Protection of Messenger RNA Vaccines Against Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Adults Over the First Year Following Authorization in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were authorized in the United States in December 2020. Although vaccine effectiveness (VE) against mild infection declines markedly after several months, limited understanding exists on the long-term durability of protection against COVID-19-associated hospitalization. METHODS: Case-control analysis of adults (≥18 years) hospitalized at 21 hospitals in 18 states 11 March-15 December 2021, including COVID-19 case patients and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-negative controls. We included adults who were unvaccinated or vaccinated with 2 doses of a mRNA vaccine before the date of illness onset. VE over time was assessed using logistic regression comparing odds of vaccination in cases versus controls, adjusting for confounders. Models included dichotomous time (<180 vs ≥180 days since dose 2) and continuous time modeled using restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: A total of 10 078 patients were included, 4906 cases (23% vaccinated) and 5172 controls (62% vaccinated). Median age was 60 years (interquartile range, 46-70), 56% were non-Hispanic White, and 81% had ≥1 medical condition. Among immunocompetent adults, VE <180 days was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88-91) versus 82% (95% CI, 79-85) at ≥180 days (P < .001). VE declined for Pfizer-BioNTech (88% to 79%, P < .001) and Moderna (93% to 87%, P < .001) products, for younger adults (18-64 years) (91% to 87%, P = .005), and for adults ≥65 years of age (87% to 78%, P < .001). In models using restricted cubic splines, similar changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In a period largely predating Omicron variant circulation, effectiveness of 2 mRNA doses against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was largely sustained through 9 months.

mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalization Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: The study objective was to evaluate 2- and 3-dose coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing COVID-19 hospitalization among adult solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. METHODS: We conducted a 21-site case-control analysis of 10 425 adults hospitalized in March to December 2021. Cases were hospitalized with COVID-19; controls were hospitalized for an alternative diagnosis (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-negative). Participants were classified as follows: SOT recipient (n = 440), other immunocompromising condition (n = 1684), or immunocompetent (n = 8301). The VE against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was calculated as 1-adjusted odds ratio of prior vaccination among cases compared with controls. RESULTS: Among SOT recipients, VE was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], -19% to 58%) for 2 doses and 77% (95% CI, 48% to 90%) for 3 doses. Among patients with other immunocompromising conditions, VE was 72% (95% CI, 64% to 79%) for 2 doses and 92% (95% CI, 85% to 95%) for 3 doses. Among immunocompetent patients, VE was 88% (95% CI, 87% to 90%) for 2 doses and 96% (95% CI, 83% to 99%) for 3 doses. CONCLUSIONS: Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines was lower for SOT recipients than immunocompetent adults and those with other immunocompromising conditions. Among SOT recipients, vaccination with 3 doses of an mRNA vaccine led to substantially greater protection than 2 doses.

Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19-Associated Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Death - United States, March 2021-January 2022.

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] and mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) are effective at preventing COVID-19-associated hospitalization (1-3). However, how well mRNA vaccines protect against the most severe outcomes of these hospitalizations, including invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or death is uncertain. Using a case-control design, mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated IMV and in-hospital death was evaluated among adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized at 21 U.S. medical centers during March 11, 2021-January 24, 2022. During this period, the most commonly circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, were B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Previous vaccination (2 or 3 versus 0 vaccine doses before illness onset) in prospectively enrolled COVID-19 case-patients who received IMV or died within 28 days of hospitalization was compared with that among hospitalized control patients without COVID-19. Among 1,440 COVID-19 case-patients who received IMV or died, 307 (21%) had received 2 or 3 vaccine doses before illness onset. Among 6,104 control-patients, 4,020 (66%) had received 2 or 3 vaccine doses. Among the 1,440 case-patients who received IMV or died, those who were vaccinated were older (median age = 69 years), more likely to be immunocompromised* (40%), and had more chronic medical conditions compared with unvaccinated case-patients (median age = 55 years; immunocompromised = 10%; p<0.001 for both). VE against IMV or in-hospital death was 90% (95% CI = 88%-91%) overall, including 88% (95% CI = 86%-90%) for 2 doses and 94% (95% CI = 91%-96%) for 3 doses, and 94% (95% CI = 88%-97%) for 3 doses during the Omicron-predominant period. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19-associated death and respiratory failure treated with IMV. CDC recommends that all persons eligible for vaccination get vaccinated and stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination (4).

Effectiveness of a Third Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines in Preventing COVID-19 Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Adults - United States, August-December 2021.

COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] and mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) provide protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and are highly effective against COVID-19-associated hospitalization among eligible persons who receive 2 doses (1,2). However, vaccine effectiveness (VE) among persons with immunocompromising conditions* is lower than that among immunocompetent persons (2), and VE declines after several months among all persons (3). On August 12, 2021, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for a third mRNA vaccine dose as part of a primary series ≥28 days after dose 2 for persons aged ≥12 years with immunocompromising conditions, and, on November 19, 2021, as a booster dose for all adults aged ≥18 years at least 6 months after dose 2, changed to ≥5 months after dose 2 on January 3, 2022 (4,5,6). Among 2,952 adults (including 1,385 COVID-19 case-patients and 1,567 COVID-19-negative controls) hospitalized at 21 U.S. hospitals during August 19-December 15, 2021, effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalization was compared between adults eligible for but who had not received a third vaccine dose (1,251) and vaccine-eligible adults who received a third dose ≥7 days before illness onset (312). Among 1,875 adults without immunocompromising conditions (including 1,065 [57%] unvaccinated, 679 [36%] 2-dose recipients, and 131 [7%] 3-dose [booster] recipients), VE against COVID-19 hospitalization was higher among those who received a booster dose (97%; 95% CI = 95%-99%) compared with that among 2-dose recipients (82%; 95% CI = 77%-86%) (p <0.001). Among 1,077 adults with immunocompromising conditions (including 324 [30%] unvaccinated, 572 [53%] 2-dose recipients, and 181 [17%] 3-dose recipients), VE was higher among those who received a third dose to complete a primary series (88%; 95% CI = 81%-93%) compared with 2-dose recipients (69%; 95% CI = 57%-78%) (p <0.001). Administration of a third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose as part of a primary series among immunocompromised adults, or as a booster dose among immunocompetent adults, provides improved protection against COVID-19-associated hospitalization.

Insights into early postoperative acute kidney injury following lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after lung transplantation (LT) and is associated with higher cost and mortality. We sought to evaluate the incidence of postoperative AKI, defined as AKI within 14 days of transplant, and identify associated perioperative factors. METHODS: We conducted a single-center, retrospective review of 153 lung transplant recipients. Postoperative AKI was determined using the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End Stage) criteria. Perioperative covariates and their association with postoperative AKI were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed to evaluate patient survival at 1 year and data finalization. A sub-analysis was performed evaluating factors associated with early AKI (within 48 h of transplant) and late AKI. RESULTS: Postoperative AKI occurred in 36.6% of patients with 51.8% of cases occurring within 48 h of LT. Recipient race, transplant type, cardiopulmonary support, and red blood cell administration were associated with postoperative AKI. Survival was significantly lower in patients with postoperative AKI following LT. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative AKI within 2 weeks of lung transplant is associated with lower short- and long-term survival. Perioperative factors associated with postoperative AKI may be potential points of intervention to minimize AKI development in the future.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in adults: Exploring pathogenesis and phenotype.

This review highlights both the longstanding impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on the health of adult survivors of prematurity and the pressing need for prospective, longitudinal studies of this population. Conservatively, there are an estimated 1,000,000 survivors of BPD in the United States alone. Unfortunately, most of the available literature regarding outcomes of lung disease due to prematurity naturally focuses on pediatric patients in early or middle childhood, and the relative amount of literature on adult survivors is scant. As the number of adult survivors of BPD continues to increase, it is essential that both adult and pediatric pulmonologists have a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology and underlying disease process, including the molecular signaling pathways and pro-inflammatory modulators that contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD. We summarize the most common presenting symptoms for adults with BPD and identify the critical challenges adult pulmonologists face in managing the care of survivors of prematurity. Specifically, these challenges include the wide variability of the clinical presentation of adult patients, comorbid cardiopulmonary complications, and the paucity of longitudinal data available on these patients. Adult survivors of BPD have even required lung transplantation, indicating the high burden of morbidity that can result from premature birth and subsequent lung injury. In addition, we analyze the disparate symptoms and management approach to adults with "old" BPD versus "new" BPD. The aim of this review is to assist pulmonologists in understanding the underlying pathophysiology of BPD and to improve clinical recognition of this increasingly common pulmonary disease.

Use of bivalirudin after initial heparin management among adult patients on long-term venovenous extracorporeal support as a bridge to lung transplant: A case series.

A growing body of evidence supports the use of bivalirudin as an alternative to unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the prevention of thrombotic events in patients on venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, data in patients bridged to lung transplantation are limited. In this case series, we describe the outcomes of six patients who were transitioned from UFH to bivalirudin during their course of VV ECMO support as a bridge to lung transplantation. All six patients were on VV ECMO support until transplant, with a median duration of 73 days. Bivalirudin demonstrated a shorter time to first therapeutic activated thromboplastin time (aPTT) level. Additionally, time in therapeutic range was longer while patients were receiving bivalirudin compared to UFH (median 92.9% vs. 74.6%). However, major bleeding and thrombotic events occurred while patients were receiving either anticoagulant. Based on our experience, bivalirudin appears to be a viable option for anticoagulation in VV ECMO patients bridged to lung transplantation. Larger studies evaluating the optimal anticoagulation strategy in patients bridged to transplant are needed.

Clinical Validation of a Plasma Donor-derived Cell-free DNA Assay to Detect Allograft Rejection and Injury in Lung Transplant.

Background: Lung transplant patients are vulnerable to various forms of allograft injury, whether from acute rejection (AR) (encompassing acute cellular rejection [ACR] and antibody-mediated rejection [AMR]), chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), or infection (INFXN). Previous research indicates that donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a promising noninvasive biomarker for the detection of AR and allograft injury. Our aim was to validate a clinical plasma dd-cfDNA assay for detection of AR and other allograft injury and to confirm and expand on dd-cfDNA and allograft injury associations observed in previous studies. Methods: We measured dd-cfDNA fraction using a novel single-nucleotide polymorphism-based assay in prospectively collected plasma samples paired with clinical-pathologic diagnoses. dd-cfDNA fraction was compared across clinical-pathologic cohorts: stable, ACR, AMR, isolated lymphocytic bronchiolitis, CLAD/neutrophilic-responsive allograft dysfunction (NRAD), and INFXN. Performance characteristics were calculated for AR and combined allograft injury (AR + CLAD/NRAD + INFXN) versus the stable cohort. Results: The study included 195 samples from 103 patients. Median dd-cfDNA fraction was significantly higher for ACR (1.43%, interquartile range [IQR]: 0.67%-2.32%, P = 5 × 10-6), AMR (2.50%, IQR: 2.06%-3.79%, P = 2 × 10-5), INFXN (0.74%, IQR: 0.46%-1.38%, P = 0.02), and CLAD/NRAD (1.60%, IQR: 0.57%-2.60%, P = 1.4 × 10-4) versus the stable cohort. Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for AR versus stable was 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.98). Using a ≥1% dd-cfDNA fraction threshold, sensitivity for AR was 89.1% (95% CI: 76.2%-100.0%), specificity 82.9% (95% CI: 73.3%-92.4%), positive predictive value, 51.9% (95% CI: 37.5%-66.3%), and negative predictive value, 97.3% (95% CI: 94.3%-100%). For combined allograft injury area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.85), sensitivity 59.9% (95% CI: 46.0%-73.9%), specificity 83.9% (95% CI: 74.1%-93.7%), positive predictive value, 43.6% (95% CI: 27.6%-59.6%), and negative predictive value, 91.0% (95% CI: 87.9%-94.0%). Conclusions: These results indicate that our dd-cfDNA assay detects AR and other allograft injury. dd-cfDNA monitoring, accompanied by standard clinical assessments, represents a valuable precision tool to support lung transplant health and is appropriate for further assessment in a prospective randomized-controlled study.

Looking Beyond the Allograft Survival: Long-Term, 5-Year Renal Outcome in Lung Transplant Recipients.

With the increased incidence and survival of lung transplant (LTx) recipients, the risk for chronic sequelae such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the rise. Data on the long-term renal outcome are scarce. We performed a retrospective chart review of 171 adults with LTx from January 1, 2014, to January 1, 2019. Primary outcomes were prevalence of CKD/end-stage renal disease, acute kidney injury (AKI) as a risk factor for future CKD, and all-cause mortality in recipients with CKD compared with the non-CKD group. Secondary outcomes were frequency of utilization of modalities for CKD (urinalysis, imaging, biopsy, nephrology consultations). Baseline median creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were 0.8 mg/dL and 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Of the participants, 60% (96 of 161), 67% (102 of 153), 79% (37 of 47), 86% (10 of 12) had CKD at the end of 6, 12, 36, and 60 months, respectively, and 16% were on dialysis at the end of the study period; 3% received a subsequent renal transplant, and 27% mortality was noted over a 5-year follow-up period. The odds of CKD development in patients with an AKI during index hospitalization vs no AKI was 6.22 (2.87 to 13.06, P < .0001). The odds ratio of all-cause mortality in patients with CKD compared with non-CKD was 3.36 (95% confidence interval, 1.44-8.64, P = .005). Measurement of hematuria/proteinuria, imaging, and renal biopsy were infrequently used. Given the high prevalence of AKI and CKD in this population, a multidisciplinary team approach with an early nephrology consultation will be key to improve the overall and renal outcomes in LTx recipients.

Reliable low-molecular-weight heparin reversal in a child undergoing emergency surgery: a case report.

Low-molecular-weight heparin neutralization using protamine alone can be unreliable, especially in cases of immediate reversal for emergency surgery. Here, we describe a unique case of a 17-month-old girl with a history of glioneuronal tumor and corresponding hydrocephalus status post debulking and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, who was placed on enoxaparin after the development of a sagittal sinus thrombosis. Patient presented for emergency craniectomy and evacuation of subdural bleed after a fall while on therapeutic dose of enoxaparin. Protamine and fresh frozen plasma were used in the patient's perioperative course providing a reliable reversal of enoxaparin.

Lactobacillus endocarditis with prosthetic material: a case report on non-surgical management with corresponding literature review.

Lactobacilli are rod shaped gram positive bacteria that naturally colonize the human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts and occasionally cause disease in humans. Lactobacillus infections are found in patients who are immunocompromized or have severe comorbidities. We report Lactobacillus endocarditis in a 17-year-old adolescent girl with cardiac prosthetic material following surgical correction for complex cyanotic congenital heart disease. Accurate identification of the organism can be delayed. Despite in vivo susceptibility to vancomycin, our patient clinically failed vancomycin therapy but ultimately responded to a six-week course of penicillin, in addition to a 4-week course of clindamycin and gentamicin. She recovered without the need for surgical intervention and has been symptom free for one year. Upon review of the literature, we found that Lactobacillus endocarditis has not been reported in a pediatric patient with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease.