RESUMEN
Quinoa stands out as an excellent crop in the Cerrado region for cultivation in the off-season or irrigated winter season. Here, we tested the effects of different water regimes on the agronomic characteristics, physiology, and grain quality of different elite quinoa genotypes under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF, Brazil). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were composed of 18 quinoa genotypes and modified BRS Piabiru (the currently used genotype), and the split-plots were divided into 4 different water regimes. The following variables were evaluated: productivity and productivity per unit of applied water (PUAA), plant height, flavonoids, anthocyanins, gas exchange, chlorophyll, leaf proline, and relative water content. Our results showed that water regimes between 309 and 389 mm can be recommended for quinoa in the Cerrado region. CPAC6 and CPAC13 presented the highest yield and PUAA under high and intermediate WRs, and hence were the most suitable for winter growth under irrigation. CPAC17 is most suitable for off-season growth under rainfed conditions, as it presented the highest PUAA under the low WRs (247 and 150). CPAC9 stood out in terms of accumulation of flavonoids and anthocyanins in all WRs. Physiological analyses revealed different responses of the genotypes to water restriction, together with symptoms of stress under lower water regimes. Our study reinforces the importance of detailed analyses of the relationship between productivity, physiology, and water use when choosing genotypes for planting and harvest in different seasons.
RESUMEN
Passiflora setacea is a wild species of passion fruit with interesting functional properties. Fruit seasonality demands conservation methods to enable its consumption throughout the year. We evaluated High Temperature Short Time (HTST) and Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) binomials on physical, chemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics of Passiflora setacea pulps. In natura (IN) and pasteurized pulps were analysed for DPPH, FRAP, ORAC, total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C, bioactive amines, flavonoids, color, remaining enzymatic activity (REA), microbiological analyzes, sensory evaluation and physical stability. All binomials reached microbiological standards. Binomials 82 °C/20 s and 82 °C/40 s were selected for providing higher total antioxidant activity (TAA), TPC and lower REA. The highest levels of antioxidant activity, flavonoids, vitamin C were kept by 82 °C/20 s, without difference from IN pulp. LTLT binomial showed higher retention of bioactive amines, but also higher REA. Sensory acceptance was not affected by the binomials but pasteurized-cooked flavor was more checked for 82 °C 40 s than IN pulp.
RESUMEN
Duas preparações de pectinases foram isoladas de culturas em estado líquido de Acrophialophora nainiana e Trichoderma harzianum linhagem T6, contendo pectina como a fonte de carbono. As atividades de pectina liase e pectina metilesterase foram somente detectadas nas preparações enzimáticas de A. nainiana. A exo-polymethylgalacturonase de A. nainiana foi mais ativa a pH 7,0 e 60oC, enquanto que a atividade ótima da exo-polymethylgalacturonase de T. harzianum linhagem T6 foi obtida a pH 4,3 e 40oC. As suas estabilidades a 40, 50 e 65oC diferiram, sendo que a atividade de exo-polymethylgalacturonase de A. nainiana apresentou maior estabilidade. Ambas preparações enzimáticas mostraram boa estabilidade em pH ácido. Os extratos brutos foram parcialmente parcialmente purificados por ultrafiltração e cromatografia de filtração em gel em coluna de Sephacryl S-100. Estudos de parâmetros cinéticos mostraram que os valores de Km mais baixos foram obtidos com exo-polimetilgalacturonase de T. harzianum linhagem T6. O tratamento de sucos de frutas com amostras de pectinase de A. nainiana e T. harzianumlinhagem T6 resultou em um decréscimo na viscosidade. A pectinase de T. harzianum linhagem T6 parece ser mais eficiente na redução da turbidez de suco de maça. Somente a pectinase de T. harzianum linhagem T6 foi capaz de extrair suco da banana.