactinoma. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted up to June 10, 2023 to identify studies reporting the association of serum prolactin levels with clinical outcomes of adults without prolactinoma. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the adjusted hazard ratios [(a)HRs] for all-cause and cardiovascular death during follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies were deemed eligible reporting the outcomes of adults without prolactinoma, in whom serum prolactin levels were measured for risk-stratification. Fourteen studies reported appropriate data for meta-analysis encompassing a total of 23,596 individuals. Each unit of prolactin increase was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause (pooled aHR=1.17 [1.08-1.27]; I2=48%) and cardiovascular mortality (pooled aHR=1.54 [1.14-2.09]; I2=89%). Individuals belonging to the highest prolactin category had significantly higher risk for all-cause (pooled aHR=1.81 [1.43-2.30]; I2=65%) and cardiovascular (pooled aHR=1.59 [1.04-2.42]; I2=82%) mortality compared to their lowest prolactin category counterparts. The association between prolactin levels and in-hospital death did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Prolactin levels seem to be an independent predictor for mortality. Further validation is warranted before its role as a risk stratification tool can be delineated in clinical practice.

Association of metabolic syndrome components and NAFLD with quality of life: Insights from a cross-sectional study.

AIM: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with higher cardiovascular and metabolic risks, as well as with psychosocial disorders. Data regarding quality of life (QoL) in patients with MetS, point towards a significative association between MetS and a worse QoL. It remains unclear whether MetS components and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with QoL in these individuals. We aimed to evaluate the association between QoL of patients with MetS and prespecified metabolic parameters (anthropometric, lipidic and glucose profiles), the risk of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, and hepatic elastography parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients from microDHNA cohort. This cohort includes patients diagnosed with MetS, 18 to 75 years old, followed in our tertiary center. The evaluation included anamnesis, physical examination, a QoL questionnaire (Short-Form Health Survey, SF-36), blood sampling and hepatic elastography. We used ordered logistic regression models adjusted to sex, age and body mass index to evaluate the associations between the QoL domains evaluated by SF-36 and the prespecified parameters. RESULTS: We included a total of 65 participants with MetS, with 54% being female and the mean age 61.9 ± 9.6 years old. A worse metabolic profile, specifically higher waist circumference, lower HDL, higher triglycerides, and more severe hepatic steatosis, were associated with worse QoL scores in several domains. We found no significant association of hepatic fibrosis with QoL. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that there is a link between a worse metabolic profile (specifically poorer lipidic profile and presence of hepatic steatosis) and a worse QoL in patients with MetS.

COVID-19 Lockdown and Impact on 2-Year Weight Loss in a Bariatric Center.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worldwide lockdown, which affected physical exercise habits, as well as having a detrimental effect on psychological health and follow-up visits of patients submitted to bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the 2-year weight loss of patients submitted to bariatric surgery in our center. METHODS: This was an observational study comparing the weight loss of patients who underwent bariatric surgery from January to March 2020 with a control group submitted to surgery between January and March 2017. Percentage of total weight loss (% TWL) and excess weight loss (% EWL) were assessed 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total number of 203 patients were included in this study, 102 had bariatric surgery during the selected period in 2020 and 101 underwent surgery during the same period in 2017. There was no statistically significant difference in weight loss between the 2017 and 2020 groups which was reported as % TWL (mean 27.08 ± 7.530 vs. 28.03 ± 7.074, 33.87 ± 8.507 vs. 34.07 ± 8.979 and 34.13 ± 9.340 vs. 33.98 ± 9.993; p = 0.371) and % EWL (mean 66.83 ± 23.004 vs. 69.71 ± 17.021, 83.37 ± 24.059 vs. 84.51 ± 21.640 and 83.47 ± 24.130 vs. 84.27 ± 23.651; p = 0.506) at 6, 12, and 24 months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: Despite social limitations imposed by the COVID-19 lockdown, we found no significant difference between weight loss at 2 years postoperatively in the 2020 group when compared with a control group who underwent bariatric surgery in 2017. These results show that the outcomes of bariatric surgery during the COVID-19 lockdown were comparable with those recorded before the pandemic, supporting the efficacy of bariatric procedures' metabolic effects during the first 2 years after surgery, regardless of lifestyle habits.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced endocrinopathies: a possible indicator of improved survival.

Objective: To evaluate the association between the patients' characteristics and the development of endocrine toxicity and to assess the association between endocrine-related adverse effects (ERAE) development and mortality. Subjects and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 98 patients submitted to immunotherapy in our centre since its introduction in 2015 until March 2021. We excluded patients for which data regarding the corticotroph axis evaluation was missing. We used linear and logistic regression models to address our aims. Results: We observed a significant negative association between ERAE development and death (OR 0.32; p = 0.028). We detected no associations between ERAE and the following characteristics: age at immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) initiation, sex, diabetes mellitus, medical history, immunotherapy duration and ICI type. Conclusion: The development of an ERAE may be associated with a better overall survival rate in advanced oncologic disease, supporting the role of an unleashed immune system response to malignant cells.

The role of Graves' disease in the development of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.

Aim: The prevalence of thyroid nodules and the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer in patients with Graves' disease. Methods: Retrospective observational study of adult subjects with Graves' disease (positive autoantibodies thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs)) between 2017 and 2021 at our center was done. We evaluated the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer in this population and characterized the predictive factors for thyroid malignancy using linear and logistic regression models. Results: We evaluated a total of 539 patients with Graves' disease during a median follow-up of 3.3 years (25th-75th percentiles 1.5-5.2 years). Fifty-three percent had thyroid nodules and 18 (3.3%) were diagnosed with thyroid cancer (12 papillary microcarcinomas). All tumors were classified using TNM classification as T1, and only one had lymph node metastasis; there were no recordings of distant metastasis. Sex, age, body mass index, smoking, TSH, and TRAbs levels were not significantly different between patients with and without thyroid cancer. Patients with multiple nodules on ultrasound (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.04-2.49) and with larger nodules (OR 2.96, 95%CI 1.08-8.14, for 10 mm increase in size) had a greater risk of thyroid cancer diagnosis. Conclusion: Patients with Graves' disease had a high prevalence of thyroid nodules and their nodules had a significant risk of thyroid cancer. The risk was higher in those with multiple and larger nodules. Most had low-grade papillary thyroid cancer. More studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of these findings.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy With and Without SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the efficacy of combination therapy is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of GLP-1 RAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with T2D treated with or without SGLT2 inhibitors. METHODS: Post hoc analysis of Harmony Outcomes (Albiglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease) evaluating the effect of albiglutide in T2D with cardiovascular disease by background SGLT2 inhibitor use. Additionally, a trial-level meta-analysis of Harmony Outcomes and AMPLITUDE-O (Effect of Efpeglenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes), which evaluated T2D with cardiovascular or renal disease, was performed, combining the treatment effect estimates according to SGLT2 inhibitor use. RESULTS: Of the 9,462 participants in Harmony Outcomes, 575 (6.1%) were treated with SGLT2 inhibitors at baseline. The effect of albiglutide on reducing the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (major adverse cardiovascular events) was consistent with or without SGLT2 inhibitors (P interaction = 0.70). The effect of albiglutide on secondary outcomes and adverse events was not modified by SGLT2 inhibitors. A meta-analysis of Harmony Outcomes and AMPLITUDE-O included 13,538 patients, of whom 1,193 (8.8%) used SGLT2 inhibitors. Compared to placebo, GLP1-RAs reduced major adverse cardiovascular events without effect modification by SGLT2 inhibitor use (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68-0.87 without SGLT2 inhibitors; and HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.49-1.24 with SGLT2 inhibitors) (P for interaction = 0.95) and reduced heart failure hospitalization (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.55-0.92 vs HR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.12-0.96) (P for interaction = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with T2D and cardiovascular disease, GLP-1 RAs reduced cardiovascular events independently of SGLT2 inhibitor use. These findings suggest that the combination of GLP-1 RAs with SGLT2 inhibitors may further reduce cardiovascular risk. Clinical trials with combination therapy are needed.

Effects of Triiodothyronine Treatment in an Animal Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Background: Low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) are common in patients with heart failure (HF). Our aim was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with low and replacement doses of T3 in an animal model of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Methods: We evaluated four groups: ZSF1 Lean (n = 8, Lean-Ctrl), ZSF1 Obese (rat model of metabolic-induced HFpEF, n = 13, HFpEF), ZSF1 Obese treated with a replacement dose of T3 (n = 8, HFpEF-T3high), and ZSF1 Obese treated with a low-dose of T3 (n = 8, HFpEF-T3low). T3 was administered in drinking water from weeks 13 to 24. The animals underwent anthropometric and metabolic assessments, echocardiography, and peak effort testing with maximum O2 consumption (VO2max) determination at 22 weeks, and a terminal hemodynamic evaluation at 24 weeks. Afterwhile myocardial samples were collected for single cardiomyocyte evaluation and molecular studies. Results: HFpEF animals showed lower serum and myocardial thyroid hormone levels than Lean-Ctrl. Treatment with T3 did not normalize serum T3 levels, but increased myocardial T3 levels to normal levels in the HFpEF-T3high group. Body weight was significantly decreased in both the T3-treated groups, comparing with HFpEF. An improvement in glucose metabolism was observed only in HFpEF-T3high. Both the treated groups had improved diastolic and systolic function in vivo, as well as improved Ca2+ transients and sarcomere shortening and relaxation in vitro. Comparing with HFpEF animals, HFpEF-T3high had increased heart rate and a higher rate of premature ventricular contractions. Animals treated with T3 had higher myocardial expression of calcium transporter ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) and α-myosin heavy chain (MHC), with a lower expression of ß-MHC. VO2max was not influenced by treatment with T3. Myocardial fibrosis was reduced in both the treated groups. Three animals died in the HFpEF-T3high group. Conclusions: Treatment with T3 was shown to improve metabolic profile, myocardial calcium handling, and cardiac function. While the low dose was well-tolerated and safe, the replacement dose was associated with increased heart rate, and increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden death. Modulation of thyroid hormones may be a potential therapeutic target in HFpEF; however, it is important to take into account the narrow therapeutic window of T3 in this condition.

Microbiota Modulation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) comprises a vast range of metabolic dysfunctions, which can be associated to cardiovascular disease risk factors. MS is reaching pandemic levels worldwide and it currently affects around 25% in the adult population of developed countries. The definition states for the diagnosis of MS may be clear, but it is also relevant to interpret the patient data and realize whether similar criteria were used by different clinicians. The different criteria explain, at least in part, the controversies on the theme. Several studies are presently focusing on the microbiota changes according to the components of MS. It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota is a regulator of metabolic homeostasis, being the gut microbiome in MS described as dysbiotic and certain taxonomic groups associated to metabolic changes. Probiotics, and more recently synbiotics, arise as promising therapeutic alternatives that can mitigate some metabolic disturbances, namely by correcting the microbiome and bringing homeostasis to the gut. The most recent studies were revised and the promising results and perspectives revealed in this review.