Anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract in Graves' disease patients receiving radioiodine therapy.

BACKGROUND: Chromosomal damage, as assessed by clastogenic factors (CFs) and micronuclei (MN) appearance, after radioiodine therapy of Graves' disease has been reported. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Our objective was to evaluate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) supplementation on the time course (up to 120 d) of CFs and MN appearance in lymphocytes from patients with Graves' disease after iodine-131 ((131)I) therapy. Patients were randomly assigned to EGb 761 or placebo, in a blinded manner. RESULTS: In the placebo group, MN increased early (P < 0.001) after (131)I, peaking at the 21st day (P = 0.0003) and declining thereafter. In EGb 761-treated patients, MN increased early (P < 0.05), while returning toward baseline value thereafter. Therefore, mean MN increment was significantly higher in the placebo group as compared with EGb 761-treated patients (P < 0.01). Moreover, an early (P < 0.0001) and sustained (up to 35 d; P < 0.001) MN increase induced by CFs was observed in the placebo group. Conversely, in EGb 761-treated patients, MN increase induced by CFs never reached the statistical significance; therefore, the mean of the MN increments was significantly lower than in placebo (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation between MN maximum increment and the bone marrow dose was observed in the placebo group only (P = 0.03). No significant difference was observed in clinical outcome between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: EGb 761 supplementation neutralized genotoxic damage induced by radioiodine treatment, without affecting the clinical outcome. Although (131)I therapy is generally safe, our data suggest that Gingko biloba extracts may prevent genetic effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroid Graves' disease.

Early abnormalities of left ventricular myocardial characteristics associated with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

The aim of the present study was to analyze heart function in subclinical hyperthyroidism (sHT) in otherwise healthy subjects by new methods using intramyocardial ultrasonic techniques. Twenty-four newly diagnosed and untreated sHT patients (20 women, 4 men; mean age: 42+/-4 yr) and 24 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers were studied. All subjects were submitted to conventional 2D color-Doppler echocardiography, pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging (PWTDI) for the analysis of diastolic function, color Doppler myocardial imaging (CDMI) for the analysis of regional strain and strain rate (SR) expression of regional myocardial deformability, and to integrated backscatter (IBS) for the evaluation of intrinsic contractility and tissue characterization. Regional myocardial systolic strain findings were significantly higher in sHT patients when compared with controls (p<0.001). Considering diastolic SR, the early phase of diastolic SR was compromised in sHT subjects as compared with controls (p<0.001). Cyclic variation index (CVI), expression of intrinsic contractility, was significantly higher in sHT subjects in comparison with controls (p<0.0001). IBS values were comparable between the 2 study groups. In conclusion, the present study suggests that in patients with sHT early systolic hyperdeformability and hypercontractility are present, together with impairment of both active and passive phases of diastole. On the contrary, no left ventricular hypertrophy or other structural alterations are documented.

Type I interferons modulate the expression of thyroid peroxidase, sodium/iodide symporter, and thyroglobulin genes in primary human thyrocyte cultures.

We evaluated in primary human thyrocyte cultures the effect of interferon (IFN)-alpha and -beta on the expression of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), and thyroglobulin (Tg) as well as T(4) release. Human thyrocyte cultures were carried out with fresh normal thyroid tissue. Gene and protein expression of Tg, TPO, and NIS were assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment with TSH alone (10 mIU/ml) and in combination with IFN alpha or -beta (10(4) U/ml). IFN inhibited the TSH-stimulated gene expression of Tg, TPO, and NIS in a time-dependent manner without significant differences between IFN alpha and -beta. Moreover, the addition of both type I IFNs clearly reduced the TSH-stimulated protein expression of Tg, TPO, and NIS after 72 h of exposure. Finally, this down-regulation was associated with a reduction of T(4) release by almost 50%. In conclusion, our study shows that both IFN alpha and -beta down-regulate the TSH-stimulated expression of Tg, TPO, and NIS as well as T(4) release. Indeed, the development of hypothyroidism during type I IFN therapy may be related, at least in part, to an abnormal expression and function of key proteins involved in iodine uptake and organification.

Long-term follow-up of 106 multiple sclerosis patients undergoing interferon-beta 1a or 1b therapy: predictive factors of thyroid disease development and duration.

BACKGROUND: Conflicting data have been reported on the association between interferon (IFN)-beta therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and thyroid disease development. AIMS: The goals of this study are as follows: to assess the actual occurrence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity during long-term IFN-beta therapy; to establish the possible presence of predictive factors for thyroid dysfunction development and duration; and to suggest an effective follow-up protocol for patients receiving long-term IFN-beta therapy. STUDY PROTOCOL: A total of 106 MS patients (76 women) underwent IFN-beta 1a or 1b therapy for up to 84 months (median, 42 months). Thyroid function and autoimmunity were assessed at baseline and every 3-6 months throughout the treatment course. RESULTS: Baseline thyroid autoimmunity was detected in 8.5% of patients and hypothyroidism in 2.8%. Thyroid dysfunction (80% hypothyroidism, 92% subclinical, 56% transient) developed in 24% (68% with autoimmunity) of patients and autoimmunity in 22.7% (45.5% with dysfunction), without significant differences between the two cytokines; 68% of dysfunctions occurred within the first year. Autoimmunity emerged as the only predictive factor for dysfunction development (relative risk, 8.9), whereas sustained disease was significantly associated with male gender (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Both incident thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction frequently occur in MS patients during IFN-beta therapy, particularly within the first year of treatment. Thyroid dysfunction is generally subclinical and transient in over than half of cases; preexisting or incident autoimmunity emerged as the only significant predictive factor for thyroid dysfunction development. Thyroid function and autoimmunity assessment is mandatory within the first year of IFN-beta therapy; thereafter, serum TSH measurement only in patients with thyroid disease could be sufficient.

Clinical and biochemical features of muscle dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Alterations in muscle structure and function have been reported in overt hypothyroidism, with decreased activity of enzymes involved in anaerobic and oxidative glucose metabolism. To test whether similar changes in muscle energy metabolism are present in subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT), we studied 12 patients with sHT who complained of mild neuromuscular symptoms. The control group included 10 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. Skeletal muscle lactate and pyruvate production were determined in the resting state and during dynamic arm exercise. During exercise, blood lactate was significantly higher in sHT patients than in controls from the third exercise step onward (P = 0.02 at 30%, p = 0.008 at 40%, and P = 0.002 at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction). Moreover, the mean increment in blood lactate during exercise was positively related (r2 = 0.44; P = 0.02) to the duration of sHT, but not to serum levels of TSH, free T3, or free T4. No significant difference was found in blood pyruvate concentrations between the two groups at baseline or during exercise. Thus, the lactate/pyruvate ratio curve paralleled the lactate curve in patients as well as controls. We conclude that muscle energy metabolism is impaired in sHT in rough proportion to the known duration of the disease. Early L-T4 therapy may be useful not only to provide specific treatment for such metabolic changes, but also to avoid progression to frank hypothyroidism.

Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study.

Subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT) affects 5-15% of the general population; however, the need of lifelong L-T(4) therapy is still controversial. As myocardium is a main target of thyroid hormone action, we investigated whether sHT induces cardiovascular alterations. Twenty sHT patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or L-T(4) therapy and were followed for 1 yr. Twenty sex- and age-matched normal subjects served as controls. Doppler echocardiography and videodensitometric analysis were performed in all subjects. Myocardium textural parameters were obtained as mean gray levels, which were then used to calculate the cyclic variation index (CVI; percent systolic/diastolic change in mean gray levels). Patients had a significantly higher isovolumic relaxation time (3.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.6; P < 0.03), peak A (0.77 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.56 +/- 0.13 m/s; P < 0.01), and preejection/ejection time (PEP/ET) ratio (0.72 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.06; P < 0.03) and a lower CVI (P < 0.0001) than controls. CVI was inversely related to TSH level (P < 0.0001) and PEP/ET ratio (P < 0.01). L-T(4)-treated patients showed a significant reduction of the PEP/ET ratio (P < 0.05), peak A (P < 0.05), and isovolumic relaxation time (P < 0.05) along with a normalization of CVI. Conversely, no changes were observed in the placebo-treated group. In conclusion, sHT affects both myocardial structure and contractility. These alterations may be reversed by L-T(4) therapy.

Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo- controlled study.

Subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT) is associated with dyslipidemia and enhanced cardiovascular risk. We assessed carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT, high-resolution ultrasonography) and lipoprotein profile in 45 sHT patients (aged 37 +/- 11 yr) at baseline and after 6 months of randomized, placebo-controlled L-T(4) replacement. In comparison with 32 age- and sex-matched controls, sHT patients had elevated total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and ApoB levels (P = 0.002, P = 0.0007, and P = 0.01, respectively) and higher mean-IMT values (P < 0.0001). In stepwise regression analysis, mean-IMT was positively related (r(2) = 0.71, P < 0.0001) to age, TSH, and LDL cholesterol. L-T(4) replacement significantly reduced both total and LDL cholesterol (P < 0.0001 for both) and mean-IMT (by 11%, P < 0.0001). The decrement in IMT was directly related to the decrements of both total cholesterol and TSH (P = 0.02 and P = 0.0001, respectively). We conclude that early carotid artery wall alterations are present in sHT patients. Whether such IMT increase is related to an early atherosclerotic involvement of the arterial wall cannot be clearly decided on the basis of the present results. However, the fact that L-T(4) replacement therapy was able to improve both the atherogenic lipoprotein profile and intima-media thickening suggests that lipid infiltration of arterial wall may represent a major mechanism underlying IMT increase in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts.

Benign thyroid cysts often recur after aspiration; the effectiveness of tetracycline instillation in the case of recurrence has been questioned. We, therefore, tested the efficacy of percutaneous ethanol injection in 20 patients with "pure" cyst relapsing after aspiration. After evacuation, 95% ethanol was instilled under sonographic guidance and re-aspirated 5 min later. The procedure was performed twice for larger cysts. Follow-up studies were carried out after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. In case of recurrence at 1 month, patients (n = 5) were submitted to a second session. A slight burning sensation was the only adverse effect. No recurrences were observed at 3 and 6 month follow-up; only one patient with recurrence after 1 month had relapsed at 12 months. A significant shrinkage (P < 0.0001 vs. pretreatment) was observed in all other cases at 12 months; cysts were not detectable in seven patients (35%). No significant variations in thyroid hormone levels were detected during treatment or follow-up. Serum thyroglobulin levels markedly increased 3 h after ethanol injection. One month after treatment, thyroglobulin returned to pretreatment levels, thus excluding progressive thyroid damage. Percutaneous ethanol injection may prove a safe and effective tool for the therapy of thyroid cysts.

Long-term interferon beta-1b therapy for MS: is routine thyroid assessment always useful?

BACKGROUND: The authors previously reported on the development of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity during 1-year treatment of patients with MS with interferon-beta 1b (IFN beta-1b). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of incident thyroid disease and the possible development of more thyroid disease during longer term therapy. PATIENTS: The authors studied 31 patients (aged 34 +/- 7 years; 21 women) with relapsing-remitting MS during 3 years of IFN beta-1b treatment. Systematic thyroid assessment was performed every 3 or 6 months, depending on the development of thyroid disease. RESULTS: After the first year of IFN beta-1b treatment, no further cases of thyroid disease were observed. Among the six patients with early incident subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid dysfunction persisted only in those with baseline autoimmune thyroiditis (n = 2). The three patients who developed transient hyperthyroidism remained euthyroid throughout the treatment course. A positive autoantibody titer was continually detected in only two out of five patients without baseline autoimmunity. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of thyroid disease seems related to IFN beta-1b treatment during the first year only, particularly in patients with preexisting thyroiditis. Furthermore, incident thyroid dysfunction is generally transient and mild in degree. Indeed, we recommend a routine systematic thyroid assessment only in patients with baseline thyroiditis. During the first year of therapy, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement should suffice as first line test; a systematic thyroid assessment is only useful for those patients with incidental and persistent dysfunction. Further studies with many patients will be necessary to confirm our suggestions as broad clinical guidelines.

Effect of 1-year treatment with interferon-beta1b on thyroid function and autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a widely used therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. This study has evaluated the effect on thyroid function and autoimmunity of a 1-year treatment with IFN-beta1b in patients with MS. PATIENTS: We studied 31 patients (age 34+/-7 years, 21 women) with relapsing-remitting MS during IFN-beta1b treatment of 1 year duration. Systematic thyroid assessment and measurements of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were performed at baseline and every 3 months during treatment. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of the patients had autoimmune thyroiditis before IFN-beta1b, all positive for anti-peroxidase antibodies. The overall incidence of thyroid dysfunction was 33% over 1 year (10% hyperthyroidism, 23% hypothyroidism). Thyroid autoimmunity developed in 5/26 patients (19%), in one case without dysfunction. In addition to autoantibody positivity at baseline, female gender and the presence of an ultrasound thyroid pattern suggestive of thyroiditis were identified by multiple logistic regression as additional risk predictors for the development of thyroid dysfunction. During IFN-beta1b treatment, serum IL-6 levels rose in a consistent biphasic pattern; there was, however, no difference between patients with or without incident thyroid abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that IFN-beta1b therapy can induce multiple alterations in thyroid function, some of which are unrelated to thyroid autoimmunity. IL-6 measurement is not useful to identify patients prone to develop thyroid abnormalities. Though thyroid dysfunction is generally subclinical and often transient, systematic thyroid assessment should be performed during IFN-beta1b treatment.

Ultrasonic myocardial textural analysis in subclinical hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND: In subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT), a condition in which impaired hormone synthesis is compensated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) hypersecretion, previous studies have suggested the presence of disturbances in left ventricular (LV) function. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to investigate LV structure and function through the combined use of conventional Doppler echocardiography and ultrasonic videodensitometry. METHODS: We studied 16 patients with sHT (aged 32+/-12 [mean +/- SD] years) who had raised TSH levels (> 3.6 mIU/L) but normal levels of free thyroid hormones (free thyroxine [FT(4)] and free triiodothyro-nine [FT(3)]), and 16 carefully age- and sex-matched euthyroid subjects. Transmitral flow Doppler analysis and quantitative analysis of the echocardiographic digitized images were performed in all study subjects. Textural parameters of the septum and posterior wall were obtained as mean gray levels, which were then used to calculate the cyclic variation index (CVI), that is, the percent change in mean gray levels between diastole and systole. RESULTS: Patients with sHT had a significantly higher LV mass index (92 +/- 16 versus 76 +/- 16 g.m(2), P<.01) and isovolumic relaxation time corrected for heart rate (IVRTc) (2.9 +/- 0.6 versus 2.5 +/- 0.6, P<.04) than did controls. On videodensitometry, patients had lower CVIs both for the septum (-5% +/- 22% versus 33% +/- 9%, P<.0001) and the posterior wall (10% +/- 26% versus 49% +/- 18%, P<.0001). IVRTc discriminated only 25% of the patients from the controls, whereas CVI analysis correctly identified 85% of the patients with sHT (P<.002). Furthermore, CVI values were found to be significantly related to serum FT(4) and FT(3) concentrations in a direct fashion, and to serum TSH levels in an inverse fashion. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with changes in videodensitometric myocardial structure. These changes, which are not accurately detected by conventional or Doppler echocardiography, are quantitatively related to loss of thyroid function and could represent an early sign of myocardial damage in hypothyroidism.

Surgical and pathological changes after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of thyroid nodules.

Few data exist on the operative and pathological findings in patients having undergone previous percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) therapy of thyroid nodules. We report here our experience with 13 patients operated on by the same surgical team. Two pathologists, both blinded to the previous PEI treatment, carried out histological evaluation. Reasons for surgery included PEI failure, suspicion of malignancy, and tracheal compression. The operations did not pose any special problem from the technical point of view, and the postoperative courses were uneventful. One patient who had a second operation developed hypoparathyroidism, and laryngeal nerve palsy was never observed. The histological diagnosis was hyperplastic or adenomatous nodule in 12 cases and papillary thyroid cancer in 1. No difficulty was found in evaluating the nodule capsule and surrounding vessels. In two lesions, nuclear enlargement and clearing were identified in thyroid follicles immediately adjacent to necrotic or scarred areas. These changes were considered reactive. In conclusion, patients previously treated by PEI were operated on without special technical problems. Histological diagnosis was not hindered, and there was no difficulty in ruling out malignant lesions. PEI, however, should be performed only by skilled operators, and incidental ethanol seepage throughout the nodule capsule must be carefully avoided.

Is percutaneous ethanol injection a useful alternative for the treatment of the cold benign thyroid nodule? Five years' experience.

We describe our 5-year experience with percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for the treatment of cold benign thyroid nodules and report its efficacy and side effects. Fifty-four euthyroid outpatients (aged 44.8+/-12.7 years, mean+/-SD) were divided into two groups matched for sex, age, and nodule volume: 27 patients treated only by PEI and 27 patients treated additionally with levothyroxine-suppressive therapy (median follow-up: 24 months, range 6-48). Mean pretreatment nodule volume was 21.0 mL (range 5.4-54.6). Ethanol (1.3+/-0.6 mL/mL nodule volume) was injected under sonographic control in 4 to 13 weekly sessions (mean 7.4). PEI therapy was well tolerated by all patients. At the end of treatment, nodule volume was 7.7+/-5.7 mL (p = .0001). A further significant shrinkage was obtained at 1-year follow-up (4.4+/-3.8 mL; p < .05). No significant differences in nodule reduction were observed between the levothyroxine treated or untreated group and between patients with pretreatment nodule volume smaller or larger than 15 mL. Our study confirms the efficacy and safety of PEI in inducing volume shrinkage of cold benign thyroid nodules. Overall our data suggest that PEI may become an interesting alternative for patients with surgical indications, if they refuse surgery or are poor surgical risks, or eventually demand treatment for aesthetic purposes. It may also be considered when levothyroxine therapy is contraindicated or ineffective.

Treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules with percutaneous ethanol injection: Eight years' experience.

The aim of our study was to define the long-term efficacy and safety of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for the treatment of autonomous thyroid nodule (ATN), and to optimise the clinical usefulness of such a therapy. We treated 132 patients with ATN (30 M and 102 F, aged 47.5+/-12.9 years; mean+/-SD), in case other established treatments were refused or contraindicated. Eighty-five patients were affected by toxic adenoma and 47 suffered from pre-toxic nodules. Ethanol was administered weekly under sonographic control, in 7 sessions (range 2-16). During PEI treatment, 26 toxic elderly patients were treated with methimazole and propranolol. Three possible outcomes were identified for statistical analysis: failure (persistent suppression of extra nodular tissue uptake, along with elevated free thyroid hormone and undetectable TSH levels); partial cure (normal free thyroid hormone and low/undetectable TSH levels); complete cure (normal thyroid hormone and TSH levels; restored extra nodular uptake). The patients were followed for up to 8.5 years (median 76 months). PEI therapy was well tolerated by all patients though a mild to moderate local pain occurred in about 30% of sessions. Complete cure was achieved in all pre-toxic patients and in 60 (70.6%) patients with toxic adenoma, while partial cure was observed in 11 cases (12.9%) and failure in 14 (16.5%). A significant shrinkage of nodule volume was observed in all patients (p = 0.0001), while those with toxic nodules larger than 30 mL showed a significantly lower response rate to PEI (p < 0.05). At controls, only one patient developed subclinical hypothyroidism while, among partially cured patients, five relapsed. The administration of methimazole and/or propranolol did not modify PEI outcome. In conclusion, we suggest that PEI therapy may be the treatment of choice in patients with pre-toxic thyroid adenoma where therapy is least necessary- despite the nodule volume. Though ethanol injection therapy of toxic thyroid nodules may be troublesome for the need of multiple sessions, it appears an effective alternative procedure in patients at poor surgical risk, and in younger patients in whom radioiodine is contraindicated. Since a special technical skill in intervention procedures is required, PEI therapy may be suitable only for patients living nearby a trained centre.

Oxidative and genotoxic damage after radio-iodine therapy of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

PURPOSE: To evaluate genetic damage and oxidative stress following a single therapeutic dose of 131I in Graves' disease patients monitored up to 180 days after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genetic damage induction was estimated as the increase in micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes of patients. As indicators of radiogenic oxidative stress, vitamin E and lipoperoxide levels were assessed in the plasma of patients, as well as the release of plasmic clastogenic factors measured by the induction of micronuclei in vitro in peripheral lymphocytes of a healthy donor. RESULTS: Vitamin E depletion lasted at least 3 days and the basal level was restored within 7 days. No statistically significant variations were observed in lipoperoxide plasma levels. A sharp increase of micronuclei in the peripheral lymphocytes of patients was correlated (p < 0.001) with the release of clastogenic factor in the plasma. The highest micronucleus value was negatively correlated (p < 0.03) with the lowest vitamin E level observed in each patient. CONCLUSIONS: Micronuclei induction was the direct consequence not only of the energy deposition of 131I on the genetic material, but also of oxidative stress, likely via the release of clastogenic factor.

Thyroid function and autoimmunity in Parkinson's disease: a study of 101 patients.

Thyroid disease is the endocrine dysfunction most frequently reported in association with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to assess thyroid autoimmunity and function in PD, and to verify the effect of long term l-dopa and/or dopamine therapy on thyroid function. We studied 101 consecutive PD outpatients and seventy age- and sex-matched neurological non-PD patients as controls. They were evaluated for free thyroid hormones, TSH and thyroid autoantibodies. No significant difference in the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction was found between PD patients and neurological controls (10.8% in PD patients vs 10% in neurological controls). Further, treatment with l-dopa and/or dopaminergic drugs and the stage of Parkinson's disease did not affect thyroid function. In conclusion, the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in PD patients appeared similar to that as described in the general population, though thyroid dysfunction was observed in over than 10% of PD patients. Indeed, neurologists should be alerted to the possible complications arising from thyroid dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, but thyroid function tests should be performed only when justified on clinical grounds.

Thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction associated with type I interferon therapy.

Type I interferons are currently used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, multiple sclerosis and several hematological and solid tumors. Side effects are not uncommon, and include multiple alterations in thyroid function, some of which are unrelated to autoimmunity. Review of the literature revealed an overall mean prevalence of incident thyroid dysfunction of 6.2%, hypothyroidism occurring more frequently (3.9%) than hyperthyroidism (2.3%). Destructive thyroiditis characterized by early transient thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism has also been described. Thyroid dysfunction was mainly subclinical, and spontaneous resolution occurred in almost 60% of patients with or without withdrawal of interferon. Risk factors for developing thyroid abnormalities were female sex and the presence of pre-existing autoimmune thyroiditis. Whether prolonged interferon therapy will increase the likelihood of experiencing thyroid dysfunction, as well as the relationship between incident thyroid autoimmunity and the efficacy of interferon therapy, are still open questions. Although the most-likely explanation for thyroid disease occurring with type I interferon therapy remains an autoimmune reaction or immune system dysregulation, a direct inhibitory effect on thyrocytes may be presumed in patients who developed hypothyroidism without autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms of thyroid damage induced by type I interferons have not yet been clarified in detail. We recommend routine evaluation of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone during interferon therapy. A systematic thyroid assessment is useful only for those patients with pre-existing thyroiditis or incident dysfunction. Although discontinuation of interferon therapy is seldom required, it may be necessary in patients who develop Graves' disease and overt hyperthyroidism.

Laparoscopic treatment of pancreatic insulinoma.

Laparoscopy and laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) have been proposed for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic insulinoma. We present for cases of pancreatic insulinoma approached by laparoscopy guided by LUS. In three cases, insulinomas were in the pancreatic body and in one case in the pancreatic head. All lesions were detected preoperatively by abdominal US and confirmed by computed tomography. Laparoscopy was performed under general anesthesia. LUS was performed using a 10-mm flexible probe. In two cases the adenoma was enucleated using scissors and electrocoagulation, major vessels were controlled using clips, and enucleation was completed using a 30-mm endo-GIA. In one case a laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with spleen preservation was performed. In one case the adenoma was deep in the pancreatic head; minilaparotomy was performed and the adenoma enucleated. Patients were discharged in good health 5-7 days after surgery. The postoperative course was complicated in one case of enucleation by peripancreatic fluid collection that was treated percutaneously. Our experience confirms that accurate localization followed by excision of tumors via the laparoscopic approach constitute a significant advance in the management of insulinoma.

[Efficacy of enoxacin in the treatment of prostatitis-vesiculitis: its absence of toxicity on spermatogenesis]. / Efficacité de l'énoxacine dans le traitement des prostato-vésiculites: son absence de toxicité sur la spermatogénèse.

OBJECTIVES: The ability of enoxacin, a second generation quinolone, to diffuse into the seminal fluid both of normal volunteers (n = 10, protocol A) and patients with prostato-vesiculitis and positive sperm cultures (n = 10, protocol B) was investigated. In addition, the microbiological effectiveness and the occurrence of adverse effects on spermatogenesis were evaluated in the patient group. METHODS: Enoxacin was administered in oral doses of 300 mg b.i.d. for two and seven days to volunteers and patients, respectively. Two hours after the last drug administration, blood, semen and urine samples were collected to determine seminal fluid antibiotic concentrations by microbiological agar diffusion assay. In protocol B, sperm cultures and sperm analyses were performed at the end of treatment and repeated at 30 and 90 days follow-ups. RESULTS: In both protocols significant seminal fluid antibiotic concentration was achieved, thus providing evidence for considerable diffusion of the drug into prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Moreover, sperm cultures were sterile in all patients, and semen analysis demonstrated that spermatogenesis was not impaired by antibiotic treatment; on the contrary, 30 days after drug withdrawal percentage sperm motility improved, and the rate of abnormal forms decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of adverse effects, both general and specifically on spermatogenesis, may be related to the restriction of indications and the brevity of the therapeutic cycles. Our results suggest that enoxacin may be successfully and safely used, in short term courses, for the treatment of documented genital tract infection by sensitive organisms. Further studies are needed to thoroughly evaluate the potential adverse effects on fertility of this quinolone, particularly when used for long-term suppressive therapy in patients with chronic urological infections.