Homeopathic medicine Cantharis modulates uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)-induced cystitis in susceptible mice.

OBJECTIVE: This is a random blinded placebo controlled murine experimental model to study the effects of Cantharis 6 CH, a homeopathic medicine, on E coli-induced cystitis. METHODS: 24 adult susceptible female BALB/c mice were inoculated with E coli - UPEC O4:K-:H5 by a transurethral catheter. Cantharis 6cH or vehicle (placebo) was offered to mice by free access into the drinking water (1:100), during 24 h after infection. Spleen, bladder and kidneys were processed for quantitative histopathology after immunohistochemistry, using anti-CD3, CD79, MIF, NK and VEGF antibodies; the cytokines present in the bladder washing fluid were measured using a LUMINEX-Magpix KIT. Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact test were used as statistical analysis. RESULTS: Cantharis 6 CH increased IL12p40, IFN-γ and decreased IL10 concentrations in the bladder fluid (p⩽0.05); in the bladder mucosa, it increased the ratio between B and T lymphocytes (31%) and between B lymphocytes and MIF+ macrophages (57%, p⩽0.05). In the pelvis, instead, it decreased the B/T cells ratio (41%, p⩽0.05) and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio (42%, p⩽0.05). No differences were seen in the kidney and spleen analysis. CONCLUSION: The inverted balance of inflammatory cells and cytokines in bladder and pelvis mucosa shows specific local immune modulation induced by Cantharis 6cH.

Susceptibility of virulent and resistant Escherichia coli strains to non-polar and polar compounds identified in Microplumeria anomala.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Escherichia coli is one of the main pathogens responsible for veterinary and human infections, and it is associated with significant economic losses in the livestock, as it causes severe diseases to humans, particularly in children. For that reason, there is a need for introducing new drugs to treat E. coli diseases. The Brazilian species richness is a source of potential new antibacterial natural products. The study aimed at the biological and chemical investigation of the organic extract obtained from the stem of Microplumeria anomala (Apocynaceae), EB127, as it was identified as a potential source of new antibacterial compounds to be used in Veterinary. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antibacterial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion and microdilution assays; chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and mass spectrometry were used in the isolation and identification of compounds. RESULTS: EB127 showed activity against E. coli ATCC25922, and against three E. coli strains that were isolated from frigarte's cloaca, named 31/1A, 35A, and 51A. Lupeol, 3-acetyl-11-oxo-ß-amyrin, 3-acetyl-11-oxo-α-amyrin, sitosterol, stigmasterol, 3ß,7α-dihydroxy-cholest-5-ene, 3ß-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-7-one, and 3ß-hydroxy-cholest-5,22-dien-7-one were identified in fraction Hex/CHCl3, while loganin, loganic acid, methylanomaline, and anomaline were all identified in EB127 and protocatechuic acid hexoside, ferulic acid, secoxyloganin, feruloylquinic acid, vanillic acid hexoside, protocatechuic acid-4-O-ß-hexoside, and rosmarinic acid were tentatively identified in fraction 10%ACN/H2O. E. coli 51A (virulent/non-resistant) showed sensitivity to the antibacterial action of fraction Hex/CHCl3 which contains alkaloids, triterpenes, and steroids, while E. coli 35A (resistant/non-virulent) were more susceptible to 10%ACN/H2O, which contains iridoids as loganin and loganic acid, and glycosylated and non-glycosylated caffeic acids. CONCLUSION: Fraction 10%ACN/H2O is of interest in pursuing new drugs to treat resistant E. coli, in veterinary. All compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time and have shown potential as new antibacterial natural products from Amazon plants to be used in veterinary and human diseases.

Survey on pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).

We surveyed healthy captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Cloacal swabs were collected from 94 cockatiels kept in commercial breeders, private residencies and pet shops in the cities of São Paulo/SP and Niterói/RJ (Brazil). Three strains of E. coli from each individual were tested for the presence of ExPEC-, APEC- and DEC-related genes. We evaluated the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCMY, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphA, strAB, sul1, sul2, sul3, qnrA, qnrD, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, aac (6)'-Ib-cr, qepA resistance genes and markers for plasmid incompatibility groups. Salmonella spp. was not detected. E. coli was isolated in 10% of the animals (9/94). Four APEC genes (ironN, ompT, iss and hlyF) were detected in two strains (2/27-7%), and iss (1/27-4%) in one isolate. The highest resistance rates were observed with amoxicillin (22/27-82%), ampicillin (21/27-79%), streptomycin (18/27-67%), tetracycline (11/27-41%). Multiresistance was verified in 59% (16/27) of the isolates. We detected strAB, blaTEM, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphaA, sul1, sul2, sul3 resistance genes and plasmid Inc groups in 20 (74%) of the strains. E. coli isolated from these cockatiels are of epidemiological importance, since these pets could transmit pathogenic and multiresistant microorganisms to humans and other animals.

Free-Ranging Frigates (Fregata magnificens) of the Southeast Coast of Brazil Harbor Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Resistant to Antimicrobials.

Seabirds may be responsible for the spread of pathogenic/resistant organisms over great distances, playing a relevant role within the context of the One World, One Health concept. Diarrheagenic E. coli strains, known as STEC (shiga toxin-producing E. coli), and the extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC and the subpathotype APEC), are among the E. coli pathotypes with zoonotic potential associated with the birds. In order to identify health threats carried by frigates and to evaluate the anthropic influence on the southern coast of Brazil, the aim of this work was to characterize E. coli isolated from free-ranging frigates in relation to virulence genotypes, serotypes, phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial resistance. Cloacal and choanal swabs were sampled from 38 Fregata magnificens from two oceanic islands and one rescue center. Forty-three E. coli strains were recovered from 33 out of the 38 birds (86.8%); 88.4% of strains showed some of the virulence genes (VGs) searched, 48.8% contained three or more VGs. None of the strains presented VGs related to EPEC/STEC. Some of the isolates showed virulence genotypes, phylogenetic groups and serotypes of classical human ExPEC or APEC (O2:H7, O1:H6, ONT:H7, O25:H4). Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility, 62.8% showed resistance, and 11.6% (5/43) were multidrug-resistant. The E. coli present in the intestines of the frigates may reflect the environmental human impact on southeast coast of Brazil; they may also represent an unexplored threat for seabird species, especially considering the overlap of pathogenic potential and antimicrobial resistance present in these strains.

Isolation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from free-ranging wild animals.

Increasing interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife may result in inter-species transmission of infectious agents. To evaluate the presence of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates, rectal swabs from 36 different free-ranging wild mammals were taken from two distinct natural sites in Brazil: Cantareira State Park (CSP, state of São Paulo) and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro Region (SIRNR, state of Amazonas). The swabs were randomly collected and processed for bacterial isolation, identification, characterization and antimicrobial resistance. Eighteen E. coli strains from CSP and 20 from SIRNR were recovered from 14 and 22 individuals, respectively. Strains from animals captured in CSP, the site with the greatest anthropization, exhibited a higher range and percentage of virulence genes, including an eae+/bfpA+ strain. Antimicrobial resistance was verified in strains originating from both sites; however, in strains from SIRNR, aminopenicillins were almost the exclusive antimicrobial class to which strains exhibited resistance, whereas in CSP there were strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone, in addition to strains exhibiting multidrug resistance. Two strains of Salmonella enterica that are known to be associated with reptiles, serotypes Belem and 60:r:e,n,z15, were recovered only from Amazonian animals and showed susceptibility to all classes of antimicrobials that were tested. Although the potential impact of these pathogens on wildlife remains unknown, bacteria isolated from free-ranging wild animals may provide relevant information about environmental health and should therefore be more deeply studied.

Survey on pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Abstract We surveyed healthy captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Cloacal swabs were collected from 94 cockatiels kept in commercial breeders, private residencies and pet shops in the cities of São Paulo/SP and Niterói/RJ (Brazil). Three strains of E. coli from each individual were tested for the presence of ExPEC-, APEC- and DEC-related genes. We evaluated the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCMY, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphA, strAB, sul1, sul2, sul3, qnrA, qnrD, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, aac (6)-Ib-cr, qepA resistance genes and markers for plasmid incompatibility groups. Salmonella spp. was not detected. E. coli was isolated in 10% of the animals (9/94). Four APEC genes (ironN, ompT, iss and hlyF) were detected in two strains (2/277%), and iss (1/274%) in one isolate. The highest resistance rates were observed with amoxicillin (22/2782%), ampicillin (21/2779%), streptomycin (18/2767%), tetracycline (11/2741%). Multiresistance was verified in 59% (16/27) of the isolates. We detected strAB, bla TEM, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphaA, sul1, sul2, sul3 resistance genes and plasmid Inc groups in 20 (74%) of the strains. E. coli isolated from these cockatiels are of epidemiological importance, since these pets could transmit pathogenic and multiresistant microorganisms to humans and other animals.

Survey on pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Abstract We surveyed healthy captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Cloacal swabs were collected from 94 cockatiels kept in commercial breeders, private residencies and pet shops in the cities of São Paulo/SP and Niterói/RJ (Brazil). Three strains of E. coli from each individual were tested for the presence of ExPEC-, APEC- and DEC-related genes. We evaluated the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCMY, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphA, strAB, sul1, sul2, sul3, qnrA, qnrD, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, aac (6)′-Ib-cr, qepA resistance genes and markers for plasmid incompatibility groups. Salmonella spp. was not detected. E. coli was isolated in 10% of the animals (9/94). Four APEC genes (ironN, ompT, iss and hlyF) were detected in two strains (2/27-7%), and iss (1/27-4%) in one isolate. The highest resistance rates were observed with amoxicillin (22/27-82%), ampicillin (21/27-79%), streptomycin (18/27-67%), tetracycline (11/27-41%). Multiresistance was verified in 59% (16/27) of the isolates. We detected strAB, bla TEM, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphaA, sul1, sul2, sul3 resistance genes and plasmid Inc groups in 20 (74%) of the strains. E. coli isolated from these cockatiels are of epidemiological importance, since these pets could transmit pathogenic and multiresistant microorganisms to humans and other animals.

Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic mycoplasmas were less prevalent. Serologic evidence of exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Feline immunodeficiency virus, and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected rarely, and infections with FeLV, Ehrlichia spp., and Cytauxzoon spp. were found infrequently. The detected Bartonella sequence was molecularly similar to B. koehlerae and B. henselae; for Cytauxzoon, the sequence resembled those from domestic cats. No Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria spp. infections were detected. The positive test results varied significantly among different facilities and species. Additionally, FCoV seropositivity was more prevalent in captivity than in free-ranging populations. Results suggest that testing is appropriate prior to relocation of felids.

Isolation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from free-ranging wild animals

Increasing interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife may result in inter-species transmission of infectious agents. To evaluate the presence of pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. and to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates, rectal swabs from 36 different free-ranging wild mammals were taken from two distinct natural sites in Brazil: Cantareira State Park (CSP, state of São Paulo) and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro Region (SIRNR, state of Amazonas). The swabs were randomly collected and processed for bacterial isolation, identification, characterization and antimicrobial resistance. Eighteen E. coli strains from CSP and 20 from SIRNR were recovered from 14 and 22 individuals, respectively. Strains from animals captured in CSP, the site with the greatest anthropization, exhibited a higher range and percentage of virulence genes, including an eae+/bfpA+ strain. Antimicrobial resistance was verified in strains originating from both sites; however, in strains from SIRNR, aminopenicillins were almost the exclusive antimicrobial class to which strains exhibited resistance, whereas in CSP there were strains resistant to cephalosporins, sulfonamide, aminoglycoside, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone, in addition to strains exhibiting multidrug resistance. Two strains of Salmonella enterica that are known to be associated with reptiles, serotypes Belem and 60:r:e,n,z15, were recovered only from Amazonian animals and showed susceptibility to all classes of antimicrobials that were tested. Although the potential impact of these pathogens on wildlife remains unknown, bacteria isolated from free-ranging wild animals may provide relevant information about environmental health and should therefore be more deeply studied.

In vitro growth of uropathogenic Escherichia coliisolated from a snow leopard treated withhomeopathic and isopathic remedies: a pilot study / Estudo do crescimento (in vitro) de Escherichia coli uropatogênica isolada a partir de um leopardo das neves e tratada com medicamentos homeopáticos e isopáticos: estudo piloto

This paper reports the results of incubation of a strain of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)isolated from a snow leopard - which had died of septicemia secondary to necro-hemorrhagiccystitis - with homeopathic and isopathic remedies. Methods: UPEC was isolated from heartblood and previously typified for virulence factors; it was incubated with homeopathic remediesCantharis vesicatoria (urinary tract infection affinity), Mercurius solubilis (from symptomsanalysis) and nosode prepared from the actual strain, all in dilution 12cH. Results: 2 patterns ofbacterial growth were observed, associated to the quality of nutrients in the culture medium; inrich-nutrient medium, nosode of E. coli 12cH had a significant inhibitory effect; in poor-nutrientmedium, Merc 12cH exerted significant inhibitory effect. Conclusion: results suggest that theprevious conditions of prokaryote systems may influence the in vitro response to homeopathic andisopathic remedies.(AU)

Este artigo relata os resultados da incubação de uma linhagem de Escherichia coli uropatogênica (UPEC) isolada a partir de um leopardo das neves, que morreu de septicemia secundária a cistite necrótica-hemorrágica. A UPEC foi tratada com preparados homeopáticos e isopáticos. Métodos: UPEC foi isolada de sangue cardíaco e previamente tipificada para fatores de virulência; foi incubada com o medicamento homeopático Cantharis vesicatoria (afinidade com infecção do trato urinário), Mercurius solubilis (a partir da análise de sintomas) e nosódio preparado a partir da mesma linhagem de bactérias, todas em 12 cH. Resultados: 2 padrões de crescimento bacteriano foram observados, associados à qualidade dos nutrientes do meio de cultura; em meios ricos em nutrientes, nosódio de E. coli 12 cH teve um significativo efeito inibitório; em meio pobre de nutrientes, Merc 12 cH exerceu efeito inibitório significativo. Conclusão: os resultados sugerem que as condições prévias do sistema procarioto estudado podem influenciar as respostas proliferativas in vitro para preparados homeopáticos e isopáticos. (AU)

In vitro growth of uropathogenic Escherichia coliisolated from a snow leopard treated withhomeopathic and isopathic remedies: a pilot study / Estudo do crescimento (in vitro) de Escherichia coli uropatogênica isolada a partir de um leopardo das neves e tratada com medicamentos homeopáticos e isopáticos: estudo piloto

This paper reports the results of incubation of a strain of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from a snow leopard - which had died of septicemia secondary to necro-hemorrhagic cystitis - with homeopathic and isopathic remedies. Methods: UPEC was isolated from heart blood and previously typified for virulence factors; it was incubated with homeopathic remedies Cantharis vesicatoria (urinary tract infection affinity), Mercurius solubilis (from symptoms analysis) and nosode prepared from the actual strain, all in dilution 12cH. Results: 2 patterns of bacterial growth were observed, associated to the quality of nutrients in the culture medium; inrich-nutrient medium, nosode of E. coli 12cH had a significant inhibitory effect; in poor-nutrient medium, Merc 12cH exerted significant inhibitory effect. Conclusion: results suggest that the previous conditions of prokaryote systems may influence the in vitro response to homeopathic and isopathic remedies.

Este artigo relata os resultados da incubação de uma linhagem de Escherichia coli uropatogênica (UPEC) isolada a partir de um leopardo das neves, que morreu de septicemia secundária a cistite necrótica-hemorrágica. A UPEC foi tratada com preparados homeopáticos e isopáticos. Métodos: UPEC foi isolada de sangue cardíaco e previamente tipificada para fatores de virulência; foi incubada com o medicamento homeopático Cantharis vesicatoria (afinidade com infecção do trato urinário), Mercurius solubilis (a partir da análise de sintomas) e nosódio preparado a partir da mesma linhagem de bactérias, todas em 12 cH. Resultados: 2 padrões de crescimento bacteriano foram observados, associados à qualidade dos nutrientes do meio de cultura; em meios ricos em nutrientes, nosódio de E. coli 12 cH teve um significativo efeito inibitório; em meio pobre de nutrientes, Merc 12 cH exerceu efeito inibitório significativo. Conclusão: os resultados sugerem que as condições prévias do sistema procarioto estudado podem influenciar as respostas proliferativas in vitro para preparados homeopáticos e isopáticos.

Toxinfecção alimentar por Salmonella spp / Foodborne disease caused by Salmonella spp

As enfermidades causadas por Salmonella spp e transmitidas por alimentos são consideradas um dos mais importantes problemas de Saúde Pública no mundo todo. O trato intestinal do homem e dos animais é o principal reservatório natural deste patógeno, sendo os alimentos de origem aviária importantes vias de transmissão. Os indivíduos suscetíveis podem se infectar, principalmente, através da ingestão de alimentos e água contaminados por fezes humanas ou de animais. Após a ingestão, as salmonelas passam através do estômago, se multiplicam, aderindo-se e penetrando as células epiteliais da região ileocecal, injuriando-as. Migram para a lâmina própria levando à resposta inflamatória mediada por liberação de prostaglandinas, que estimulam o AMP cíclico produzindo secreção ativa de fluidos, o que resulta em diarréia. Os sintomas incluem cólicas abdominais, náuseas, vômitos, diarréia, calafrios, febre e cefaléia. Para o diagnóstico, além dos sinais clínicos considera-se o período de incubação e os tipos de alimentos ingeridos. Em paralelo, realiza-se o cultivo para o isolamento do microrganismo e a determinação do(s) sorotipo(s) e/ou fagotipo(s). Com relação ao tratamento, as enterocolites causadas por Salmonella spp, de um modo geral, não necessitam de tratamento com antibiótico. Entretanto, no caso de complicações sistêmicas ou de febre tifóide (Salmonella typhi) a antibioticoterapia é recomendada. Devido à grande importância dessa enfermidade e o papel que o alimento tem na transmissão desta, ressalta-se como ferramenta fundamental para o seu controle, a educação sanitária da população e dos manipuladores de alimentos

Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) O157:H7 - revisão / Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 - review

A Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) sorotipo O157:H7 foi reconhecida como um importante patógeno vinculado a doenças alimentares a partir de 1983 devido a um surto ocorrido pela ingestão de hambúrgueres mal cozidos em um restaurante fast-food nos EUA. As pessoas com infecções por esta bactéria podem apresentar colite hemorrágica e síndrome hemolítica urêmica, doença grave e muitas vezes fatal. Este microrganismo apresenta entre os seus fatores de virulência importantes citotoxinas, denominadas toxinas de Shiga (Stx1 e Stx2),anteriormente denominadas de verotoxinas. A E. coli O157:H7 é bastante resistente a ambientes ácidos podendo se desenvolver por exemplo, em maionese e cidra de maçã. Seu principal reservatório natural é o trato gastrintestinal de bovinos sendo encontrada nas fezes dos mesmos. Sua transmissão ocorre principalmente através de carne bovina contaminada, mas pode também ocorrer pela ingestão de água, leite e vegetais. Os principais métodos de prevenção e controle são, a introdução de boas práticas de higiene do manipulador e a existência de sistema de análise de perigos e de pontos críticos de controle dentro da indústria para garantir uma diminuição nos riscos de contaminação pela E. coli O157:H7.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 was recognised as an important pathogen related to foodborne diseases in 1983, after occurence of an outbreak due to ingestion of scarcely cooked hamburgers in a fast-food restaurant in USA. Infected people may show hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a serious and often fatal illness. One of its virulence factors are the production of Shigalike toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), previously named verotoxins. E. coli O157:H7 is rather resistant to acid environment and can grow for instance, in mayonnaise and apple cider. Its principal and natural reservoir is the gastrointestinal tract of bovine in which feces it can be found. Contamination mostly occurs through ingestion of beef but also water, milk or vegetables, likely to be contaminated with fecal content. The principal methods of prevention and control are good hygienic handling, adoption of a danger analysis system and control of critical areas inside

Asistencia de enfermería en el tratamiento de úlceras crónicas en portadores de deficiencia física causada por la lepra: relato de la experiencia en una excolonia de aislamiento en el Amazonas (Brasil) / No disponible

A pesar de que la lucha contra le lepra está volcada en los casos nuevos, principalmente para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de discapacidades, el equipo de salud debe estar capacitado para atender a los pacientes que adquirieron la enfermedad en una época que la cura no esta estandarizada. Su objetivo es prestar asistencia de enfermería a las personas afectadas por la lepra, portadoras de úlceras crónicas, residentes en un barrio de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Inicialmente fue realizada la capacitación de los funcionarios seguido de la delimitación del área de cobertura. Los recursos materiales utilizados incluyen: coche para el transporte de funcionarios y pacientes, apósitos diversos, gasa, vendas, etc. La solución de limpieza disponible fue el Cloruro de Sodio 0,9%. Los profesionales envueltos fueron: 1 enfermera, 1 técnico en dermatología sanitaria, 8 auxiliares en enfermería, 1 conductor y otros. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destacan la reducción (44%) en el número de úlceras y la mejoría en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La reducción del olor, extensión, profundidad de las lesiones, cantidad de referencias a dolor, mejora de auto-estima y relaciones interpersonales indican un resultado positivo importante. La acción desarrollada apuntó para la viabilidad del trabajo y la constatación de resultados positivos a partir de una intervención sistémica (AU)

Nursing Assistance in the Treatment of Chronic Ulcers in Physically Impaired People caused by Hansen´s disease: Report of an experience in a former isolation colony in Amazonas/Brasil. Despite the fight against leprosy be focused on new cases of the disease, mainly on diagnostic, treatment and prevention of dysfunctions, the health team involved must be trained to cater for the patients who acquired the disease in a time when there was no institutionalized cure for it. The objective of the intervention reported here was to give nursing assistance to people suffering from Hansen´s disease, who have chronic ulcers, and live in a specific residential area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Initially, the health agents were trained, and then the allocated area was circumscribed. Among the material resources used in the process are: a vehicle for the transport of health agents and patients, gauze, bandage and other miscellaneous thing’s Sodium Chloride 0,9% was the available cleaning solution. The health team was constituted of one nurse, one sanitary dermatology technician, eight nursing technicians and a driver. The reduction, extension and depth of the lesions, exudates quantity, pain complaints decrease, self-esteem increase and interpersonal relationship improvement are some indicators of significant positive results. Thus, the study seems to indicate that this kind of systematic intervention is not only viable, but can also render positive results (AU)

Influência da fase da lactaçäo na contagem de células somáticas de amostras de leite de vacas näo infectadas / Influence stage of lactation on somatic cell count in milk samples from no infected mammary quarters

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) é mundialmente considerada um importante parâmetro de avaliaçäo da higidez da glândula mamária. Apesar disso, a possibilidade de identificar variaçöes fisiológicas, independentemente da presença de infecçäo, como nas diversas fases da lactaçäo, devem ser consideradas. Com o objetivo de avaliar as variaçöes na CCS de amostras de leite de vacas näo infectadas. Durante a lactaçäo, as amostras foram divididas em fase inicial (5 -/ 90 dias);fase intermediária (90 -/270 dias) e fase final (270 -310 dias). Nas amostras de leite foram realizadas o "California Mastitis Test"(CMT), exame microbiológico e a contagem de células somáticas microscópica direta. Nas condiçöes que este experimento foi conduzido näo foram observadas diferenças entre as fases da lactaçäo propostas em amostras de vacas näo infectadas.(au)

Modelo experimental para avaliaçäo da resposta imune em ovinos / Experimental model for immune response evaluation in sheep

O presente trabalho procurou analisar uma metodologia de avaliação da resposta imune em ovinos mantidos em condições experimentais. Foram empregados cinqüenta ovinos adultos divididos em cinco grupos experimentais. Os animais foram tratados com levamisol (grupo I), parapoxvirus (Grupo II) e dexametasona (grupo III). Os grupos IV e V foram usados com controle. A resposta imune celular foi analisada pelo teste da tuberculina após sensibilização prévia pelo BCG. A resposta imune humoral foi analisada pelo teste de soroaglutinação em placa após a sensibilização pela vacina contra a brucelose. A sensibilização prévia de ovinos com BCG e com a vacina contra a brucelose pôde ser posteriormente comprovada, todavia, não foi possível demonstrar diferenças nestas respostas em animais tratados com levamisol, parapoxvirus e dexametasona.