Protocol for acquisition of images and measurement of transabdominal ultrasound pancreatic two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE). / Protocolo de adquisición de imágenes y medición de la elasticidad pancreática mediante elastografía por onda de cizallamiento bidimensional (2D-SWE) transabdominal.

INTRODUCTION: Transabdominal ultrasound (TU) pancreatic 2D-SWE elastography is a developing technique that needs to be protocolized. OBJECTIVES: Establish a protocol for image acquisition and measurement of TU pancreatic - 2D-SWE elastography and estimate the minimum number of measurements to be performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten measurements of pancreatic elasticity were taken in healthy volunteers using TU-2D-SWE, following a strict protocol for image acquisition and measurement. RESULTS: The 70% of the participants were women, with an average age, weight, and BMI of 49.5±15.7 years, 65.9±11.9kg, and 24.5±4.2kg/m2, respectively. Measurements were taken from the body (70%), tail (16.7%), and pancreatic head (13.3%). The median mean velocity and elasticity were 1.46±0.25cm/sec and 6.46±2.87KPa, respectively. The ROI depth was 4.12±1cm and the SP-ROI distance was 5.2mm on average. There were no statistically significant differences between the 10 measurements. The reliability analysis of the measurements showed high internal consistency and repeatability. Taking 5-6 measurements ensured high concordance with the ten reference measurements. The measurements were significantly lower when the SP-ROI values were intermediate (0.3-0.6cm). The measurement accuracy was higher when performed at a depth less than 4.8cm. CONCLUSION: To measure pancreatic elasticity using TU-2D-SWE, we propose a strict protocol for image acquisition and measurement, taking a minimum of 5 measurements in the best visualized and accessible pancreatic portion, and preferably at a depth of less than 4.8cm.

Characterisation of the urinary steroid profile of patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas: A matched controlled cross-sectional study.

AIM: To identify alterations in steroid metabolism in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) through the analysis of their urinary steroid profile (USP). METHODS: Cross-sectional study with one study group (NFAIs, cortisol post dexamethasone suppression test [DST] ≤ 1.8 µg/dl [49.7 nmol/L]) and 2 control groups: patients with autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS group, cortisol post-DST > 1.8 µg/dl (49.7 nmol/L) and patients without adrenal tumours (healthy-adrenal group). Twenty-four-hour urine collections for USP measurement (total and free fraction of 51 24 h-urine specimens) were obtained from 73 participants (24 with NFAIs, 24 without AIs, and 25 with ACS). USP was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Patients of the three groups were matched according to sex, age (±5 years-old) and body mass index (±5 kg/m2 ). RESULTS: Compared to healthy-adrenal controls, patients with NFAIs had a lower excretion of androgen metabolites (230.5 ± 190.12 vs. 388.7 ± 328.58 µg/24 h, p = .046) and a higher excretion of urinary free cortisol (UFC) (54.3 ± 66.07 vs. 25.4 ± 11.16 µg/24 h, p = .038). UFC was above the reference range in 20.8% of patients in the NFAI, compared to 0% in the healthy-adrenal group (p = .018). Patients with ACS had a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes than patients with NFAIs or the control group. A lower excretion of androgen metabolites (218.4 ± 204.24 vs. 231 ± 190 µg/24 h, p = .041) and a nonsignificant higher excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (2129.6 ± 1195.96 vs. 1550.8 ± 810.03 µg/24 h, p = .180) was found in patients with ACS compared to patients with NFAIs. CONCLUSION: NFAIs seem to secrete a subtle, yet clinically relevant, excess of glucocorticoids. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings; and to identify metabolic alterations associated with an increased cardiometabolic risk.

Evaluation of Body Composition in Patients With and Without Adrenal Tumors and Without Overt Hypersecretory Syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare body composition between patients with autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS), those with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs), and control subjects without adrenal tumors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed, incluidng the following 3 groups: patients with ACS (cortisol post-dexamethasone suppression test [DST] >1.8 µg/dL), NFAIs (cortisol post-DST ≤ 1.8 µg/dL), and patients without adrenal tumors (control group). Patients of the 3 groups were matched according to age (±5 years), sex, and body mass index (±5 kg/m2). Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance and abdominal computed tomography (CT) and urinary steroid profile by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS: This study enrolled 25 patients with ACS, 24 with NFAIs, and 24 control subjects. Based on CT images, a weak positive correlation between the serum cortisol level post-DST and subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.3, P =.048) was found. As assessed by bioelectrical impedance, lean mass and bone mass were positively correlated with the excretion of total androgens (r = 0.56, P <.001; and r = 0.58, P <.001, respectively); visceral mass was positively correlated with the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites and total glucocorticoids (r = 0.28, P =.031; and r = 0.42, P =.001, respectively). Based on CT imaging evaluation, a positive correlation was observed between lean mass and androgen metabolites (r = 0.30, P =.036) and between visceral fat area, total fat area, and visceral/total fat area ratio and the excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites (r = 0.34, P =.014; r = 0.29, P =.042; and r = 0.31, P =.170, respectively). CONCLUSION: The urinary steroid profile observed in adrenal tumors, comprising a low excretion of androgen metabolites and high excretion of glucocorticoid metabolites, is associated with a lower lean mass and bone mass and higher level of visceral mass in patients with adrenal tumors.

Mucinous cystic liver neoplasm with invasive component and sarcomatous differentiation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatobiliary mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) harbor an invasive carcinoma in 16% of the cases, mainly tubular type, but occasionally sarcomatoid or undifferentiated, these entities being frankly rare. METHODS: We present the case of a liver MCN with an invasive component and sarcomatous degeneration. RESULTS: The patient was treated surgically with subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy (capecitabine), presenting tumor progression after three months with peritoneal carcinomatosis and liver recurrence. The patient died due to liver failure 4 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: MCN with an invasive component and sarcomatous degeneration are very rare, present advanced stages, show aggressive behavior, and have a poor prognosis.

Development of a Fast Chemiluminescent Magneto-Immunoassay for Sensitive Plasmodium falciparum Detection in Whole Blood.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over three billion people are at risk of acquiring malaria, a parasitic infection that produces more than 200 million new infections and nearly half a million deaths each year. Expanding the access to early diagnosis and treatment is one of the most effective ways to prevent disease complications, reduce patient mortality, and curb the community transmission. However, none of the diagnostic methods used currently for malaria detection, including light microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), can provide simultaneously fast results, high sensitivity, and parasitaemia quantitation with minimal user intervention. Here, we present a magneto-immunoassay that, based on the unique combination of magnetic beads (MB), an enzymatic signal amplifier (Poly-HRP), and chemiluminescence detection, provides fast, sensitive, and quantitative malaria diagnosis with easy user manipulation. This assay quantifies Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) in lysed whole blood samples in <15 min, exhibiting a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 ng mL-1 and providing patient stratification consistent with the reference methods. These figures of merit surpass the performance of the magneto-immunoassays reported previously for Plasmodium detection and demonstrate for the first time that the proposed combination of MB, Poly-HRP, and chemiluminescence detection produces extremely fast, simple, and efficient assays that approach the requirements of point-of-care (POC) malaria surveillance.

Ultrastructural evidence for telocytes in equine tendon.

The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the tendon is complex. Two main cell types are classically supported: elongated tenocytes and ovoid tenoblasts. The existence of resident stem/progenitor cells in human and equine tendons has been demonstrated, but their location and relationship to tenoblasts and tenocytes remain unclear. Hence, in this work, we carried out an ultrastructural study of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Although the fine structure of tendons has been previously studied using electron microscopy, the presence of telocytes, a specific type of interstitial cell, has not been described thus far. We show the presence of telocytes in the equine inter-fascicular tendon matrix near blood vessels. These telocytes have characteristic telopodes, which are composed of alternating dilated portions (podoms) and thin segments (podomers). Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of the primary cilium in telocytes and its ability to release exosomes. The location of telocytes is similar to that of tendon stem cells. The telocyte-blood vessel proximity, the presence of primary immotile cilia and the release of exosomes could have special significance for tendon homeostasis.

GRINCU lens with conicoid iso-indicial surfaces: application for modeling the crystalline lens.

We introduce a new type of lens with two gradients of refractive index (GRIN) and of curvature (GRCU) of iso-indicial surfaces, i.e., GRINCU. The inner structure of the lens resembles that of an onion. Each layer is a meniscus lens with infinitesimal thickness, which coincides with an iso-indicial surface characterized by a conicoid shape and a constant refractive index. The internal distribution automatically adapts to the external geometry. Here, we consider the simplest case of a constant gradient of the curvature radius -G, which indicates a linear decrease as we move along the optical axis. The formulation of this type of lens is presented, including its generalization to nonrotationally symmetric conicoid surfaces. The formulation is then applied to model the crystalline lens; the code corresponding to the numerical computation of the 3D refractive index distribution as well as its gradient is provided as a supplementary file. Finally, we confirmed a refractive power increase of nearly 14% when G changes from 0 to 3.

Pancreas-Preserving Total Duodenectomy: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The management of the pancreas in patients with duodenal trauma or duodenal tumors remains a controversial issue. Pancreas-preserving total duodenectomy (PPTD) requires a meticulous surgical technique. The most common indication is familial duodenal adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The aims of this study are to carry out a systematic review of the literature on the indications for PPTD and to highlight the risks and benefits compared with other more aggressive procedures. SUMMARY: A systematic literature review was performed following PRISMA recommendations of studies published in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library until May 2019. Thirty articles describing 211 patients were chosen. The mean age was 48 years. The surgical indication in 75% of patients was FAP. The mean operating time was 329 min and mean intraoperative bleeding 412 mL. Postoperative morbidity rate was 49.7% (76% Clavien-Dindo 97.8%. Key Messages: PPTD is indicated for patients with benign and premalignant duodenal lesions without involvement of the pancreatic head. It is a feasible procedure offering an alternative to other more aggressive procedures in selected patients. Mortality is below 1.5%.

Photometric and Colorimetric Evaluation of Phototherapy Instruments for Syntonic Treatment of Visual Anomalies.

SIGNIFICANCE: Ocular light exposure therapy has been used in optometric therapies to improve binocular anomalies such as accommodative or vergence dysfunctions, amblyopia therapy or to increase the visual field. Currently, syntonic phototherapy is used worldwide by behavioral optometrists, vision trainers, or occupational therapists, among others, although these treatments are supported by only a few research studies that lack consensus on the efficacy of this approach. PURPOSE: In this article, we highlight the optical characteristics of lamps without evaluating the efficacy of their use in optometric procedures. METHODS: Our work analyzes four devices often used in clinical practice in terms of spectral power distribution, illuminance levels at the corneal plane, and both theoretical photopic and melanopic contributions to the visual system. RESULTS: First, illuminance levels reaching the corneal plane depend on the characteristics of each lamp and their distance from where the eye should be positioned; for example, delta-theta filter photopic illuminance is 13.1, 93.7, 22.7, or 41.6 lux with the four evaluated devices. Second, filters or modes named the same differ in terms of their spectral power distribution. Third, substantial difference in color appearance has been found among the same configurations. CONCLUSIONS: The spectral and iluminance characteristics of syntonic systems used for vision therapy vary widely, including variations among filters with the same identifying characteristics. This provides significant sources of variability, which limit the ability to conduct evidence-based medicine clinical trials to assess the true efficacy of syntonic therapy. This study furthers our knowledge of syntonic phototherapy from a technical perspective; however, longitudinal research examining patients' evolution pre-lighting and post-lighting treatments is required to justify and understand the effects of light exposure and its impact on optometric and ocular parameters more clearly.

Choroidal Thickness and Volume Modifications Induced by Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Young Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to evaluate the changes in choroidal thickness (CT) and volume (CV) following aerobic physical exercise in healthy young adults. METHODS: This study included 72 eyes from healthy volunteers between 22 and 37 years old. Using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, total physical activity was computed. Measurements using an autorefractometer, ocular biometry, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using the Enhanced Depth Imaging protocol were taken. OCT was performed as a baseline measurement and after performing 10 min of dynamic physical exercise (3 and 10 min post-exercise). The choroidal layer was manually segmented, and the CT and CV in different areas from the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid were obtained. RESULTS: In healthy adults, at 3 min post-exercise, CT was higher in the subfoveal, the 3-mm nasal, and the 6-mm superior areas. Between 3 and 10 min post-exercise, the CT was reduced in all areas, and in some areas, the values were even smaller than the baseline measurements. The CV values showed changes after exercise similar to those of thickness. The total CV recovery after exercise was related to sex and physical activity level. CONCLUSION: Individuals with higher physical activity habits had greater CV at rest than those with lower physical activity levels. During exercise, healthy young people adjust CT and CV. At 3 min post-exercise, CT and CV increase. Women and individuals with greater physical activity levels reduce their total CV more than others during recovery.

Pulse-Cereal Blend Extrusion for Improving the Antioxidant Properties of a Gluten-Free Flour.

Extrusion is an interesting technological tool that facilitates pulse formulation into flour mixtures, with tailored fibre content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glycemic index (GI) among other components in final formulas. The gluten-free (GF) market has significantly grown during the last years. GF products have evolved from specialty health foods to products targeted to the general population and not only associated to celiac consumers. This study evaluates how temperature, cereal base (rice/corn) and pulse concentration affect extruded flour properties and which conditions are more efficient to develop a gluten-free flour with high TAC and low GI. Additionally, it evaluated the effect of this optimal formula after the baking process. The results showed an increase of total phenol (TP) and antioxidant activity with extrusion, with a temperature-dependent effect (130 °C ≥ 120 °C ≥ 110 °C), which may imply an enhanced bioaccessibility of phenolics compounds after extraction. Extrusion increased GI in comparison to native flour; however, a dough temperature of 130 °C resulted in a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower GI than that observed for 110-120 °C doughs, probably associated to the pastification that occurred at higher temperatures, which would decrease the degree of gelatinization of the starches and therefore a significant (p ≤ 0.05) GI reduction. Corn-lentil flour showed higher antioxidant properties and lower GI index in comparison with rice-lentil blends. The formulation of the optimal blend flour into a baked product (muffin) resulted in a significant loss of antioxidant properties, with the exception of the reducing power (FRAP), although the final antioxidant values of the baked product were in the range of the original native flour blend before any process.

Impact of mechanical circulatory support on survival in pediatric heart transplantation.

Evidence on the impact of MCS on pediatric heart transplant survival is still scarce related to congenital heart disease patients including univentricular physiology as well as the risk factors for complications. We performed a retrospective review of all urgent pediatric (aged ≤16 years) HT from 2004 to 2014 in the Spanish Pediatric Heart Transplant Registry Group. Patients were stratified into two groups: urgent 0 (MCS at HT) and urgent 1 (non-MCS at HT). The primary outcome measure was post-transplant survival; secondary outcome measures were complications and absence of infections and rejection during the first post-transplant year. One hundred twenty-one pediatric patients underwent urgent HT, 58 (47.9%) urgent 0 and 63 (52%) urgent 1. There were 30 (24.8%) deaths: 12 in the urgent 0 group and 18 in the urgent 1 group, P = n.s. Regarding the type of MCS, patients on ECMO had the highest rate of complications (80%) and mortality (40%). Patients in the urgent 1 group showed a higher risk of hospital re-admission for infection during the first year after transplantation (OR 2.31 [1.1-4.82]), P = .025. We did not identify a risk factor for mortality. MCS does not impact negatively on survival after HT. However, there is a significant increase in 30-day and 1-year mortality and complications in ECMO patients compared with VAD patients. Infants, congenital heart disease, and PediMACS were not found to be risk factors for mortality.

CHANGES IN TOTAL AND INNER RETINAL THICKNESSES IN TYPE 1 DIABETES WITH NO RETINOPATHY AFTER 8 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP.

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in retinal layer thickness in patients with Type 1 diabetes with no diabetic retinopathy after 8 years of follow-up. METHODS: Ninety Type 1 diabetes and 60 control eyes were studied. Changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner nuclear layer thicknesses in all Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study areas were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean ages were 42.93 ± 13.62 and 41.52 ± 13.05 years in the diabetic and control group, respectively. In 2009, total retinal thickness was higher in diabetic patients; differences were statistically significant in all except the nasal areas. In both groups, the mean foveal thickness remained the same during the 8 years. Among diabetic patients, there was a significant reduction in total retinal thickness in all areas excluding the outer temporal one; controls only in the inferior areas. The thickness loss was due to the thinning of the inner retinal layers (inner nuclear layer, ganglion cell layer, and retinal nerve fiber layer). The controls showed a significant diminution in the retinal nerve fiber layer and in the ganglion cell layer areas. The inner nuclear layer showed a diminution in the diabetes mellitus group. CONCLUSION: Before the onset of diabetic retinopathy, Type 1 diabetes patients experience a diminution of their inner retinal layer thicknesses over time, supporting the hypothesis of retinal neurodegeneration.

Measurement method of optical properties of ex vivo biological tissues of rats in the near-infrared range.

An optical fiber-based supercontinuum setup and a custom-made spectrophotometer that can measure spectra from 1100 to 2300 nm, are used to describe attenuation properties from different ex vivo rat tissues. Our method is able to differentiate between scattering and absorption coefficients in biological tissues. Theoretical assumptions combined with experimental measurements demonstrate that, in this infrared range, tissue attenuation and absorption can be accurately measured, and scattering can be described as the difference between both magnitudes. Attenuation, absorption, and scattering spectral coefficients of heart, brain, spleen, retina, and kidney are given by applying these theoretical and experimental methods. Light through these tissues is affected by high scattering, resulting in multiple absorption events, and longer wavelengths should be used to obtain lower attenuation values. It can be observed that the absorption coefficient has a similar behavior in the samples under study, with two main zones of absorption due to the water absorption bands at 1450 and 1950 nm, and with different absolute absorption values depending on the constituents of each tissue. The scattering coefficient can be determined, showing slight differences between retina and brain samples, and among heart, spleen and kidney tissues.

Metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocarcinoma.

The term "metabolic syndrome" refers to a group of alterations comprising central obesity reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, elevated triglyceride concentrations, arterial hypertension, and hyperglycemia. This syndrome has established itself as one of the epidemics of the 21st century. Among its causative agents are insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin, changes in microbiota, and epigenetics. Its incidence in the European population is estimated to be around 25%. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome; its prevalence parallels that of obesity, and it has increased exponentially in recent decades. Recently, several publications have linked metabolic risk factors with the onset and development of hepatocarcinoma, and so it is essential to determine whether patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease should follow a protocol for hepatocarcinoma screening. At present, the worldwide incidence of hepatocarcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease without cirrhosis is only 2.7%. Screening for hepatocarcinoma in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis is mandatory, but the low incidence of hepatocarcinoma in patients without cirrhosis does not justify the systematic monitoring of this patient population. Current efforts are based on identifying subgroups of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and a higher-than-average risk of developing hepatocarcinoma.

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct: a recurring disease.

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a premalignant disease characterized by a low incidence, a high risk of malignant transformation, and an uncertain prognosis. We hereby present the case of an 8-mm IPNB in the left liver lobe detected by endosonography in a 76-year-old woman followed for a dissociated asymptomatic cholestasis who was treated with a left hepatectomy. The resected IPNB had low-grade dysplasia and no nodal involvement in the surgical piece; however, signs of recurrence of the disease were observed in the right liver lobe a year and a half later. Therefore, given that it can be multifocal and recurrent, IPNB is a disease that requires close follow-up.

Sometimes things are what they seem.

Accessory spleen is a frequent congenital abnormality (10-20%) resulting in the fusion failure of splenunculi. We present a case report of a 74 year-old man with a nodule identified in the tail of the pancreas of 1.8 cm x 1.5 cm in size. The CT scan showed soft tissue attenuation and arterial hyperenhancement with a lower uptake in the central area, low 18-FDG affinity and no evidence of 111-In-octretide uptake. A solid, round and well-circumscribed nodule was defined as an intrapancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS) by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), due to shared ultrasonographic characteristics and a pattern of contrast enhancement with the spleen. The material obtained by EUS guided puncture was consistent with a lymph node. A distal pancreatectomy confirmed the presence of an IPAS.

Certified testosterone immunoassays for hyperandrogenaemia.

BACKGROUND: Testosterone (T) measurement in women is problematic leading to initiatives aiming to improve laboratory standardization of commercial assays. We assessed the impact on the clinical diagnosis of functional hyperandrogenic disorders of a total T immunoassay recently certified by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 263 consecutive adult premenopausal women presenting with functional ovarian hyperandrogenism-including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-and 73 nonhyperandrogenic female volunteers who served to define reference ranges. Total T was measured by a local routine direct radioimmunoassay and by a CDC-certified immunochemiluminescence assay. The main outcome measures were total and calculated free T concentrations and percentage of patients with hyperandrogenaemia. RESULTS: Both assays showed a poor concordance for total and calculated free T measurements. Hence, 147 (56%) and 109 (41%) of women had hyperandrogenaemia with the routine and CDC-certified assays, respectively [κ (95%CI): 0.538 (0.441-0.634)]. Free T levels calculated from total T using both assays showed similar correlations with metabolic variables. Women showing hyperandrogenaemia by both methods had the worst metabolic profiles, yet women presenting with hyperandrogenaemia only when using the CDC-certified assay did not show any significant difference compared to nonhyperandrogenic women in anthropometric or metabolic variables. Those women with hyperandrogenaemia only when using the routine assay were more obese and insulin resistant than normoandrogenaemic hirsute patients. CONCLUSIONS: An isolated androgen measurement, even a very specific one, is unlikely to identify the hyperandrogenic milieu that characterizes patients with functional ovarian hyperandrogenism and PCOS.

Interocular Symmetry of Choroidal Thickness and Volume in Healthy Eyes on Optical Coherence Tomography.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the physiological symmetry, with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, of choroidal measurements in a healthy population in all the areas defined in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four eyes of 77 healthy young adults between the ages of 19 and 32 years were enrolled. Differences in choroidal thickness (CT) and volume (CV) between the left and right eyes were calculated. Normal ranges of absolute interocular differences were established as the 95th percentile. RESULTS: The mean ± SD subfoveal CT (SFCT) and total CV values in the right and left eyes were 342.03 ± 77.38 versus 361.64 ± 76.45 µm (correlation coefficient ρ = 0.820; p < 0.001) and 0.27 ± 0.06 versus 0.28 ± 0.06 mm3 (ρ = 0.830; p < 0.001), respectively. Differences in 5 of the 9 areas of the ETDRS map were statistically significant (p < 0.05), but with a strong interocular correlation (ρ > 0.8; p < 0.001). The 95th percentile of interocular tolerance limits for CT in the 1-, 3-, and 6-mm areas were 97, 70, and 57 µm, respectively; the 95th percentile for the volume values were 0.06, 0.51, and 1.73 mm3. CONCLUSIONS: CT and CV are highly correlated between eyes, statistically significant differences between them can be found, and absolute interocular differences may reach 97 µm in SFCT, and 1.73 mm3 in total CV.