Remdesivir and corticosteroids in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infection caused by the newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Remdesivir (RDV) and corticosteroids are used mainly in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure. The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of remdesivir with and without corticosteroids in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. We conducted a prospective observational study, including adult patients consecutively hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure. Patients were divided according to treatment strategy: RDV alone versus RDV with corticosteroids. The primary outcome was the time to recovery in both treatment groups. We included 374 COVID-19 adult patients, 184 were treated with RDV, and 190 were treated with RDV and corticosteroid. Patients in the RDV group had a shorter time to recovery in comparison with patients in the RDV plus corticosteroids group at 28 days after admission [11 vs. 16 days (95% confidence Interval 9.7-12.8; 14.9-17.1; p = .016)]. Patients treated with RDV alone had a shorter length of hospital stay. The use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy of RDV was not associated with improvement in mortality of COVID-19 patients.

Tuberculosis and Its "Troubled Relationship" With Other Diseases.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a multisystemic disease caused most frequently by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB has become more frequent with the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as HIV can facilitate the infection with M. tuberculosis, especially during HIV seroconversion. Here, we present the case of a 22-year-old man, from Guinea-Bissau, with a history of untreated HIV who was admitted to the intensive care unit for respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary TB was diagnosed. His stay was complicated with a hemorrhagic shock due to traumatic urethral catheterization, which led to a perforation of the capsule of the prostate. A prostatectomy was needed for bleeding control. The anatomopathological examination confirmed the presence of acid-resistant bacilli, and an extensive caseous type necrosis of the whole tissue, thus diagnosing a prostatic tuberculosis. The patient recovered after a hemorrhagic shock, a urologic and radical intervention, and some severe infectious complications.

Successful treatment of persistent and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient using Ronapreve™ antibodies.

Patients with lymphoproliferative diseases are at an increased risk of an incomplete immune response following vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection and might develop persistent viral infection and severe COVID-19 disease. We present a case of successful treatment of persistent and mechanical-ventilation-requiring SARS-CoV-2 infection in a del17+ CLL patient using exogenous antibodies.

The Reality of Critical Cancer Patients in a Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit.

Background and objective With the increasing incidence of cancer and the rise in the survival rates of cancer patients, more and more oncological candidates are being considered for admission to intensive care units (ICU). Several studies have demonstrated no difference in the outcomes of cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients. Our study aimed to describe and analyze the outcomes related to cancer patients in a polyvalent ICU. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive oncological patients admitted to a polyvalent ICU (2013-2017). Cox model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to analyze the results. Results A total of 236 patients were included in the study; the mean age of the patients was 53.5 ± 15.3 years, and 65% of them were male. The main cancer types were those related to the central nervous system (CNS; 31%), as well as gastrointestinal (18%), genitourinary (17%), and hematological (15%). Curative/diagnostic surgeries (49%) and sepsis/septic shock (17%) were the main reasons for admission. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) scores in hematological patients vs. solid tumors were as follows: 30 vs. 20 and 63 vs. 38, respectively (p<0.005). Vasopressors, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and renal replacement therapy (RRT) were used more widely in hematological patients compared to solid-tumor patients. Length of stay was longer in hematological patients vs. solid-tumor patients (12.8 vs. 7 days, p=0.002). The median overall survival in hematological patients was one month and that in solid-tumor patients was 5.8 months (p<0.005). The survival rate at six months was better than described in the existing literature (48 vs. 32.4%). Conclusion Both SAPS II and APACHE II scores were reasonably accurate in predicting mortality, demonstrating their value in cancer patients.

A prospective, observational study to evaluate adverse drug reactions in patients with COVID-19 treated with remdesivir or hydroxychloroquine: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVES: Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pressure to minimise its impact on public health has led to the implementation of different therapeutic strategies, the efficacy of which for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was unknown at the time. Remdesivir (REM) was granted its first conditional marketing authorisation in the EU in June 2020. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and local health authorities all across the EU have since strongly recommended the implementation of pharmacovigilance activities aimed at further evaluating the safety of this new drug. The objective of this study was to evaluate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) attributed to either REM or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 in Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, a Portuguese hospital centre based in Lisbon. We present the preliminary results reporting plausible adverse effects of either HCQ or REM. METHODS: An observational cohort study was carried out between 16 March and 15 August 2020. Participants were divided into two cohorts: those prescribed an HCQ regimen, and those prescribed REM. Suspected ADRs were identified using an active monitoring model and reported to the Portuguese Pharmacovigilance System through its online notification tool. The ADR cumulative incidence was compared between the two cohorts. RESULTS: The study included 149 patients, of whom 101 were treated with HCQ and the remaining 48 with REM. The baseline characteristics were similar between the two cohorts. A total of 102 ADRs were identified during the study period, with a greater incidence in the HCQ cohort compared with the REM cohort (47.5% vs 12.5%; p<0.001). Causality was assessed in 81 ADRs, all of which were considered possible. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world data are crucial to further establish the safety profile for REM. HCQ is no longer recommended for the treatment of COVID-19.

Do-not-resuscitate and treatment limitation decisions - Six years of experience from a Portuguese General Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment limitation, as well as do-not-resuscitate (DNR) directives, are difficult but important to improve patients' quality of life and minimize dysthanasia. We aimed to study the approach to withholding, withdrawal, and DNR decisions, patients' characteristics, and process documentation in a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Portugal. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data regarding the limitation of treatment decisions collected from previously-designed forms and complemented by medical record consultation. RESULTS: A total of 1602 patients were admitted to the ICU between 2011 and 2016. DNR decisions were documented in 127 cases (7.9%). Patients with treatment limitations were older and had higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. The most frequent diagnosis preceding these decisions was sepsis (52.0%, n = 66); the most common main reason for limiting treatment was a poor prognosis of acute illness. Of the patients to whom a DNR was implemented, 117 (92.1%) died in the ICU (40.1% of the total number of ICU deaths), and hospital mortality was 100%. Participants in these decisions, as well as types of treatment withdrawn and their respective timings, were not registered in medical records. CONCLUSION: Treatment limitation and DNR decisions were relatively common, in line with other Southern European studies, but behind Northern European and North American centers. Patients with these limitations were older and more severely ill than patients without such decisions. Documentation of these processes should be clear and detailed, either in specific forms or computerized clinical records; there is room for improvement in this area.

Osteomyelitis Caused by Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae: A Diagnosis to Consider in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis (OM) due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKp) is a very rare but severe condition, particularly among patients with hematologic malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients, who are especially at risk of developing nosocomial infections caused by this bacterium. CASE REPORT We describe 2 cases of acute and chronic OM by CPKp in adults with hematologic disorders. Patient 1, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, developed bacteremia due to multidrug CPKp after induction chemotherapy. Despite pathogen-directed antibiotic treatment, blood cultures remained positive for CPKp, with an increase in its resistance pattern, and worsening of clinical condition. A pelvic computed tomography revealed air bubbles in the femoral head and ilium, suggestive of OM, and bone culture was positive for pandrug-resistant CPKp. The clinical condition deteriorated rapidly and the patient died. Patient 2, with aplastic anemia, developed multidrug CPKp bacteremia after immunosuppressive therapy, with good response to pathogen-directed antibiotic treatment. Ten months later, she underwent a hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and at the time of neutrophil engraftment, an abscess developed in the right thigh. An extensively drug-resistant CPKp was isolated from the pus, and antibiotics were started, without clinical improvement. A magnetic resonance of the thigh revealed an intraosseous abscess, suggestive of OM, and after debridement surgery and 6 weeks of parenteral antibiotics, she was successfully discharged home. CONCLUSIONS OM due to CPKp is uncommonly reported. These 2 cases illustrate the complex management of OM by CPKp in immunocompromised hematologic patients, and the importance of clinical suspicion for a prompt diagnosis, early treatment, and successful outcome.

Catastrophic Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Always Consider Meckel's Diverticulum.

Meckel's diverticulum, a congenital malformation of the gastrointestinal tract, is asymptomatic in the majority of patients but can be associated with some complications. Gastrointestinal bleeding is one such complication and is more common in children than in adults. Despite the variety of examinations available, diagnosis can be difficult, especially in older patients, because the sensitivity of examinations decreases with patient age. Here we present the case of a young man with gastrointestinal bleeding in whom a diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was made intra-operatively. LEARNING POINTS: Meckel's diverticulum is more commonly found in children than in adults and can cause gastrointestinal bleeding.The diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum can be complicated, especially in adults because the sensitivity of examinations decreases with patient age.Despite appropriate diagnostic evaluation, Meckel's diverticulum is sometimes only diagnosed at surgery.

Ruptured cerebral mycotic aneurysm, an unusual infective endocarditis presentation

Although septic embolization associated with infective endocarditis is relatively frequent, mycotic cerebral aneurysms are a rare and potentially fatal complication. The authors report the case of a woman admitted with a cerebral haemorrhage due to mycotic aneurysm rupture, which led to a subacute infective endocarditis diagnosis. The patient underwent craniotomy with aneurysm excision and mitral valvuloplasty due to severe valvular insufficiency, with a favorable clinical outcome. The authors make a brief review, highlighting the challenge of the management of these patients, especially at surgical approach, which requires an individualized therapy strategy based on patient evolution

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Do-not-resuscitate and treatment limitation decisions - Six years of experience from a Portuguese General Intensive Care Unit

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Treatment limitation, as well as do-not-resuscitate (DNR) directives, are difficult but important to improve patients' quality of life and minimize dysthanasia. We aimed to study the approach to withholding, withdrawal, and DNR decisions, patients' characteristics, and process documentation in a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in Portugal. METHODS A retrospective analysis of data regarding the limitation of treatment decisions collected from previously-designed forms and complemented by medical record consultation. RESULTS A total of 1602 patients were admitted to the ICU between 2011 and 2016. DNR decisions were documented in 127 cases (7.9%). Patients with treatment limitations were older and had higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. The most frequent diagnosis preceding these decisions was sepsis (52.0%, n = 66); the most common main reason for limiting treatment was a poor prognosis of acute illness. Of the patients to whom a DNR was implemented, 117 (92.1%) died in the ICU (40.1% of the total number of ICU deaths), and hospital mortality was 100%. Participants in these decisions, as well as types of treatment withdrawn and their respective timings, were not registered in medical records. CONCLUSION Treatment limitation and DNR decisions were relatively common, in line with other Southern European studies, but behind Northern European and North American centers. Patients with these limitations were older and more severely ill than patients without such decisions. Documentation of these processes should be clear and detailed, either in specific forms or computerized clinical records; there is room for improvement in this area.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Decisões de limitação terapêutica (DLT) e de não reanimação (DNR) são difíceis, mas importantes, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida dos doentes e minimizar distanásia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a abordagem das DNR e DLT, as características dos doentes e a documentação dessas decisões numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente (Ucip) em Portugal. MÉTODOS Análise retrospectiva dos dados referentes a DLT e DNR, recolhidos a partir de formulários previamente elaborados e complementados por consulta de processo clínico. RESULTADOS Um total de 1.602 doentes foi internado na Ucip entre 2011 e 2016. DNR foi documentada em 127 casos (7,9%). Doentes com DLT eram mais velhos e tinham um Simplified Acute Physiology Score II mais elevado. O diagnóstico mais frequente que precedeu essas decisões foi sepse (52,0%, n=66); A razão mais comum para limitar o tratamento foi mau prognóstico da doença aguda. Dos doentes nos quais a DNR foi implementada, 117 (92,1%) morreram na Ucip (40,1% do total de óbitos na Ucip) e a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 100%. Os intervenientes nessas decisões, bem como os tipos de tratamento retirados, não foram rotineiramente registrados. CONCLUSÃO As DLT e DNR foram relativamente comuns, em consonância com outros estudos do sul da Europa, mas atrás dos centros do norte da Europa e da América do Norte. Os doentes com essas limitações eram mais velhos e mais gravemente doentes. A documentação dessas decisões deve ser clara e detalhada, seja em formulários específicos, seja em registros clínicos informatizados. Há espaço para melhorias nessa área.

[Monitoring antibiotic consumption in the surgery and orthopaedics]. / Monitorização do consumo de antibióticos: nos serviços de cirurgia e de ortopedia de seis hospitais SA.

Monitoring antibiotic consumption is a valuable tool which has been increasingly used in the last years due to the current concern with the emergence of resistant microbial strains. The present study aimed at monitoring antibiotic consumption, evaluating the economic impact of hospital antibiotic prescription and assessing the relationship between the prescribed antibiotics and the indications for either prophylactic or therapeutic use. This was a longitudinal pilot-study for which data were collected in six privately managed public hospital units during the month of May 2004, with a resulting sample of 1,122 admitted patients. We observed a prescription incidence rate of 76.9%, corresponding to a total of 1,154 dispensed antimicrobials, with a mean 71.2% of these antimicrobials being dispensed for the prophylaxis of surgical site infection (SSI). The mean cost of antibiotic courses was higher in cases of "suspected infection" (9.09 euro) or "confirmed infection" (8.74 euro) and lower in cases of "prophylaxis" (5.67 euro), a finding which is explained by the shorter mean duration of the later. There was a considerable variation among the different hospital units regarding the type of antibiotic compound that was used for SSI prophylaxis, with a mean duration of antibiotic use of 2.61 days for this indication and about half of the prophylactic regimens lasting longer than 24 hours, a fact that suggests an insufficient observation of the current recommendations for antibiotic use in SSI prophylaxis. This finding indicates the need for an investigation on the actual existence of local recommendations for SSI prophylaxis in individual hospital units and also for the evaluation of the compliance of practicing surgeons with eventually existing recommendations.