Toward an Integrated View of Operational Tolerance in Human Renal Transplantation: A Systems Biology Perspective.

Operational tolerance (OT) is the phenomenon occurring in human renal and liver transplantation in which the body does not reject the organ after discontinuing immunosuppression for at least a year. We revisited the data generated by The Brazilian Multicenter Study on Operational Tolerance involving different conceptual fields - antigen-specific cytokine response, immune cell numbers and repertoire, signaling pathways, and epigenetics. We integrated our data to pave the way to systems biology thinking and harness debate on potential mechanisms in OT. We present original data on systems biology in OT, connecting potential mechanistic players. Using bioinformatics, we identified three dominant features that discriminate OT from its opposing clinical outcome, chronic rejection (CR). The OT-CR discriminative molecules were FOXP3, GATA3 and STAT6, each corresponding to a differential profile: (1) In FOXP3, OT presents preserved regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers but decreased numbers in CR; (2) in GATA3, increased expression is seen in OT; and (3) in STAT6, decreased monocyte activation is seen in OT. With these variables, we built molecular networks to identify interactions related to OT versus CR. Our first systems biology endeavor gave rise to novel potentially relevant interconnected players in OT mechanisms: FOXP3 connecting to interleukin-9 (IL-9) and IL-35 signaling, suggesting their immunoregulatory involvement in OT. Likewise, GATA3/FOXP3 interactions incrementing/stabilizing FOXP3 transcription suggest participation in keeping healthy FOXP3+ Tregs in OT. We envision that systems biology thinking will greatly contribute to advancing knowledge in human transplantation tolerance in an interactive perspective.

Regulatory/inflammatory cellular response discrimination in operational tolerance.

BACKGROUND: Antigen-specific cellular response is essential in immune tolerance. We tested whether antigen-specific cellular response is differentially modulated in operational tolerance (OT) in renal transplantation with respect to critical antigenic challenges in allotransplantation-donor antigens, pathogenic antigens and self-antigens. METHODS: We analysed the profile of immunoregulatory (REG) and pro-inflammatory (INFLAMMA) cytokines for the antigen-specific response directed to these three antigen groups, by Luminex. RESULTS: We showed that, in contrast to chronic rejection and healthy individuals, OT gives rise to an immunoregulatory deviation in the cellular response to donor human leucocyte antigen DR isotype peptides, while preserving the pro-inflammatory response to pathogenic peptides. Cellular autoreactivity to the N6 heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) peptide also showed a REG profile in OT, increasing IL4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13. CONCLUSIONS: The REG shift of donor indirect alloreactivity in OT, with inhibition of interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Interferon-γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, indicates that this may be an important mechanism in OT. In addition, the differential REG profile of cellular response to the Hsp60 peptide in OT suggests that REG autoimmunity may also play a role in human transplantation tolerance. Despite cross-reactivity of antigen-specific T cell responses, a systemic functional antigen-specific discrimination takes place in OT.

Screening Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Pernambuco, Brazil for Resistance to Temephos, Diflubenzuron, and Cypermethrin and Characterization of Potential Resistance Mechanisms.

Resistance to chemical insecticides detected in Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes has been a problem for the National Dengue Control Program (PNCD) over the last years. In order to provide deeper knowledge of resistance to xenobiotics, our study evaluated the susceptibility profile of temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin insecticides in natural mosquito populations from the Pernambuco State, associating these results with the local historical use of such compounds. Furthermore, mechanisms that may be associated with this particular type of resistance were characterized. Bioassays with multiple temephos and diflubenzuron concentrations were performed to detect and quantify resistance. For cypermethrin, diagnostic dose assays were performed. Biochemical tests were carried out to quantify the activity of detoxification enzymes. In addition, a screening of mutations present in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaV) was performed in samples previously submitted to bioassays with cypermethrin. The populations under study were resistant to temephos and showed a positive correlation between insecticide consumption and the resistance ratio (RR) to the compound. For diflubenzuron, the biological activity ratio (BAR) ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 times, when compared to the susceptible strain. All populations showed resistance to cypermethrin. Altered enzymatic profiles of alpha, p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) esterases and glutathione-S-transferases were recorded in most of these samples. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Arcoverde was the only population that presented the mutated form 1016Ile/Ile. These findings show that the situation is critical vis-à-vis the effectiveness of mosquito control using chemical insecticides, since resistance to temephos and cypermethrin is widespread in Ae. aegypti from Pernambuco.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Brazil: A Systematic Review.

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes serious illnesses, such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, mainly in immunocompromised individuals and those of extreme ages. Currently, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are the best allies against pneumococcal diseases. In Brazil, the 10-valent and 13-valent PCVs have been available since 2010, but the threat of antimicrobial resistance persists and has been changing over time. We conducted a systematic review of the literature with works published since 2000, generating a parallel between susceptibility data on isolates recovered from colonization and invasive diseases before and after the implementation of PCVs for routine childhood use in Brazil. This systematic review was based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Despite the inclusion of PCVs at a large scale in the national territory, high frequencies of non-susceptibility to important drugs used in pneumococcal diseases are still observed, especially penicillin, as well as increasing resistance to macrolides. However, there are still drugs for which pneumococci have a comprehensive sensitivity profile.

Responding to STI epidemics among young people: a characterization of the language employed in educational materials. / Enfrentamento de epidemias de ISTs em população jovem: caracterização da linguagem dos materiais educativos.

This article aims to characterize the language employed in educational and communications materials about STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis produced by the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019, identifying elements related to health promotion and disease prevention. We conducted an exploratory descriptive study. The materials were selected by performing a systematic search of the Ministry of Health website focusing on the period 2010-2019. The materials were analyzed to determine the educational approaches adopted. The preventive, educational and personal development approaches were identified in 100% (201), 24.87% (50) and 7.96% (16) of the materials, respectively. The radical and popular education for health approaches were not observed. The almost exclusive focus on the preventive approach reveals that promoting changes in individual habits and behavior alone is not sufficient to combat and solve the problem of STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis in Brazil.

O objetivo do artigo é caracterizar a linguagem utilizada nos materiais educativos e comunicacionais vinculados à temática das IST, do HIV/Aids e hepatites virais produzidos e veiculados pelo Ministério da Saúde no período de 2010 a 2019, identificando elementos de promoção à saúde e de prevenção de doenças. Metodologia descritiva exploratória para a caracterização da linguagem utilizada nos materiais educativos e comunicacionais sobre as IST, do HIV/Aids e hepatites virais. Para a seleção dos materiais educativos, adotou-se a estratégia de busca sistemática realizada no site do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil por um período de dez anos: de 2010 a 2019. Os materiais foram observados por meio dos enfoques educativos. O enfoque preventivo foi identificado em 100% dos materiais analisados (201). O enfoque educativo foi encontrado em 24,87% (50) dos materiais, e o enfoque de desenvolvimento pessoal foi encontrado em 7,96% (16). Os enfoques radical e da educação popular em saúde não foram observados. A atenção quase exclusiva ao enfoque preventivo revela que cuidados individuais isoladamente não são suficientes para combater e sanar o problema das IST, do HIV/Aids e das hepatites virais no Brasil.

Telehealth and Speech Therapy: usability assessment of an orientation and prevention program of orofacial myofunctional changes, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of an virtual speech-language orientation program, as well as the prevention of orofacial myofunctional alterations. METHODS: Fifty-five volunteer residents aged between 18 and 50 years of age residents of Federal District participated in the study, 14 men and 41 women with an average of 28. The orientation program was divided into five stages (1) The preparation of material to be used in the orientation program, (2) The completion of a semi-structured questionnaire made available through Google Forms, (3) Completion of a pre-orientation program questionnaire, (4) utilization of the speech therapy orientation program, (5) Completion of the post-orientation program questionnaire. To analyze the results the McNemar statistical test was used considering the absolute frequency (N), enabling comparison through a paired sample. The significance level adopted was 5%. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were seen in 10 of the 19 questions asked in the pre and post-orientation program questionnaires, proving the effect of the orientation program and improvement in participants' knowledge. In addition the participants were satisfied with the program and the content. CONCLUSION: The orientation program focused on health promotion and prevention of orofacial myofunctional alterations and combined with telehealth brought significant changes to the reality of the participants, favoring the quality of life of these individuals and changing their reality.

Prevalence, capsular types, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors associated with pneumococcal carriage among children after long-term 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced for childhood vaccination in Brazil's National Immunization Program in 2010. After nine years of PCV10 use, we investigated the carriage prevalence, capsular types, antimicrobial resistance and risk factors among children living in Niterói city, RJ, Brazil. METHODS: Between September and December 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study and recruited children under 6 years of age. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the disk-diffusion method and MICs to beta-lactams and macrolides were determined by E-test®. Capsular types were deduced by multiplex PCR. Logistic regression was used to predict risk factors for pneumococcal carriage. RESULTS: Seventy-five (17.4%) of the 430 children were pneumococcal carriers. The most frequent capsular types were 6C/D (14.7%), 11A/D (13.3%), and 23B (9.3%). PCV10 serotypes represented 5.3%. All isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, linezolid, rifampicin, and vancomycin. Penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci (PNSP) made up 37.3%, with penicillin and ceftriaxone MICs ranging from 0.12 to 4.0 µg/ml and 0.064-4.0 µg/ml, respectively. Of the 19 (25.3%) erythromycin-resistant (ERY-R) isolates (macrolide MICs of 6 to >256 µg/ml), most had the cMLSB phenotype (84.2%) and carried the erm(B) gene (73.7%). We detected 17 (22.6%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, strongly associated with serotype 6C/D. Presence of any symptoms, chronic diseases, childcare center attendance, living with young siblings, slum residence, and unstable income were predictors of pneumococcal carriage. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term universal childhood use of PCV10 has nearly eliminated carriage with PCV10 serotypes, but the high frequency of MDR isolates, especially associated with serotype 6C/D, remains a concern. Replacing PCV10 with PCV13 should reduce the proportion of ERY-R isolates and PNSP by at least 14% and 18%, respectively.

[Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in areas of the Federal District, Brazil]. / Prevalência de sintomáticos respiratórios em regiões do Distrito Federal, Brasil.

The identification of individuals with respiratory symptoms (RS) is important for the early detection of tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of RS in three administrative regions of the Federal District, Brazil. For this, we used the 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique proposed by the World Health Organization. Individuals with RS were defined as those aged 15 years or older living in the administrative regions of Estrutural, Itapoã, or Varjão and reporting a cough lasting at least 3 weeks at the date of the interview. The prevalence of RS was 5.7% in Estrutural and Varjão (95% CI: 2.4-9.0) and 4.8% in Itapoã (95%CI: 1.6-7.9), with a design effect close to 1.0. In Estrutural and Itapoã, fewer years of schooling, and in Itapoã and Varjão, lower income, were associated with RS. Cigarette smoking was associated with the presence of RS in all regions. The prevalence of RS in the three administrative regions investigated is consistent with that of other areas with a similar socioeconomic profile.

Assessment of safety culture in organ donation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the perception of safety culture by health professionals who work with organ and tissue donation. METHODS: A quantitative, descriptive study developed with 185 health professionals who act directly and indirectly with organ and tissue donation from two hospitals in the South of Brazil. The data collection was performed between January and July 2017 by using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. The analysis took place through descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The mean score of the domains evaluated ranged from 41.6, for Perception of management of the unit, and 80.9 for Job satisfaction. Positive perception of safety culture in this study was evidenced only for Job satisfaction with a score higher than 75. CONCLUSIONS: Of the six domains evaluated, only one had a positive score, evidencing the need to elaborate effective strategies for implanting safety culture in these institutions.

Laser therapy increases the proliferation of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on poly(lactic acid) films.

This study aimed to verify the efficacy of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts cultured on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films. The produced films were characterized by contact angle tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured as three different groups: Control-cultured on polystyrene plastic surfaces; PLA-cultured on PLA films; and PLA + Laser-cultured on PLA films and submitted to laser irradiation (660 nm; 30 mW; 4 J/cm2 ). Cell proliferation was analyzed by Trypan blue and Alamar blue assays at 24, 48, and 72 h after irradiation. Cell viability was assessed by Live/Dead assay, apoptosis-related events were evaluated by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) expression, and cell cycle events were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell morphology on the surface of films was assessed by SEM. Cell counting and biochemical assay results indicate that the PLA + Laser group exhibited higher proliferation (p < 0.01) when compared with the Control and PLA groups. The Live/Dead and Annexin/PI assays indicate increased cell viability in the PLA + Laser group that also presented a higher percentage of cells in the proliferative cell cycle phases (S and G2/M). These findings were also confirmed by the higher cell density observed in the irradiated group through SEM images. The evidence from this study supports the idea that LLLI increases the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on PLA surfaces, suggesting that it can be potentially applied in bone tissue engineering.

Differential microRNA Profile in Operational Tolerance: A Potential Role in Favoring Cell Survival.

Background: Operational tolerance (OT) is a state of graft functional stability that occurs after at least 1 year of immunosuppressant withdrawal. MicroRNAs (microRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that downregulate messenger RNA/protein expression of innumerous molecules and are critical for homeostasis. We investigated whether OT in kidney transplantation displays a differential microRNA profile, which would suggest that microRNAs participate in Operational Tolerance mechanisms, and may reveal potential molecular pathways. Methods: We first compared serum microRNA in OT (n = 8) with chronic rejection (CR) (n = 5) and healthy individuals (HI) (n = 5), using a 768-microRNA qPCR-panel. We used the Thermo Fisher Cloud computing platform to compare the levels of microRNAs in the OT group in relation to the other study groups. We performed validation experiments for miR-885-5p, by q-PCR, in a larger number of study subjects (OT = 8, CR = 12, HI = 12), as individual samples. Results: We detected a differential microRNA profile in OT vs. its opposing clinical outcome-CR-suggesting that microRNAs may integrate transplantation tolerance mechanisms. Some miRNAs were detected at higher levels in OT: miR-885-5p, miR-331-3p, miR-27a-5p vs. CR; others, we found at lower levels: miR-1233-3p, miR-572, miR-638, miR-1260a. Considering highly predicted/experimentally demonstrated targets of these miRNAs, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the granzyme B, and death receptor pathways are dominant, suggesting that cell death regulation integrates transplantation tolerance mechanisms. We confirmed higher miR-885-5p levels in OT vs. CR, and vs. HI, in a larger number of subjects. Conclusions: We propose that epigenetics mechanisms involving microRNAs may integrate human transplantation tolerance mechanisms, and regulate key members of the cell death/survival signaling. miR-885-5p could favor cell survival in OT by diminishing the levels of CRADD/RAIDD and CASP3. Nonetheless, given the nature of any complex phenomenon in humans, only cumulative data will help to determine whether this microRNA differential profile may be related to the cause or consequence of operational tolerance.

Enfrentamento de epidemias de ISTs em população jovem: caracterização da linguagem dos materiais educativos / Responding to STI epidemics among young people: a characterization of the language employed in educational materials

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é caracterizar a linguagem utilizada nos materiais educativos e comunicacionais vinculados à temática das IST, do HIV/Aids e hepatites virais produzidos e veiculados pelo Ministério da Saúde no período de 2010 a 2019, identificando elementos de promoção à saúde e de prevenção de doenças. Metodologia descritiva exploratória para a caracterização da linguagem utilizada nos materiais educativos e comunicacionais sobre as IST, do HIV/Aids e hepatites virais. Para a seleção dos materiais educativos, adotou-se a estratégia de busca sistemática realizada no site do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil por um período de dez anos: de 2010 a 2019. Os materiais foram observados por meio dos enfoques educativos. O enfoque preventivo foi identificado em 100% dos materiais analisados (201). O enfoque educativo foi encontrado em 24,87% (50) dos materiais, e o enfoque de desenvolvimento pessoal foi encontrado em 7,96% (16). Os enfoques radical e da educação popular em saúde não foram observados. A atenção quase exclusiva ao enfoque preventivo revela que cuidados individuais isoladamente não são suficientes para combater e sanar o problema das IST, do HIV/Aids e das hepatites virais no Brasil.

Abstract This article aims to characterize the language employed in educational and communications materials about STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis produced by the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019, identifying elements related to health promotion and disease prevention. We conducted an exploratory descriptive study. The materials were selected by performing a systematic search of the Ministry of Health website focusing on the period 2010-2019. The materials were analyzed to determine the educational approaches adopted. The preventive, educational and personal development approaches were identified in 100% (201), 24.87% (50) and 7.96% (16) of the materials, respectively. The radical and popular education for health approaches were not observed. The almost exclusive focus on the preventive approach reveals that promoting changes in individual habits and behavior alone is not sufficient to combat and solve the problem of STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis in Brazil.

Telehealth and Speech Therapy: usability assessment of an orientation and prevention program of orofacial myofunctional changes, during the COVID-19 pandemic / Telessaúde em Fonoaudiologia: aplicação de um programa de orientação e prevenção de alterações miofuncionais orofaciais durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Purpose To assess the effect of an virtual speech-language orientation program, as well as the prevention of orofacial myofunctional alterations. Methods Fifty-five volunteer residents aged between 18 and 50 years of age residents of Federal District participated in the study, 14 men and 41 women with an average of 28. The orientation program was divided into five stages (1) The preparation of material to be used in the orientation program, (2) The completion of a semi-structured questionnaire made available through Google Forms, (3) Completion of a pre-orientation program questionnaire, (4) utilization of the speech therapy orientation program, (5) Completion of the post-orientation program questionnaire. To analyze the results the McNemar statistical test was used considering the absolute frequency (N), enabling comparison through a paired sample. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results Statistically significant differences were seen in 10 of the 19 questions asked in the pre and post-orientation program questionnaires, proving the effect of the orientation program and improvement in participants' knowledge. In addition the participants were satisfied with the program and the content. Conclusion The orientation program focused on health promotion and prevention of orofacial myofunctional alterations and combined with telehealth brought significant changes to the reality of the participants, favoring the quality of life of these individuals and changing their reality.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o efeito de um programa de orientação fonoaudiológica virtual, bem como prevenir alterações miofuncionais orofaciais. Método Participaram deste estudo 55 voluntários moradores do Distrito Federal com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, sendo 14 homens e 41 mulheres, com idade média de 28 anos. O programa de orientação proposto foi dividido em cinco etapas: 1) elaboração dos materiais a serem utilizados no programa de orientação; 2) preenchimento de questionário semiestruturado por meio da plataforma Google Forms; 3) aplicação do questionário pré-programa de orientação; 4) realização do programa de orientação fonoaudiológica; 5) preenchimento do questionário pós-programa de orientação. Para a análise dos resultados utilizou-se o teste estatístico McNemar considerando a frequência absoluta (N), possibilitando a comparação por meio de amostra pareada. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Observou-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas em 10 das 19 questões propostas nos questionários pré e pós-programa de orientação, evidenciando o efeito da orientação proposta e aquisição de conhecimentos por parte dos voluntários. Além disso, os participantes demonstraram satisfação em relação ao programa e aos conteúdos disseminados. Conclusão O programa de orientação com enfoque na promoção da saúde e prevenção de alterações miofuncionais orofaciais aliado à telessaúde trouxe mudanças significativas para a realidade dos participantes, favorecendo a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos e tornando-os agentes transformadores de realidade.

Changing the molecular profile of primary and metastatic breast cancer identified by Foundation One: case report

Objective: To describe a case report of a patient who presented with bilateral breast cancer with progression to metastatic disease, in which immunohistochemical profile of the primary and metastatic tumor was divergent. Methods: This was a study with a descriptive narrative and reflective design, of the case report type, based on secondary data, with information and images obtained from the electronic medical records of the MVSoul system used in the oncology center of a private hospital in the Federal District in Brazil. Data collection was derived from the analysis of data and images of the electronic medical record. Case report: A patient presented with bilateral metastatic breast cancer, and the primary and metastatic breast tumors showed a difference in immunohistochemical profile. Accordingly, we highlight the rarity of the case, the need for biopsies of metastatic lesions because of the molecular heterogeneity of breast cancer and possible discrepancy between the primary tumor and metastases. Spreading knowledge about diagnostic tests and personalized treatment according to tumor molecular characteristics is also essential, especially when the patient does not have a satisfactory therapeutic response, as in the reported case, since the patient had metastases with different molecular profiles confirmed only by of tumor DNA sequencing.

Assessment of safety culture in organ donation / Evaluación de la cultura de seguridad en el donación de órganos / Avaliação da cultura de segurança no processo de doação de órgãos

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the perception of safety culture by health professionals who work with organ and tissue donation. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study developed with 185 health professionals who act directly and indirectly with organ and tissue donation from two hospitals in the South of Brazil. The data collection was performed between January and July 2017 by using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. The analysis took place through descriptive statistics. Results: The mean score of the domains evaluated ranged from 41.6, for Perception of management of the unit, and 80.9 for Job satisfaction. Positive perception of safety culture in this study was evidenced only for Job satisfaction with a score higher than 75. Conclusions: Of the six domains evaluated, only one had a positive score, evidencing the need to elaborate effective strategies for implanting safety culture in these institutions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la percepción de la cultura de seguridad por los profesionales de salud que actúan en el donación de órganos y tejidos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo desarrollado con 185 profesionales de salud que actúan de manera directa e indirecta en el donación de órganos y tejidos de dos hospitales del sur del país. La recolección de los datos se realizó entre enero y julio de 2017, utilizando el Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. El análisis ocurrió por medio de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La puntuación promedio de los dominios evaluados varió entre 41,6, para Percepción de la gerencia de la unidad, a 80,9 para Satisfacción en el trabajo. La percepción positiva de la cultura de seguridad en este estudio fue evidenciada sólo para Satisfacción en el trabaj, con una puntuación superior a 75. Conclusiones: De los seis dominios evaluados, sólo uno tuvo una puntuación positiva, evidenciando la necesidad de elaborar estrategias efectivas para la implantación de la cultura de seguridad en esas instituciones.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a percepção da cultura de segurança pelos profissionais de saúde que atuam no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo desenvolvido com 185 profissionais de saúde que atuam de maneira direta e indireta no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos de dois hospitais do Sul do país. A coleta dos dados foi realizada entre janeiro e julho de 2017, utilizando o instrumento Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. A análise ocorreu por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: O escore médio dos domínios avaliados variou entre 41,6, para Percepção da Gerência da Unidade, a 80,9 para Satisfação no trabalho. A percepção positiva da cultura de segurança neste estudo foi evidenciada apenas para Satisfação do trabalho, com escore superior a 75. Conclusões: Dos seis domínios avaliados, apenas um teve escore positivo, evidenciando a necessidade de elaboração de estratégias efetivas para a implantação da cultura de segurança nessas instituições.

Deaths from HIV/AIDS in aged adults in the Federal District: an analysis from 2007 to 2016 / Óbitos por HIV/AIDS em idosos no Distrito Federal: uma análise de 2007 a 2016

Introduction: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Brazil experienced a significant increase in the last decade among individuals aged over 60 years. This scenario indicates the need to know the mortality profile from AIDS in aged adults, in order to promote educational and preventive actions, in addition to professional development to improve the care provided to these patients. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of aged adults who died of AIDS in the Federal District (FD) from 2007 to 2016. Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study, based on secondary data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System, obtained through the Health Situation Analysis and Data Management of the Health Department of the FD. The analysis was carried out in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Deaths occurred more frequently among men (74.1%), especially those aged from 60 to 69 years (70.4%). The gender ratio was 2.85. Most of them only had primary school education (42.0%), were married or in a common-law marriage (43.0%), and were white/Caucasian (52%). Regarding the place of residence, Plano Piloto was the place with the highest incidence (45.7%), followed by Ceilândia (12.3%) and Taguatinga (8.6%). Conclusion: It was found that AIDS, among aged adults, follows the national trend, occurring most frequently in older males, demonstrating that it is necessary to improve the implementation of prevention practices among this population. It is necessary to better study AIDS-related stigma and prejudice barriers, both among older adults and health professionals, to overcome them, to increase life expectancy of these patients and to improve their quality of life.

Introdução: A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV/AIDS) no Brasil experimentou um aumento importante na última década entre os indivíduos com mais de 60 anos. Esse cenário aponta a necessidade de se conhecer o perfil da mortalidade por AIDS em idosos, no sentido de se adotar ações educativas e preventivas, além da capacitação profissional para o cuidado desses pacientes. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de idosos que morreram por AIDS no Distrito Federal (DF) no período de 2007 a 2016. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, do tipo ecológico, com base em dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, obtidos por meio da Gerência de Informação e Análise de Situação em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do DF. A análise foi realizada no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados: Os óbitos foram predominantes em homens (74,1%), especialmente entre 60 e 69 anos (70,4%). A razão por sexo foi de 2,85. Os de ensino fundamental (42,0%), casados/união estável (43,0%) e de raça/cor branca (52%) foram a maioria. Quanto ao local de residência, o Plano Piloto apresentou maior ocorrência (45,7%), seguido de Ceilândia (12,3%) e Taguatinga (8,6%). Conclusão: Observou-se que a AIDS, entre os idosos, segue a tendência nacional, predominância em idosos jovens do sexo masculino, demonstrando que as ações de prevenção necessitam obter maior alcance nessa população. As barreiras relacionadas ao preconceito e ao estigma da doença, tanto dos idosos quanto dos profissionais de saúde, precisam ser melhor estudadas no sentido de superá-las para aumentar a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

Assessment of safety culture in organ donation / Evaluación de la cultura de seguridad en el donación de órganos / Avaliação da cultura de segurança no processo de doação de órgãos

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the perception of safety culture by health professionals who work with organ and tissue donation. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study developed with 185 health professionals who act directly and indirectly with organ and tissue donation from two hospitals in the South of Brazil. The data collection was performed between January and July 2017 by using the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. The analysis took place through descriptive statistics. Results: The mean score of the domains evaluated ranged from 41.6, for Perception of management of the unit, and 80.9 for Job satisfaction. Positive perception of safety culture in this study was evidenced only for Job satisfaction with a score higher than 75. Conclusions: Of the six domains evaluated, only one had a positive score, evidencing the need to elaborate effective strategies for implanting safety culture in these institutions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la percepción de la cultura de seguridad por los profesionales de salud que actúan en el donación de órganos y tejidos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo desarrollado con 185 profesionales de salud que actúan de manera directa e indirecta en el donación de órganos y tejidos de dos hospitales del sur del país. La recolección de los datos se realizó entre enero y julio de 2017, utilizando el Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. El análisis ocurrió por medio de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La puntuación promedio de los dominios evaluados varió entre 41,6, para Percepción de la gerencia de la unidad, a 80,9 para Satisfacción en el trabajo. La percepción positiva de la cultura de seguridad en este estudio fue evidenciada sólo para Satisfacción en el trabaj, con una puntuación superior a 75. Conclusiones: De los seis dominios evaluados, sólo uno tuvo una puntuación positiva, evidenciando la necesidad de elaborar estrategias efectivas para la implantación de la cultura de seguridad en esas instituciones.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar a percepção da cultura de segurança pelos profissionais de saúde que atuam no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, descritivo desenvolvido com 185 profissionais de saúde que atuam de maneira direta e indireta no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos de dois hospitais do Sul do país. A coleta dos dados foi realizada entre janeiro e julho de 2017, utilizando o instrumento Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. A análise ocorreu por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: O escore médio dos domínios avaliados variou entre 41,6, para Percepção da Gerência da Unidade, a 80,9 para Satisfação no trabalho. A percepção positiva da cultura de segurança neste estudo foi evidenciada apenas para Satisfação do trabalho, com escore superior a 75. Conclusões: Dos seis domínios avaliados, apenas um teve escore positivo, evidenciando a necessidade de elaboração de estratégias efetivas para a implantação da cultura de segurança nessas instituições.

Cultura de segurança no processo de doação de órgãos: revisão de literatura / Cultura de seguridad en el proceso de donación de órganos: una revisión de la literatura / Safety culture in the organ donation process: a literature review

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultura de segurança no processo de doação de órgãos e transplantes na literatura científica. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura a partir das bases de dados CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e na biblioteca eletrônica SciELO, de 2012 a 2016, com sintaxe de palavras-chaves e descritores para cada base, sendo selecionados 14 artigos para análise. Resultados Foram detectados 1.659 estudos, desses, 33 foram lidos na íntegra, sendo definido para coleta dos dados 14 estudos. As informações obtidas foram analisadas criticamentre e agrupadas em duas categorias: Na Categoria 1 - Cultura de segurança no uso de medicamentos no período pós-transplante: destaca-se como fundamental o envolvimento da equipe multidisciplinar na orientação da alta hospitalar no transplante e ainda, os principais fatores de erros no uso dos fármacos. Na Categoria 2 - Cultura de segurança nas unidades transplantadoras: apresenta-se questões relacionadas à segurança dos pacientes submetidos aos transplantes nos períodos pré e intra-operatórios. Conclusão Por meio desse estudo, observou-se que a temática da cultura de segurança no processo de doação e transplante de órgãos está incipiente na literatura sendo necessário desenvolvimento de estudos bem delineados e relacionando à cultura de segurança do paciente em todas as etapas do processo de doação e transplantes.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el desarrollo de la cultura de seguridad en el proceso de donación de órganos y trasplantes en la literatura científica. Métodos Revisión integrativa de literatura con búsquedas en bases CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences y SciELO, entre 2012 y 2016, con sintaxis de palabras claves y descriptores para cada base, habiéndose seleccionado 14 artículos para su análisis. Resultados Fueron hallados 1.659 estudios. De ellos, 33 fueron leídos integralmente, definiéndose 14 para la recolección de datos. La información obtenida fue analizada críticamente y agrupada en dos categorías. En la Categoría 1- Cultura de seguridad para uso de medicamentos en el período postrasplante, se resalta como esencial la involucración del equipo multidisciplinario en la indicación del alta en el trasplante, y también, los principales factores de error en el uso de fármacos. En la Categoría 2- Cultura de seguridad en las unidades de trasplante, se presentan preguntas relacionadas a la seguridad de los pacientes sometidos a trasplantes en los períodos pre e intraoperatorios. Conclusión Este estudio observó que la cultura de seguridad en el proceso de donación y trasplante de órganos es incipiente en la literatura, requiriéndose el desarrollo de estudios bien delineados y relacionando la cultura de seguridad del paciente en todas las etapas del proceso de donación y trasplante.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the development of a safety culture in the organ donation and transplantation process as it is available in the scientific literature. Methods An integrative literature review was conducted in the CINAHL, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and the electronic library, SciELO, from 2012 to 2016, using a syntax of keywords and descriptors for each database; fourteen articles were selected for analysis. Results One thousand six hundred and fifty nine studies were found, 33 complete articles were read, and 14 studies were selected for analysis. The information obtained was analyzed critically and grouped into two categories. Category 1 - patient safety culture for the use of medications in the post-transplant period: the involvement of the multidisciplinary team is essential in the orientation process for hospital discharge, and the main factors related to errors in the use of medicines. Category 2 - safety culture in the transplant units: issues related to patient safety of those undergoing transplantation in the pre- and intra-operative periods. Conclusion This study showed that the issue of a culture of safety in the donation and organ transplantation process is incipient in the literature; well-designed studies related to the culture of patient safety are necessary for all the stages of the donation and transplant process.

Effects of moral distress on nurses: Integrative literature review / Consequências do sofrimento moral em enfermeiros: Revisão integrativa / Consecuencias del sufrimiento moral en enfermeros: Revisión integrativa

The present study aimed to identify the effects of moral distress on nurses. Integrative literature review with data collection from May to September 2013 and updated in July 2015 in database Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, using the terms: Moral Distress, Moral Suffering, Nurse andNursing.The final sample was composed of eighty-five studies.The outcomes are presented in four categories. The first one (Feelings) includes dissatisfaction, frustration and anger; the second (Sickening) emerged from the experience of physical and emotional sickening; the third (Quality of care) concerns the actions that resulted in ineffective care and denial of patient advocacy; and the fourth (Coping Strategies)showed the types of coping such as:abandonment of the profession and denaturalization of the practices. The effects are present in the daily routine of the professionals, causing damage often irreversible and, abandonment of the employment (AU).

O objetivo foi identificar as consequências de sofrimento moral em enfermeiros. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com coleta dos dados realizada de maio a setembro de 2013 e atualizada em julho de 2015 na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, com os termos: Moral Distress, Moral Suffering, Nurse e Nursing. Oitenta e cinco estudos compuseram a amostra final. Os resultados são apresentados em quatro categorias. A primeira: Sentimentos composta pela presença de sentimentos como insatisfação, frustração, raiva; a segunda: Adoecimento emergiu da vivência de adoecimento físico e emocional; a terceira Qualidade do cuidado pela presença de ações que levavam ao cuidado ineficaz e negação da advocacia do paciente; e a quarta: Estratégias de enfrentamento, demonstrou as formas de enfrentamento utilizadas, como: abandono da profissão e a desnaturalização das práticas. Evidencia-se que as consequências estão presentes no cotidiano dos profissionais, e causam danos muitas vezes irreversíveis, inclinando para o abandono da profissão (AU).

Estudio cuyo objetivo fue identificar las consecuencas de sufrimiento moral en enfermeros. En esa revisión integrativa, los datos fueron obtenidos de mayo a septiembre de 2013, siendo actualizada en julio de 2015 en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, por medio de los términos: Moral Distress, Moral Suffering, Nurse y Nursing. La muestra final fue compuesta de ochenta y cinco estudios. Los resultados son presentados en cuatro categorías. La primera: Sentimientos, compuesta por sentimientos como insatisfacción, frustración, ira; y la segunda, Proceso de enfermarse, de donde surgieron: vivencia de la enfermedad física y emocional; la tercera, Cualidad del cuidado, por la presencia de acciones que llevaban al cuidado ineficaz y negación de la agocacía del paciente; y la cuarta: Estrategias de enfrentamiento, que demostró las formas de enfrentamiento utilizadas, como: abandono de la profesión y la desnaturalización de las prácticas. Se evidencía que las consecuencas están presentes en el cotidiano de los profesionales, y causan daños muchas veces irreversibles, podendo llevar al abandono de la profesión (AU).

Spatial study of mortality in motorcycle accidents in the State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution of mortality due to motorcycle accidents in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A population-based ecological study using data on mortality in motorcycle accidents from 01/01/2000 to 31/12/2005. The analysis units were the municipalities. For the spatial distribution analysis, an average mortality rate was calculated, using deaths from motorcycle accidents recorded in the Mortality Information System as the numerator, and as the denominator the population of the mid-period. Spatial analysis techniques, mortality smoothing coefficient estimate by the local empirical Bayesian method and Moran scatterplot, applied to the digital cartographic base of Pernambuco were used. RESULTS: The average mortality rate for motorcycle accidents in Pernambuco was 3.47 per 100 thousand inhabitants. Of the 185 municipalities, 16 were part of five clusters identified with average mortality rates ranging from 5.66 to 11.66 per 100 thousand inhabitants, and were considered critical areas. Three clusters are located in the area known as sertão and two in the agreste of the state. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of dying from a motorcycle accident is greater in conglomerate areas outside the metropolitan axis, and intervention measures should consider the economic, social and cultural contexts.